Urban Big Data and the Development of City Intelligence

This study provides a definition for urban big data while exploring its features and applications of Chi- na＇s city intelligence. The differences between city intelligence in China and the ＂smart city＂ concept in other countries are compared to highlight and contrast the unique definition and model for China＇s city intelligence in this paper. Furthermore, this paper examines the role of urban big data in city intel- ligence by showing that it not only serves as the cornerstone of this trend as it also plays a core role in the diffusion of city intelligence technology and serves as an inexhaustible resource for the sustained development of city intelligence. This study also points out the challenges of shaping and developing of China＇s urban big data. Considering the supporting and core role that urban big data plays in city intel- ligence, the study then expounds on the key points of urban big data, including infrastructure support, urban governance, public services, and economic and industrial development. Finally, this study points out that the utility of city intelligence as an ideal policy tool for advancing the goals of China＇s urban de- velopment. In conclusion, it is imperative that China make full use of its unique advantages-including using the nation＇s current state of development and resources, geographical advantages, and good hu- man relations-in subjective and objective conditions to promote the development of city intelligence through the proper application of urban big data.

Long-range correlation analysis of urban traffic data

This paper investigates urban traffic data by analysing the long-range correlation with detrended fluctuation analysis. Through a large number of real data collected by the travel time detection system in Beijing, the variation of flow in different time periods and intersections is studied. According to the long-range correlation in different time scales, it mainly discuss the effect of intersection location in road net, people activity customs and special traffic controls on urban traffic flow. As demonstrated by obtained results, the urban traffic flow represents three-phase characters similar to highway traffic. Moreover, compared by the two groups of data obtained before and after the special traffic restrictions （vehicles with special numbered plates only run in a special workday） enforcement, it indicates that the rules not only reduce the flow but also avoid irregular fluctuation.

How to Teach Urban Big Data

For an urban planning perspective,industrial revolutions have always represented a disruptive moment in lives of cities.What will be the impacts of this fourth industrial revolution in the training of urban planners?This paper aims to investigate the contribution of Urban Big Data within the curricula of the Schools of Architecture.Adopting a qualitative and quantitative approach to analyze the syllabi of the schools of architecture,this work presents a first picture of the different approaches of this promising teaching subject,to foster a discussion on the different visions proposed to forge the next generation of town planner practitioners.

Research on the Evaluation of Urban Open Data

Urban open data is the key to the construction of smart city. Through the research on evaluation of urban open data, the concept, types, characteristics and other basic problems of urban open data are systematically summarized. From perspective of “quality”, “opening” and “acquisition”, a complete urban open data evaluation framework and index system is built. And the corresponding weights of evaluation indexes and score and overall rating methods are determined, so as to objectively evaluate the conditions of urban open data, and describe, monitor, guide and promote the construction and development of urban open data.

Analysis of the Relevance of Spatial Distribution Between Urban Parks and Transportation Infrastructure in Beijing Based on POI Data

In this paper,the relevance of spatial distribution between urban parks and transportation infrastructure in Beijing was studied grounded on POI data to guarantee the accuracy and scientificity.This paper focused on three aspects.Firstly,based on vector data of Beijing and POI data,the distribution of bus stations,subway stations,and parking lots as well as the road network density in the radiating region of each main entrance in urban parks were analyzed to assess traffic service ability in surrounding area of urban parks.Secondly,coupling relationship of spatial distribution between urban parks and transportation network in Beijing was analyzed using Kernel Density tools.Thirdly,Arc GIS was used to explore space pattern characteristics of large parks and association models between large parks and main transportation network,including two types of intersected and non-intersected and seven models.Finally,according to the comprehensive analysis of POI data,there was a contradictory relationship of interdependency and interaction between space pattern of urban parks and transportation infrastructure construction in Beijing,contributing to the scientific judgment of spatial characteristics of urban parks and transportation infrastructure as well as traffic accessibility and convenience.Quantified conclusions were thus obtained to explore coordinated development strategies for two systems of park green space and transportation network,thereby providing new ideas for the construction of harmonious and livable environment in Beijing.

Spatial-Temporal Features of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration Regional Development Pattern—Based on DMSP/OLS Night Light Data

Based on the night light data, urban area data, and economic data of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration from 2009 to 2015, we use spatial correlation dimension, spatial self-correlation analysis and weighted standard deviation ellipse to identify the general characteristics and dynamic evolution characteristics of urban spatial pattern and economic disparity pattern. The research results prove that: between 2009 and 2013, Wuhan Urban Agglomeration expanded gradually from northwest to southeast and presented the dynamic evolution features of “along the river and the road”. The spatial structure is obvious, forming the pattern of “core-periphery”. The development of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration has obvious imbalance in economic geography space, presenting the development tendency of “One prominent, stronger in the west and weaker in the east”. The contract within Wuhan Urban Agglomeration is gradually decreased. Wuhan city and its surrounding areas have stronger economic growth strength as well as the cities along The Yangtze River. However, the relative development rate of Wuhan city area is still far higher than other cities and counties.

THE RESEARCH ON MAXIMUM TURBIDITY OF YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARY AND URBAN GROWTH OF SHANGHAI USING TM CCT DATA

Based on the research on the diffusion of suspended sediments discharged outside of Yangtze River estuary and the landuse of Shanghai using Landsat MSS images in several years, the authors analysed the characteristics of TM CCT data of Shanghai scene, pointed out concrete range of maximum turbidity and growth of urban boundary of Shanghai through the information extraction.The feature vector combination method is used in the research process. The result is getting nice.

Analysis of Urban Change in Shenzhen City Based on Landsat Archived Data

With the ongoing development of economy and urbanization in China, the change of land use types has attracted more and more attention. In this study we focused on the urban development of Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, analyzing Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI data. We used an SVM based classification, a land transfer matrix approach, a directional growth analysis method and we calculated the inversion of land surface temperature to derive information of land cover changes that occurred in the time period between 1987 and 2017. The results are combined with Shenzhen’s economy, transportation policy and other aspects to find the driving forces of the urban development. The results show that during the observed 30 years, the area of construction land has increased significantly. Most of it is converted from other lands, and some of them are reclaimed. Most rapidly developing are areas west and northwest of the Bao’an, Nanshan and Longhua. The vegetated areas decreased slightly. Caused by the continuous increase of the construction land, the so-called heat island effect emerges slightly but continuously.

精准更新导向下的数字化城市设计实践探索——以上海市陆家嘴水环为例

本研究面向精准更新需求,提出了数字化城市设计分析范式,推动设计分析与效能评估从主观经验向量化解析的转换。在现状问题研判上以“人本”为核心,基于移动互联网LBS数据解析场地人口组成与行为特点,基于路网组构和sDNA诊断慢行堵点断点,基于美团与微博数据研判空间品质,基于结构化网页数据与POI兴趣点数据提炼功能布局,在方案效能评估上强调“量化”,结合大数据案例库与空间分析技术形成针对性效能提升分值评价。陆家嘴水环片区,这一紧邻上海核心CBD的“城市背面”,作为具有更新潜力和复合问题的代表性区域被选为案例。通过多源城市数据和城市设计分析技术的城市体检,本研究在实现从问题诊断到效能评估的多环节嵌入性支持的同时保证了相关分析方式的可推广性。通过实践需求引导下的技术与设计深度融合,本文有望为设计科学(Design Science)新范式的涌现提供针对性探索。

Design and Study on Management Tools of Land Data Center for Integration of Urban and Rural Areas

The rapid development of urbanization requires land management business should change the former single systematic pattern, and advance to integration of functions and data sharing. In order to meets the requirement, this paper presents a new thinking for land management pattern, and management tools of data center for integration of urban and rural areas. The tools were based on MapGIS, which have made the management of multi-subjects, multi-areas, multi-sources and multi-measurement data possible. The techniques of this system are designed accord with national related standard. Experimental result shows that the tools have obvious technical advantage in land resource business integration management.

Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities

Data sourcing challenges in African nations have led many African urban infrastructure developments to be implemented with minimal scientific backing to support their success. In some cases this may directly impact a city’s ability to reach service delivery, economic growth and human development goals, let alone the city’s ability to protect ecosystem services upon which it relies. As an attempt to fill this gap, this paper describes an exploratory process used to determine city-level demographic, economic and resource flow data for African nations. The approach makes use of scaling and clustering techniques to form acceptable and utilizable representations of selected African cities. Variables that may serve as the strongest predictors for resource consumption intensity in African nations and cities were explored, in particular, the aspects of the Koppen Climate Zones, estimates of average urban income and GDP, and the influence of urban primacy. It is expected that the approach examined will provide a step towards estimating and understanding African cities and their resource profiles.

基于生成对抗网络的追尾事故数据填补方法研究

深入分析交通事故数据可以为规避事故发生、降低事故严重程度提供重要理论依据,然而,在事故数据采集、传输、存储过程中往往会产生数据缺失,导致统计分析结果的准确性下降、模型的误判风险上升。本文以芝加哥2016—2021年的101452条追尾事故数据为研究对象,将原始数据按照7∶3随机分为训练集和测试集。在训练集数据上,利用生成式插补网络(Generative Adversarial Imputation Network,GAIN)实现对缺失数据的填补。为对比不同数据填补方法的效果,同时选择多重插补(Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations,MICE)算法、期望最大化(Expectation Maximization,EM)填充算法、缺失森林(MissForest)算法和K最近邻(K-Nearest Neighbor,KNN)算法对同一数据集进行数据填补,并基于填补前后变量方差变化比较不同填补算法对数据变异性的影响。在完成数据填补的基础上,构建LightGBM三分类事故严重程度影响因素分析模型。使用原始训练集数据,以及填补后的训练集数据分别训练模型,并使用未经填补的测试集数据检验模型预测效果。结果表明,经缺失值填补后,模型性能得到一定改善,使用GAIN填补数据集训练的模型,相较于原始数据训练的模型,准确率提高了6.84%,F1提高了4.61%,AUC(Area Under the Curve)提高了10.09%,且改善效果优于其他4种填补方法。

建成环境对地铁节假日客流影响的时空异质性研究

地铁客流的时空特征与线网空间结构有较强相关性,因此明确建成环境对客流影响的时空异质性十分重要,时空异质性是指在不同时空状态下存在差异。文章以杭州地铁为实例,结合城市多源数据的挖掘与应用、构建建成环境因素集,建立了基于高德点阵分布法的4种车站聚类模型,结合最优聚类结果、基于时空地理加权回归模型细化时空维度,得出了6种建成环境因素对五一节假日、十一节假日客流在每日和每类车站的影响程度结论及原因分析。

数字经济发展与城市收缩——来自夜间灯光数据的证据

数字经济正成为社会经济发展的新动能,它对于抑制城市收缩、促进城市协调发展具有深远影响。利用2011—2021年夜间灯光数据,识别城市收缩,并考察数字经济发展对城市收缩的影响。研究发现,数字经济发展可以显著抑制城市收缩;数字经济发展抑制城市收缩的效应在收缩型城市以及市场化水平低、教育水平低的地区表现得更为明显;城市收入差距、产业结构升级、城市创新创业是数字经济发展抑制城市收缩的重要渠道,加强网络基础设施建设会更有利于数字经济抑制城市严重收缩。进一步研究发现,数字经济发展对城市收缩的影响具有门槛效应,即当数字经济发展达到一定水平后,它对城市收缩的抑制作用才会显现,同时抑制作用具有边际报酬递增的后发性优势。本研究有助于揭示数字经济发展影响城市收缩的作用机制,对于如何利用数字经济有效抑制城市收缩提供了经验支持。

城市功能区识别研究进展与趋势

随着经济社会的快速发展,城市开发边界迅速由中心向外蔓延,识别城市功能区可为城市建设与规划提供参考依据,且对城市空间和资源合理配置利用具有重要意义。本文在梳理有关城市功能区划分与识别的国内外文献基础上,对城市功能区识别的研究现状进行综述。首先,介绍了用于城市功能区识别的多种数据源,并分析比较其优缺点;然后,总结了城市功能区识别的4类方法,重点分析了深度学习方法在城市功能区识别中的应用,并展开实例分析对比,说明不同数据源和方法对城市功能区识别的有效性;最后,指出了城市功能区划分识别研究领域存在的问题和研究趋势。

基于网络媒介数据的城市风貌研究综述

随着互联网技术的快速发展,大量的网络媒介数据成为城市研究新的数据源,同时也为城市风貌研究提供海量数据样本和新的研究思路。首先对城市风貌研究中常用的三种数据源(图片、文字和视频)进行对比分析,分别总结其数据特点和研究方法,随后从风貌特征识别(结构特征、变量类型特征和具象空间偏好特征)、城市环境评价(物质环境评价、主观情绪和感知评价)和风貌感知影响机制(空间、社会、经济等多维要素以及媒介技术内容、形式和传播特性的影响)三方面综述了网络媒介数据在城市风貌研究中的应用。最后,对现有研究成果进行总结,分析网络媒介数据在城市研究和规划管控中的巨大应用潜力以及数据缺陷与研究局限性,并探讨未来相关研究的方向和重点。

智能城市规划的理论与技术机制探索

为预判智能城市规划未来发展趋势,研究了既有城市规划研究模式及其中的技术机制与技术流程.在现代城市规划研究模式的发展历程中,先验模式、循证模式、定量模式和智能模式4种模式的传承与迭代呈现螺旋式发展特征.相较传统,智能城市规划的技术机制着眼于城市规划的全链条,呈现自动化集成的特征.智能城市规划的流程包含智能分析、智能规划、智能管控3个阶段,具体包括智能城市感知、智能洞察识别、智能模拟仿真、智能稳态预测、智能规划生成、智能交互优化、智能公众参与、智能规划审批和智能规划管控9个技术模块.未来,智能城市规划需进一步依托人工智能大模型技术的发展,增强可解释性,逐步实现智能化的先验与循证,针对城市问题提出创新、可信、可行的智能化解决方案.

数据驱动的新能源公交车能耗预测

鉴于现有电动车能耗预测多基于实验室条件,存在结果过于理想化或预测准确度不足的问题。本文基于北京市51路公交车的实车运行数据,分析能耗影响因素,通过时钟循环编码优化时间信息、使用箱线图设置阈值以构造行驶工况、建立基于熵权法的驾驶行为评价体系对驾驶行为与工况状态进行辅助分析,最后,对聚类后的4类典型工况片段分别建立引入注意力机制的LSTM能耗预测模型,并将其与传统LSTM及LGBM等多种预测模型进行对比分析,验证结果表明引入注意力机制的LSTM预测模型性能显著高于其他模型。

以“不变”应“万变”:城市数据治理的系统逻辑与生态建构

数据是新型生产要素,高质量的数据治理是培育和发展新质生产力的核心要义。数据的内部管理与外部服务,是数据治理“一个硬币的两面”。城市作为数据治理的先行实践场景,集聚数据治理要素,遵循数据聚合、应用整合、业务闭合、安全规合的数据治理机制,驱动数据生态系统顺畅运行。基于城市治理资源开发、人口管理、政民互动、隐私保护等“万变”场景,催生共享开放式、集聚创新式、卓越服务式、稳固保障式的数据应用,灵活释放数据治理效能。为强化系统内数据“随需而治”“随势而变”的交互性,秉持协同聚变、科学应变、主动求变、准确识变的“不变”应“万变”思路,助推形成数据治理的和合局面。

融合多源数据的湖北省城市洪涝灾害韧性综合评估

【目的】洪涝灾害是湖北省主要自然灾害之一,为了评估湖北省城市洪涝灾害韧性水平,以加快韧性城市建设、助力推进省域协同发展,【方法】从洪涝灾害的暴露度、敏感性、适应力和恢复力4个维度,构建湖北省城市洪涝灾害韧性评价指标体系,采用G1法(序关系法)和熵权法对评价指标进行赋权,收集气象、遥感影像、基础地理、社会经济等多源数据,应用GIS空间分析技术,对湖北省城市洪涝灾害韧性进行评估。【结果】结果显示:湖北省城市洪涝灾害韧性整体处于中等韧性水平。其中,高韧性区域主要分布在神农架林区、宜昌市和武汉市,较高和中等韧性水平区域大多位于荆门市及其以西的鄂西地区,其余地区洪涝灾害韧性水平较低,总体呈西强东弱的分布态势。【结论】融合多源数据的洪涝灾害韧性评估方法能准确高效地评估研究区洪涝灾害韧性水平,研究成果可为湖北省制定区域洪涝灾害管理及韧性城市规划提供参考。