The Impact of Urban and Rural Education Gap on Student Achievement Differences

With our country’s social development,the gap between urban and rural education has become increasingly obvious,especially the difference in student achievement.This study aims to explore the impact of the urban-rural education gap on student achievement.The study adopts a quantitative analysis method to collect and analyze the academic performance,learning resources,and social resources of urban and rural students.The results show that the unbalanced distribution of educational resources in urban and rural areas is the key factor leading to the gap in students’achievement.For example,urban education resources are abundant while rural education resources are relatively scarce.At the same time,the difference in social environment and family economic status also have a significant impact on student achievement.The differences between urban and rural areas,particularly in terms of family economic conditions and their ability to invest in education,further widen the gap between urban and rural education.The results of this study can provide a reference for reducing the gap between urban and rural education and improving the academic performance of rural students.A fair education policy is essential to narrow the gap between urban and rural education resources distribution,so as to improve the equality of education in society.

Study on Comprehensive Efficiency Evaluation of Rural Power Grid under Rural Revitalization Strategy Considering Regional Differences

As an essential infrastructure,the rural power grid is vital in promoting agricultural and rural carbon sequestration and improving rural energy electrification.It is necessary to carry out in-depth research on its comprehensive efficiency.Based on the requirements of“double carbon”and rural revitalization strategy for the rural Power Grid,this paper focuses on the modernization and low-carbon transformation of the rural Power Grid.It constructs an input-output index system for the investment efficiency of the rural Power Grid in China under the new situation.It uses the primary data of the rural Power Grid of 30 prefecture-level cities in China from 2019 to 2021 to evaluate the investment efficiency of the rural Power Grid in China through a three-stage DEA model.The empirical results show that:considering the regional differences,the comprehensive efficiency of the rural Power Grid in backward areas is significantly improved;that is,the three-stage DEA method can more objectively evaluate the comprehensive efficiency of the rural Power Grid.In the context of the continued promotion of the rural revitalization strategy,to improve the comprehensive efficiency of the rural Power Grid,it is necessary to improve the technical level of the rural Power Grid further and appropriately expand the scale of investment in the rural Power Grid.

The Exploration to the Historical Origin of Differences between Urban and Rural Areas in China

In order to understand the historical origins of encircling the cities from the rural areas implemented by the Communist Party of China and the current dual structures of urban and rural development, urban-rural differences are analyzed from the four aspects of production mode, management mode, culture and social division of labor. Industrial development in modern times has promoted the modernization of urban production in China. But the rural areas still maintain their traditional self-sufficient natural economy. After the Opium War, the process of modernization of city politics is promoted by more economic elements of capitalism and the formation of Chinese bourgeoisie. During the management of urban modernization, rural areas still adopt the traditional self-management mode. In the aspect of culture, city is the center of development, having large population, developed traffic, and prosperous culture. But the village is lack of information and its culture is relatively backward. In modern times, affected by the foreign capitalist, urban area has become the center of modern productivity. After separating from agriculture, handicraft industry has transferred into urban areas and the social division of labor in both urban and rural areas has shown great changes. Thus, a new pattern of "Urban Industry, Rural Agriculture" has formed.

Welfare effects of rural-urban land conversion on different aged land-lost farmers:exemplified in Wuhan city

Rural-urban land conversion is a universal phenomenon in the rapid process of economic development and urban growth.The welfare of farmers who lost their farmland attracted a widespread concern within the society and academia.However,further research about differentiated policies according to the characteristics of different farmer groups is still need to be conducted.This article divides the land-lost farmers into three age groups:younger than 45,45-65,and more than 65.It proposes a welfare index system including eight functional areas based on different age groups of affected farmers,taking four districts of Wuhan City as case study area.Fuzzy mathematics method is used to derive the aggregated welfare effect index.Our analysis show that the overall welfare levels of land-lost farmers of all age groups declined,but with a varying degree,with the level of welfare in those farmers who are 45-65 years old,younger than 45 years old,and older than 65 years old decreased by 18.7%,16.6%,and 12.7%,respectively.The direction and degree of effects on the functional activity index varies among different groups.Economic conditions,living environment,health,and social participation of all age groups decrease while social security and housing conditions increase.On the other hand,development opportunities,social communication,and leisure have different changing directions in different age stages.These results call for differentiated and tailor-made compensation policies for land-lost farmers,towards improving the welfare levels of all farmers and reduce the disparity among them.

Ethnic Difference of Disease Prevalence in Rural China: Examples and Explanations

Ethnic difference of disease prevalence has attracted great attentions in recent years in China, but few researches have summarized analysis available on ethnic difference of disease prevalence in rural China. The PubMed Central, Wiley Inter science, Science direct, Biomed central, CNKI and Springer-link were searched to identify studies published between January 1984 and October 2014 on ethnic inequality of health status in rural China. Distinct ethnic differences of disease prevalence exist in rural China. Results across disciplines put different explanations on the ethnic differences from ethnicity, infant feeding, and inequality in maternal health services utilization angles. The ethnic inequality of health status in rural China can be reduced by policy makers to allocate more resources towards health service in ethnic rural China.

Research and Analysis on Difference in Per Capita Net Income of Chinese Rural Residents

The study aims to understand the variation of difference in per capita net income of rural residents during China's economic development in recent years. The writer studies and analyzes rural residents' income gap between 1997 and 2008 with relevant theories of income difference and the calculation of absolute difference index as well as relative difference index and obtains the conclusion that absolute difference of Chinese rural residents' income experienced an upward trend while relative difference generally remained constant with slight fluctuation and growth, which reflects that rural residents' income gap is increasing gradually. The writer also puts forward some related proposals and countermeasures.

Dynamicity of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC):An analysis from peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation(DMC)in India

The availability of better economic possibilities and well-connected transportation networks has attracted people to migrate to peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods,changing the landscape of regions outside the city and fostering the growth of physical infrastructure.Using multi-temporal satellite images,the dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC)changes,the impact of urban growth on LULC changes,and regional environmental implications were investigated in the peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation in India.The study used different case studies to highlight the study area’s heterogeneity,as the phenomenon of change is not consistent.Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS satellite images in 1991,2001,2011,and 2021 were used to analyse the changes in LULC types.We used the relative deviation(RD),annual change intensity(ACI),uniform intensity(UI)to show the dynamicity of LULC types(agriculture land;built-up land;fallow land;vegetated land;mining area;and water bodies)during 1991-2021.This study also applied the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)to measure environmental sensitivity zones and find out the causes of LULC changes.According to LULC statistics,agriculture land,built-up land,and mining area increased by 51.7,95.46,and 24.79 km^(2),respectively,from 1991 to 2021.The results also suggested that built-up land and mining area had the greatest land surface temperature(LST),whereas water bodies and vegetated land showed the lowest LST.Moreover,this study looked at the relationships among LST,spectral indices(Normalized Differenced Built-up Index(NDBI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)),and environmental sensitivity.The results showed that all of the spectral indices have the strongest association with LST,indicating that built-up land had a far stronger influence on the LST.The spectral indices indicated that the decreasing trends of vegetated land and water bodies were 4.26 and 0.43 km^(2)/a,respectively,during 1991-2021.In summary,this study can help the policy-makers to predict the increasing rate of temperature and the causes for the temperature increase with the rapid expansion of built-up land,thus making effective peri-urban planning decisions.

China rural financial different demands and hierarchical supply behaviors ——Model analysis from the perspective of mechanism design theory

Based on the ideas and framework of Mechanism Design Theory, the paper establishes model analysis on the differences rural financial demands and the choices of hierarchical supply behaviors, studies the relevant variables constraints choices on the rural financial supply and demand behavior, and thus presents a further improvement of the rural financial market variables, promotes the matching efficiency behavior selection between rural financial supply and demand, improves efficiency of the rural financial markets, strengthens financial supports for agriculture, rural areas and farmers.

过去20年城乡高中生的教育效用与教育志向:基于三个出生队列的历史比较研究

本研究采用时间滞后设计,考察过去20年我国高中生教育效用和教育志向水平的年代和城乡差异,以及二者与个体学业成绩、父母学历之间关系的年代和城乡差异。分别在1999年、2010年、2018年对来自相同的三个地区(包括城市和农村)、相同学校的高中生进行问卷调查,使用协方差分析和回归分析进行数据分析。结果发现:(1)自1999年至2018年,城乡高中生的教育效用都遵循先下降、后回升的变化趋势;在教育志向上,城市高中生无明显变化,而农村高中生教育志向上升并超越城市高中生;(2)高中生教育效用、教育志向受父母学历和学业成绩等微观因素影响,且受年代和城乡宏观社会历史因素调节。相比于其他年份,2010年时成绩较差学生的教育效用更低、2018年时成绩较差学生的教育志向更高;自1999年至2018年,低父母学历对农村高中生教育志向的影响方式由“枷锁效应”转变为“鞭策效应”。我国过去20年的社会变迁使城乡高中生对教育的价值认同发生系统性变化,且宏观社会历史因素的演变改变了教育的价值认同形成的微观机制。

中国式现代化背景下超老龄农村的乡村振兴

中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化,也是全体人民共同富裕的现代化,适应人口变化趋势是中国式现代化与乡村振兴的应然选择和必然之路。当前人口老龄化程度持续加深,叠加长期存在的“城乡倒置”现象,使得农村地区已有近1/4的区域率先进入超老龄社会,其共同面临劳动力与人才老化、乡村发展能力弱化以及养老服务需求增加的现实挑战。为应对挑战,超老龄农村依靠尚存的人口机会窗口与内生的资源禀赋维系发展。在此基础上,乡村振兴战略通过外部资源输入的方式支持乡村发展,以解决农村发展不充分的矛盾、弥合区域发展不平衡的差距。然而,内生资源形塑的区域差异与乡村振兴推进过程中“整齐划一”的发展模式导致的匹配“错位”现象屡见不鲜。因此,为促进区域协同发展、实现超老龄农村的乡村振兴并最终达成共同富裕与中国式现代化,本研究从保障基本、深入发展和城乡融合三个阶段契合超老龄农村不同的发展基础,探索适合超老龄农村的乡村振兴道路。

乡村旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力演化差异及影响机理——基于长三角核心-边缘区比较实证

基于适应性循环理论和核心-边缘理论,利用集对分析法、向量自回归、系统动力学仿真等多元集成方法,对比分析核心-边缘区乡村旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力演化机理和路径差异。研究发现:①旅游业能够推动核心-边缘区乡村旅游地恢复力一体化均衡发展,恢复力差距呈逐渐缩小趋势。②核心-边缘区乡村旅游地恢复力系统内部复杂交互、协同有序发展。社会、经济和生态子系统互为非线性动态因果关系,在此非线性复杂自组织力作用下子系统之间的耦合协调度呈良好发展趋势。③通过复杂系统多情景模拟,核心区乡村旅游地发展路径以协调发展型或生态保护型为主,边缘区以旅游优先型为主。④驱动核心-边缘区乡村旅游地恢复力演化的要素系统具有差异性。在系统层面,生态系统对核心区影响程度最高,社会系统对边缘区的影响程度最高;在因素层面,生态因素是影响核心-边缘区乡村旅游地的共同要素,核心区能够通过生态修复提升生态韧性,边缘区能够利用生态优势转化为发展优势,进而均能显著提升乡村旅游地恢复力。

房价上涨是否推迟了初婚年龄?——基于CGSS数据的实证分析

“房价”与“婚姻”是大众热议的民生问题。构建婚姻决策理论模型,探讨房价对结婚率的影响,基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,考察房价上涨对居民初婚年龄的影响。结果表明:房价每上涨1%,居民的平均初婚年龄增加1.108岁;房价上涨对女性初婚年龄的推迟效应大于男性,对城镇地区居民初婚年龄的推迟效应大于农村地区居民,对经济欠发达地区居民初婚年龄的推迟效应大于发达地区居民;家庭经济水平对农村地区男性的初婚年龄有显著负向影响,个体受教育程度对欠发达地区居民的初婚年龄有显著负向影响。

农村数字经济与农业绿色发展的耦合协调研究

基于2014—2020年中国省级样本数据测算农村数字经济和农业绿色发展水平,采用修正的耦合协调模型、Dagum基尼系数及QAP模型实证分析农村数字经济与农业绿色发展的耦合发展水平差异及其原因。结果表明:尽管农村数字经济和农业绿色发展均处于发展推进期,但目前两者并未达到最优耦合状态;农村数字经济与农业绿色发展耦合水平差异经历“缩小-平稳-增大”的过程,缩小地区间差异和地区内差异都是解决耦合不平衡的关键;政府调控水平、运输邮电水平以及外贸开放水平差异是造成各省耦合水平差异的主要原因,而科技水平的差异化有利于缩小各省耦合度的差异。据此,建议由地方政府牵头将现代信息技术深度融入农业农村发展,打造高效高质寄递运输网络,健全农产品国内统一大市场体系,并坚持创新驱动发展。

城乡医保统筹对缩小城乡居民收入差距的有效性研究

缩小城乡居民收入差距是实现共同富裕的基础,基于我国城乡医保制度改革的视角,使用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据构造多期双重差分模型,评估医保统筹制度对城乡居民收入差距影响的政策效果。研究结果表明:医保统筹政策相对于“新农合”与“城居保”制度显著缩小了城乡居民的收入差距,政策针对农村的低学历、中低收入以及中老年群体产生更明显的效果。机制分析进一步证明统筹医保制度可以通过降低农村居民医疗支出负担、提升其健康水平等渠道缩小城乡居民收入差距。因此,推进医疗保险统筹改革,在制度设计上应该更有针对性地向农村居民群体倾斜,提升受益公平性,为迈向共同富裕提供制度性保障。

幼儿园园长领导力城乡差异及影响因素分析

园长领导力是决定一所幼儿园保教质量的关键因素。本研究利用文献分析法和德尔菲法构建了由学校文化领导力、人力资源领导力、保育教育领导力和行政管理领导力四个维度组成的园长领导力指标体系,并根据该指标体系设计了幼儿园园长领导力调查问卷。在使用SPSS 26.0对2 177份有效样本进行分析后,结果表明:我国幼儿园园长自我感知的领导力总体水平较高,但是领导力各个维度发展不均衡,城乡之间以及不同园长个体的领导力差异较大。城乡幼儿园园长总体领导力以及领导力各维度和各指标上均呈现出统计学上的差异,城镇幼儿园园长领导力水平显著高于农村园长。职务、年龄、教龄、职称,任职幼儿园的性质、等级、所在位置、规模,以及园长年培训次数均能预测园长的领导力水平。基于研究结果,本研究提出城乡园长领导力的改进对策:盯紧“关键少数”,为城乡园长的职业发展提供支持性环境;加强城乡互动,构建城乡园长领导能力发展共同体;充分发挥园长主观能动作用,全面提升自身领导能力。

我国乡村老龄化现状及其对粮食生产的影响与应对

根据2020年最新人口普查数据,我国乡村老龄化率为17.72%,先于城市步入中度老龄化社会。我国乡村老龄化整体呈现出老年抚养比增速快、低龄老人务农比例高等特征,与国际主要发达国家相比我国乡村老龄人口就业占比相对较高。分区域看,粮食主产区乡村老龄化增幅更多、老年抚养比更重、老龄就业比重更高;全国乡村老年抚养比28.13%,但粮食主产省份达31.28%。通过定性梳理乡村老龄化对农户参与粮食种植及其粮食生产行为效率等的影响,提出积极应对乡村老龄化、保障粮食安全的思路与对策建议。

考虑城乡异质性的电动自行车头盔佩戴行为建模与分析

电动自行车在成为居民短途出行主要交通工具的同时,与其相关的交通安全问题日益突出。正确佩戴头盔可以降低骑行者交通事故的死亡风险,然而统计数据显示,目前全国仍有近一半骑行者在骑行时不佩戴头盔,电动自行车的事故后果无法得到有效控制。较城市而言,乡镇拥有更多的电动自行车保有量,由于道路崎岖、交通建设不完善等原因更容易发生道路交通事故,尤其大量骑行者不佩戴头盔。为明确城市与乡镇骑手头盔佩戴行为异质机理,深入剖析骑手不佩戴头盔的深层原因,运用差异性检验和二项Logistic回归模型,分析骑行者特征、个体头盔认知、执法环境等因素对城市与乡镇骑手头盔佩戴行为的综合影响。研究结果表明:相较于长期生活在城市的群体,乡镇群体的主观安全意识偏弱,对头盔使用时存在的障碍(阻碍视野、不便利性等)较为关注;城市群体对交警执法活动较为敏感,并且在城市中出行时间越长的人越可能佩戴头盔;对于乡镇群体,头盔的保护效能以及价格是他们决策头盔佩戴行为考虑的重要因素。研究结果有助于交警进一步开展安全教育宣传以及执法活动,促进骑行者佩戴头盔安全出行。

乡村振兴与共同富裕耦合协调度的统计检验

中国不同地区在实现共同富裕、乡村振兴的过程中存在显著差异,亟须深入探究其演进规律。文章以2011—2021年中国30个省份的数据为基础,深入研究乡村振兴与共同富裕的耦合协调特征。运用熵权法、Dagum基尼系数及其分解、Kernel密度估计、收敛模型等研究方法,揭示了二者耦合协调度区域差异的主要来源以及收敛性。研究结果显示:东部地区的乡村振兴水平、共同富裕水平以及二者的耦合协调度均最高,东北、中部和西部地区依次递减;全国和四个地区的耦合协调度均存在σ收敛特征,其中,东部、中部和西部地区还表现出β收敛特征。

两代教育对农村老年人抑郁的影响

文章基于“安徽省农村老年人生活福利状况”2001~2018年的7期专项追踪数据,采用个体增长模型及广义结构方程模型研究两代教育对农村老年人抑郁的影响及其路径。研究发现:第一,老年人教育和子女教育均显著降低农村老年人的抑郁程度,且子女最高受教育年限部分解释了老年人教育对其抑郁程度的影响。第二,两代教育对农村老年人抑郁程度的影响具有年龄组差异,即农村老年人教育仅降低低龄组老年人的抑郁程度,在纳入子女教育变量后,农村老年人获得经济支持仅显著降低中低龄组老年人的抑郁程度,农村老年人获得情感支持显著降低全年龄组老年人的抑郁程度。第三,经济支持和情感支持是两代教育影响农村老年人抑郁程度的内在根源,老年人教育会影响子女教育,进而引起子女向上代际支持的变化,最终影响农村老年人的抑郁程度,且子女代际支持与子女数之间存在替代效应。基于此,文章提出以下建议:第一,关注农村教育滞后性问题,重视农村子女成才教育,教育资源适当向弱势家庭倾斜,保障农村子女高等教育的可达性。第二,针对不同年龄组老年人的需求,采取相应的措施,以增加中低龄组老年人获得经济支持和全年龄组老年人获得情感支持的来源。第三,重视家庭养老功能,出台相关政策促进子女提供代际支持,制定税收优惠政策鼓励子女给予父母经济支持,提供购房或租房优惠政策鼓励子女与父母同住,进而提高代际间的情感支持。

解析中西方乡村振兴的“同”与“不同”——探索理性务实的乡村振兴之路

面对中国城镇化发展进程由量转质的内在需求,乡村振兴是新时期实现城乡融合发展的关键所在。中国当前的乡村振兴既与西方具有共性的方面,但也存在社会制度、具体语境等差异,有必要对二者进行深入的比较剖析,从而促进外来经验与本土化的有机结合与务实落地。首先,文章在梳理中国和西方乡村振兴演进脉络的基础上,阐释了二者的历史共性,包括:化解城乡差距过大的社会矛盾、对乡村价值与环境产生主动需求、面向城乡等值的目标实现等。其次,文章认为中国乡村振兴与西方的差异主要在于城镇化不稳定态、多重战略目标面向、城乡流动限制、复杂严苛规制、新技术经济变革等方面塑造的特殊情景。最后,文章针对当前乡村振兴实践中的问题并基于中国国情,对乡村振兴路径设计提出了五方面的策略建议,包括:空间资源配置、城乡对流机制、乡村空间管控、产业联动发展、治理现代化等。