The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Comparative Research on Prediction Model of China's Urban-rural Residents' Income Gap

By using the data concerning China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 1978 to 2010,this paper mainly researches the application of several kinds of models in predicting China's urban-rural residents' income gap.By conducting empirical analysis,we establish ARIMA prediction model,grey prediction model and quadratic-polynomial prediction model and conduct accuracy comparison.The results show that quadratic-polynomial prediction model has excellent fitting effect.By using quadratic-polynomial prediction model,this paper conducts prediction on trend of China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 2011 to 2013,and the prediction value of income gap of urban-rural residents in China from 2011 to 2013 is 14 173.20,15 212.92 and 16 289.67 yuan respectively.Finally,on the basis of analysis,corresponding countermeasures are put forward,in order to provide scientific basis for energy planning and policy formulation:first,strengthen government's function of public service,coordinate resources,and strive to provide an equal opportunity of development for social members,so as to promote people's welfare and promote social equality;second,breach industrial monopoly and bridge income gap between employees in monopoly industry and general industry;last but not the least,support,encourage and call for government to establish social relief fund,adjust residents' income distribution from the non-governmental perspective,and endeavor to promote the income level of low-income class.

Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

The Impact of the Upgrading of Industrial Structure in the Yangtze River Delta on the Urban-Rural Income Gap

Firstly,this paper conducts theoretical analysis and current situation analysis,and then proposes research hypotheses.Secondly,using spatial Dubin model and partial differential method,it empirically studies the impact of industrial structure advancement and rationalization on the urban-rural income gap.The results show that:(1)Both industrial structure and urban-rural income gap have significant spatial dependence;(2)The increase in the industrial structure rationalization will narrow the urban-rural income gap in local region,while its spillover effect on neighboring areas is not obvious.(3)The impact of the industrial structure advancement on the urban-rural income gap is not linear.It is first expanded and then narrowed.The industrial structure advancement in the Yangtze River Delta will generally narrow the urban-rural income gap at this stage.Finally,this paper put forward relevant suggestions.

Research on the Impact of Rural Labour Forces Transfer on the Urban-rural Income Based on Economics of Discrimination

On the basis of the analytical frame of discrimination, the thesis establishes a model of transfer of rural labour forces into city, and researches the impact of rural labour forces transfer on urban-rural income. The results show that the transfer of rural labour forces into city can increase urban-rural income and bridge the income gap between city and village to a certain extent. However, the capital stock of city in China is greatly more than that of the village, so the rural labour forces transfer cannot eliminate the urban-rural income gap completely. In order to elevate the rural income level in China and narrow urban-rural income gap, the government should paint a picture with two brushes at the same time: on one hand, the government should promote the transfer of rural labour forces into city, and change the status quo of dual urban-rural labour forces market structure; on the other hand, the government should increase the input in rural areas and promote the increase of rural capital stock so as to further increase rural residents' income in the process of labour forces transfer.

The relationship between rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and income gap

Based on the time series data of Shandong province from 2001 to 2018,a VAR model consisting of three variables,namely,rural surplus labor transfer,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,was constructed,and the interaction among the three variables and their characteristics were empirically analyzed.The results show that urbanization and rural surplus labor transfer are Granger causation to each other,and there is a positive correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force in long-term equilibrium,while there is a negative correlation between urban-rural income gap and rural surplus labor force transfer.Therefore,it is necessary to fully recognize the relationship between the transfer of rural surplus labor,urbanization and urban-rural income gap,accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the rural surplus labor to gather in cities,and gradually narrow the urban-rural income gap.

The Effects of Financial Structure on Urban-Rural Income Gap Viewed through Economic Growth and Urbanization

From the perspective of economic growth and urbanization,this paper proposes several hypotheses on how financial structure affects urban-rural income gap combining with the stylized facts of Chinese economy,and then uses a panel data of 29 provinces over 1996-2015 to conduct empirical analysis.Theoretical analysis shows that owing to the distinct availability of urban and rural residents for financial services,financial structure has a distinct impact on their income disparity.Meanwhile,through the function of credit allocation,financial structure plays important roles in the processes of economic growth and urbanization,and then has indirect effects.The results indicate that increasing the ratio of direct financing has a direct impact on shrinking the urban-rural income gap,and has an indirect impact through economic growth and urbanization.More importantly,the intermediary effect of urbanization is stronger than that of economic growth.Therefore,releasing the controls on financial markets helps shrink the urban-rural income gap in China.

The impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap--Based on fuzzy RD analysis of China’s midwestern counties data

In this paper,using 1054 counties data of 15 provinces in Midwestern China from 2000 to 2007,we analyze the impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap.By choosing Develop-the-west Strategy that is a quasi-natural experiment and using regression of discontinuity of location,the result shows that local government in western China pays more transfer payments than in the central region,however,the income gap between urban-rural residents in the western region increases by 20%.The widening effects are robust in different bandwidth situation such as distance or latitude and longitude.Meanwhile,the mechanism analyses find that urban residents benefit more than rural residents from transfer payments.Therefore,we believe that transfer payments should be more targeted to invest in rural areas,at the same time,the central government should rationalize the structure of transfer payments as soon as possible,and correct the urban bias and structure bias of local fiscal expenditure.

Does Chinese Environmental Policy Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from the Central Environmental Protection Inspection

This paper investigates the effect of environmental policy on income inequality.It focuses on the central environmental protection inspection led by the central government in China.Using a diference-in-diferences approach,it finds evidence that environmental regulation decreased the per capita income and enlarged the gap between urban and rural income while showing an insignificant effect on employment.Although the policy can reduce pollution levels and bring environmental benefits in aggregate,the findings of this study suggest that the regulations appear to have reduced the proportion of manufacturing industry and hindered general innovation and investment from entrepreneurs,which resulted in greater inequality.Rural residents suffered more from environmental regulation due to relatively high migration costs and their disadvantaged human resources on the aspects of health,education level,and skills.The local government's execution incentive can also play a key role in the effectiveness of environmental policy.Regions with lower GDP growth targets and younger government leaders were affected significantly with regard to the income growth of local residents and the urban-rural income gap.

FDI与城乡收入差距——基于交通基础设施视角的分析

文章基于2006~2013年中国31个省(市、自治区)的面板数据,通过全样本和分地区回归估计考察了外商直接投资和交通基础设施以及外商直接投资与交通基础设施的交互效应对中国城乡居民收入差距的影响。结果显示:外商直接投资加剧了城乡收入分配的不均等,交通基础设施则对城乡收入差距具有改善作用,同时,交通基础设施会强化外商直接投资对城乡收入差距的扩大效应。此外,西部地区外商直接投资和交通基础设施以及外商直接投资与交通基础设施的交互效应对城乡收入差距的影响最大,中部地区次之,东部地区最小。

外商直接投资对我国地区收入差距的影响分析

本文利用1987～2010年间的省际面板数据,在人力资本、产业结构、固定资产投资、对外贸易等控制变量的基础上,检验了外商直接投资（FDI）对地区间收入差距和城乡间收入差距的影响.实证结果显示：FDI对地区间收入差距一直表现为正的效应,且FDI与地区间收入差距不存在倒U形关系；然而,FDI与城乡间收入差距存在倒U形关系,即FDI的进入先是加剧了城乡间收入差距,但随着时间推移,FDI却对城乡间收入差距起弥合作用.

数字经济对城乡居民服务消费差距的影响研究

实现城镇化与乡村振兴协同发展需要不断缩小城乡居民消费差距。利用2008-2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,实证研究了数字经济对城乡居民服务消费差距的影响,结果发现:数字经济不但能够缩小城乡居民服务消费差距,而且存在着显著的空间溢出效应;数字经济通过缩小城乡人力资本差距和城乡居民收入差距以及提高农村金融效率等渠道降低了城乡居民服务消费差距;如果城乡人力资本差距和城乡居民收入差距不断缩小以及农村金融效率持续提升,数字经济对缩小各地区城乡居民服务消费差距的作用将逐渐减弱;从空间效应来看,各地区数字经济不能直接缩小本地区的城乡居民服务消费差距,但能够缩小周边地区的城乡居民服务消费差距。数字经济能缩小东部和中部地区的城乡居民服务消费差距,但不能缩小西部和东北地区的城乡居民服务消费差距。因此,东北地区应加快数字基础设施建设,西部地区应与中部地区建立数字经济协调发展联动机制,东部地区应抢占全球数字科技战略制高点,全力推进数字经济快速发展,缩小城乡居民服务消费差距。

农村居民财产性收入差异及其影响因素研究——基于重庆市的经验数据及其与京、津、沪的比较

根据1997—2012年的统计数据,重庆市农村居民人均纯收入呈现稳步增长态势,其中,财产性收入基数小且增幅波动大,占人均纯收入比重低但稳中有升;农村居民不同收入群体的财产性收入绝对差距不断拉大,但是并未表现出财富集中的趋势;农村居民的人均财产性收入始终低于城镇居民,两者差距的相对量呈现先升后降趋势,但是绝对差距仍在扩大;重庆市农村居民人均财产性收入低于全国平均水平,但增速总体上高于全国平均水平;重庆市农村居民人均财产性收入及其占比低于京、津、沪,且差距不断扩大。农村居民财产性收入及其差异性取决于其初始资源禀赋状况和体制与制度因素,应改革和完善农村土地管理制度,充分挖掘农村居民的土地财富效益,并不断提升农村居民获取财产性收入的机会和能力。

FDI、公路交通运输基础设施与城乡居民收入差距——基于2006-2016年河南省的实证研究

基于2006~2016年河南省18个地级市的面板数据实证考察FDI和公路交通运输基础设施对河南省城乡居民收入差距的影响。结果显示:FDI扩大了河南省城乡居民收入差距,而公路交通运输基础设施缩小了河南省城乡居民收入差距,且公路交通运输基础设施遏制了FDI对城乡居民收入差距的扩大作用。同时还发现:随着公路交通运输基础设施级别的下降,交通运输基础设施对城乡居民收入差距的改善作用更大。

基本医疗保险:劫富济贫还是劫贫济富

以2001~2016年的省际面板数据为基础,结合基本医疗保险在地区上的制度差异性,利用回归模型研究基本医疗保险及其子项目对居民收入差距的影响,研究发现:基本医疗保险的待遇机制表现出显著的收入再分配效应,其中在东部地区的"劫富济贫"作用最为明显;基本医疗保险的缴费机制则对缩小居民收入差距没有显著影响。而对子项目的回归结果显示,新型农村合作医疗有效地发挥了收入再分配作用,表现出显著的"劫富济贫"特征;而城镇职工基本医疗保险的待遇机制则扩大了居民收入差距,存在明显的穷人补贴富人的逆向再分配现象;城镇居民基本医疗保险无论待遇机制还是缴费机制均不具有显著的收入再分配功能。基于此,为了发挥基本医疗保险的再分配功能,应不断加强顶层设计,加大对中西部地区财政投入,推进医保制度的衔接,促进医疗卫生资源的均衡配置。

The Impact of Education Input on Labor Migration and Inequality in China

By introducing a general equilibrium framework to China's dual economic structure, this paper studies the microscopic mechanism of education input to narrow the urban-rural income gap and how to improve the allocation efficiency of education funds in China's "new normal" economy. The empirical analysis results show that education input is effective in narrowing the urban-rural income gap and achieving a Pareto improvement state in both direct and indirect ways. However, the effect of education input at different stages varies. In particular, the impact of compulsory education on improving inequality is more significant than the other education levels. With adjustment for the macroeconomic slowdown, raising fiscal expenditures on education can improve potential economic growth by promoting human capital accumulation and labor productivity in the long run. In all, education input can promote labor migration and narrow the urban-rural income gap, which is conducive to alleviating the contradiction of the structural transformation lag in employment and achieving inclusive growth targets.

FDI与我国城乡居民收入差距之间是否存在倒U形关系

本文以我国大陆1997-2006年期间的分省面板数据作为研究样本,以库兹涅茨基本模型为基础,实证分析了外商直接投资等因素对我国城乡居民收入差距的具体影响。基于面板数据的固定效应模型估计结果表明,库兹涅茨基本模型中所提到的人均GDP与城乡居民收入差距之间的倒U形关系仍显著存在。不仅如此,外商直接投资与城乡居民收入差距之间也存在着显著的倒U形关系,并且我国现阶段正位于该曲线的左半部区间。因此,如果外资利用结构等方面继续保持不变,那么在未来的很长一段时期内,我国FDI依存度的上升都会进一步恶化我国城乡居民收入差距。