Objective To evaluate the association between serum uric acid(SUA)and kidney function decline.Methods Data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on the Chinese middle-aged and older popu...Objective To evaluate the association between serum uric acid(SUA)and kidney function decline.Methods Data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on the Chinese middle-aged and older population for analysis.The kidney function decline was defined as an annual estimated glomerular filtration rate(e GFR)decrease by>3 mL/min per 1.73 m^(2).Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the association between SUA and kidney function decline.The shape of the association was investigated by restricted cubic splines.Results A total of 7,346 participants were included,of which 1,004 individuals(13.67%)developed kidney function decline during the follow-up of 4 years.A significant dose-response relation was recorded between SUA and the kidney function decline(OR 1.14,95%CI 1.03-1.27),as the risk of kidney function decline increased by 14%per 1 mg/d L increase in SUA.In the subgroup analyses,such a relation was only recorded among women(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.03-1.45),those aged<60 years(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.05-1.42),and those without hypertension and without diabetes(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.06-1.41).Although the dose-response relation was not observed in men,the high level of SUA was related to kidney function decline(OR 1.83,95%CI 1.05-3.17).The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated that SUA>5 mg/dL was associated with a significantly higher risk of kidney function decline.Conclusion The SUA level was associated with kidney function decline.An elevation of SUA should therefore be addressed to prevent possible kidney impairment and dysfunction.展开更多
Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanis...Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanism of Andrias davidianus bone peptides(ADBP)on HUA-induced kidney damage.In the present study,we generated the standard ADBP which contained high hydrophobic amino acid and low molecular peptide contents.In vitro results found that ADBP protected uric acid(UA)-induced HK-2 cells from damage by modulating urate transporters and antioxidant defense.In vivo results indicated that ADBP effectively ameliorated renal injury in HUA-induced CKD mice,evidenced by a remarkable decrease in serum UA,creatinine and blood urea nitrogen,improving kidney UA excretion,antioxidant defense and histological kidney deterioration.Metabolomic analysis highlighted 14 metabolites that could be selected as potential biomarkers and attributed to the amelioration effects of ADBP on CKD mice kidney dysfunction.Intriguingly,ADBP restored the gut microbiome homeostasis in CKD mice,especially with respect to the elevated helpful microbial abundance,and the decreased harmful bacterial abundance.This study demonstrated that ADBP displayed great nephroprotective effects,and has great promise as a food or functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of HUA-induced CKD.展开更多
Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for regulating spleen and kidney.Methods:We developed a search strategy and then retrieved the database including CNKI,Wanfa...Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for regulating spleen and kidney.Methods:We developed a search strategy and then retrieved the database including CNKI,Wanfang data knowledge service platform,VIP journals resource integration service platform,PubMed,Embasefor randomized controlled trial of regulating spleen and kidney traditional Chinese medicine compared with conventional western medicine in the treatment of chronic uric acid nephropathy.The search deadline was set to June 30,2020.For the included literature,we applied the cochrane collaboration network risk bias assessment tool to evaluate the methodological quality,and evaluated the level of evidence according to GRADE standards.Quantitative data was analyzed by RevMan5.3 software,and trial sequential analysis method was used to analyze its efficiency.Results:A total of 709 cases in 10 articles were included.Compared with the control group,the related traditional Chinese medicine group improved the effective rate[RR=1.45,95%CI(1.32,1.58)],reduced the level of UA[MD=-36.24,95%CI(-41.03,-31.45)],BUN[SMD=-1.27,95%CI(-1.47,-1.07)]and SCR[MD=-36.33,95%CI(-55.79,-16.87),P=0.0003],the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no evidence that a significant adverse reaction occurred.The results of TSA analysis showed that the Chinese medicine group had definite evidence for improving the efficiency.According to the GRADE evaluation criteria,the efficiency,UA,BUN and SCR outcome indicators were extremely low-quality evidence.Conclusions:Traditional Chinese medicine for regulating spleen and kidney in the treatment of chronic uric acid nephropathy improved efficiency,reduced the level of UA,BUN,SCR.Meanwhile,the therapy was proved to be safe.Nevertheless,the conclusions need further high-quality evidence to support.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>The formation of kidney stones is considered a complicated process. Consequently, there are many questions about the link between kidney stones formation and level of salivary ...<strong>Background: </strong>The formation of kidney stones is considered a complicated process. Consequently, there are many questions about the link between kidney stones formation and level of salivary uric acid and calculus formation on the teeth surfaces. <strong>Objectives:</strong> To evaluate the correlation between the level of salivary uric acid and kidney stones formation and their influence on dental calculus and periodontal status among Saudi patients aged 25 - 70 years. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> 120 Saudi male patients were examined (60 of Kidney stones patients and 60 patients of non-kidney stones patients) for clinical evaluation of plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), calculus index of oral hygiene (CI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Moreover, lab assessment of uric acid level in the collected salivary samples was done. The findings were analyzed using of ANOVA test and Tukey’s test. <strong>Results:</strong> There were statistically significant differences in clinical parameters among kidney stones patients and non-kidney stones patients (p < 0.05), but these differences were highly statistically significant in the correlation between calculus index (CI), plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI) among kidney stone patients in group II, moreover, PLI and clinical attachment loss (CAL) among kidney stone patients in group III (p < 0.001). The statistical analyses revealed statistically significant differences in the level of salivary uric acid (mg/dl) in the comparison between kidney stones patients and non-kidney stones patients in group I and group III, whereas there were highly statistically significant in the comparison between kidney stones patients and non-kidney stones patients in group III. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> At the end of this study, we concluded that there was a relationship between dental calculus formation, kidney stones formation, and an increase in the level of salivary uric acid.展开更多
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical and nutritional factors influencing the renal function of the transplanted kidney during a one-year follow-up period after transplantation. Patie...Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical and nutritional factors influencing the renal function of the transplanted kidney during a one-year follow-up period after transplantation. Patients: The present prospective observational study included 52 patients who underwent kidney transplantation at Jichi Medical University Hospital from 2014 to 2016. Results: The serum creatinine (sCr) concentration at one month after transplantation was closely related to the concentration at 12 months. The recipients were divided into two groups based on the sCr concentration at one month after transplantation. Recipients with a sCr concentration greater than or equal to the median were classified into Group H, while those with concentrations that were less than the median were classified into Group L. A stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the salt intake in male recipients was an independent predictor of the renal function at 12 months (β = 0.663, p β = 0.618, p < 0.01). Moreover, in female recipients, the BMI and serum uric acid values in Group H were significantly higher than those in Group L. The BMI values of the female recipients in Group H were significantly higher than those in Group L at all times during the follow-up period (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The daily salt intake was independently associated with the renal function at one year after kidney transplantation in male recipients. In female recipients, the BMI was independently associated with the sCr concentration during the one-year follow-up period.展开更多
It has been suggested that exposure to organic solvents may have a role in the impairment of kidney function that may progress to kidney failure. However, this has never been evaluated with an appropriate analytical s...It has been suggested that exposure to organic solvents may have a role in the impairment of kidney function that may progress to kidney failure. However, this has never been evaluated with an appropriate analytical study of the kidney functions of those people who are chronically exposed to these chemicals. This study was designed to measure the kidney function of car painters in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Fifty workers were selected at random for this study and compared to thirty male medical students who were taken as a control group. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of kidney function. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and uric acid were scientifically higher in the tested group compared to the control group. In addition to this, the levels of these parameters were significantly higher in the serum of car painters who worked in this industry for more than ten years compared to painters who worked for less than ten years. Moreover, the number of car painters who were not using protective gloves and masks during working hours were 43 and the number of car painters who visited specialized clinics because of kidney problems were 45 of the 50 tested volunteers. These findings support the hypothesized association of solvent exposure with the development of chronic renal failure. They should prompt clinicians to give greater attention to patients’ occupational exposures. Routine monitoring of kidney functions and the use of protective materials are of greater importance to minimize the occupational diseases caused by organic solvents.展开更多
目的:探讨中国台湾健康体检人群中血尿酸水平与肺功能指标和气流阻塞之间的相关性。方法:利用中国台湾美兆健康资源中心的体检资料,选取于1996—2016年间进行体检的40岁以上人群进行横断面分析,按照性别分别进行血尿酸水平与肺功能指标...目的:探讨中国台湾健康体检人群中血尿酸水平与肺功能指标和气流阻塞之间的相关性。方法:利用中国台湾美兆健康资源中心的体检资料,选取于1996—2016年间进行体检的40岁以上人群进行横断面分析,按照性别分别进行血尿酸水平与肺功能指标的相关性分析,以及血尿酸水平对气流阻塞影响的Logistic回归分析。结果:共纳入35465人,平均年龄(45.70±7.30)岁,男性16411人,女性19054人,其中,男性的血尿酸水平高于女性,存在气流阻塞的人群血尿酸水平高于无气流阻塞的人群。女性血尿酸水平与肺功能指标[第一秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、用力肺活量(force vital capacity,FVC)]之间呈负相关(P<0.05),男性血尿酸水平与肺功能指标FEV1、FVC之间则无显著相关性(P>0.05)。在调整年龄、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、工作强度、体重指数、是否咳嗽、高血压病史、糖尿病病史等指标,以及白细胞、白蛋白等生化指标后,随着血尿酸浓度的升高,女性更易存在气流阻塞(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.02~1.22,P<0.05)。按照是否患高尿酸血症进行分组,结果显示与血尿酸正常组相比,女性中高尿酸血症组更易存在气流阻塞(OR=1.36,95%CI:1.06~1.75,P<0.05),而男性中血尿酸浓度与气流阻塞患病之间无显著相关性(OR=1.04,95%CI:0.96~1.13,P>0.05),是否患高尿酸血症与气流阻塞的存在无显著相关性(OR=1.12,95%CI:0.89~1.39,P>0.05)。结论:女性健康体检人群中,血尿酸水平与肺功能指标FEV1、FVC之间存在负相关,高尿酸血症与气流阻塞的存在有相关性,在男性中则不明显。未来仍需要前瞻性研究来进一步验证高血尿酸水平是否与气流阻塞的发生相关联。展开更多
Objective: To understand the effects of several commonly used antipsychotics on the renal function of patients with mental illness. Method: Collected patients with mental illness who were hospitalized in our hospital ...Objective: To understand the effects of several commonly used antipsychotics on the renal function of patients with mental illness. Method: Collected patients with mental illness who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2020 to June 2021, and selected as the research subjects patients with psychiatric disorders who were treated with 2 kinds of commonly used antipsychotic drugs;and collected 3 ml of venous blood before treatment and one month after treatment for renal function tests;observed the changes of renal function indexes before and after treatment. Results: In the collected 694 patients with mental illness, before using antipsychotic drugs, the renal function indexes were BUN: 4.42 ± 1.92 mmol/l;Cr: 70.97 ± 16.92 μmol/l;CCr: 88.37 ± 21.07 ml/min;β2-MG: 1.67 ± 0.61 mg/L;UA: 359.90 ± 112.82 μmol/l;CYS-C: 0.92 ± 0.24 mg/L. One month after using antipsychotics, BUN: 3.77 ± 1.37 mmol/l;Cr: 70.46 ± 16.71 μmol/l;CCr: 87.78 ± 20.63 ml/min;β2-MG: 1.75 ± 0.64 mg/L;UA: 332.53 ± 91.48 umol/l;CYS-C: 0.92 ± 0.24 mg/L;the renal function indexes of urea nitrogen, β2 microglobulin, uric acid and other items all changed significantly. The differences before and after treatment were statistically significant, P < 0.01. Conclusion: Several commonly used antipsychotic drugs have a greater impact on the renal function of patients with mental illness. During the treatment, the changes in renal function should be monitored regularly, if severe renal damage is found, the treatment plan or dosage should be adjusted in time to avoid endangering life.展开更多
文摘Objective To evaluate the association between serum uric acid(SUA)and kidney function decline.Methods Data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on the Chinese middle-aged and older population for analysis.The kidney function decline was defined as an annual estimated glomerular filtration rate(e GFR)decrease by>3 mL/min per 1.73 m^(2).Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the association between SUA and kidney function decline.The shape of the association was investigated by restricted cubic splines.Results A total of 7,346 participants were included,of which 1,004 individuals(13.67%)developed kidney function decline during the follow-up of 4 years.A significant dose-response relation was recorded between SUA and the kidney function decline(OR 1.14,95%CI 1.03-1.27),as the risk of kidney function decline increased by 14%per 1 mg/d L increase in SUA.In the subgroup analyses,such a relation was only recorded among women(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.03-1.45),those aged<60 years(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.05-1.42),and those without hypertension and without diabetes(OR 1.22,95%CI 1.06-1.41).Although the dose-response relation was not observed in men,the high level of SUA was related to kidney function decline(OR 1.83,95%CI 1.05-3.17).The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated that SUA>5 mg/dL was associated with a significantly higher risk of kidney function decline.Conclusion The SUA level was associated with kidney function decline.An elevation of SUA should therefore be addressed to prevent possible kidney impairment and dysfunction.
基金financially supported by Shenzhen Agricultural Development Special Fund(Fishery)Agricultural High-Tech Project([2021]735)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(KCXFZ20201221173207022)Youth Science Foundation Project(32101936)。
文摘Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanism of Andrias davidianus bone peptides(ADBP)on HUA-induced kidney damage.In the present study,we generated the standard ADBP which contained high hydrophobic amino acid and low molecular peptide contents.In vitro results found that ADBP protected uric acid(UA)-induced HK-2 cells from damage by modulating urate transporters and antioxidant defense.In vivo results indicated that ADBP effectively ameliorated renal injury in HUA-induced CKD mice,evidenced by a remarkable decrease in serum UA,creatinine and blood urea nitrogen,improving kidney UA excretion,antioxidant defense and histological kidney deterioration.Metabolomic analysis highlighted 14 metabolites that could be selected as potential biomarkers and attributed to the amelioration effects of ADBP on CKD mice kidney dysfunction.Intriguingly,ADBP restored the gut microbiome homeostasis in CKD mice,especially with respect to the elevated helpful microbial abundance,and the decreased harmful bacterial abundance.This study demonstrated that ADBP displayed great nephroprotective effects,and has great promise as a food or functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of HUA-induced CKD.
基金Inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese Medicine"Ten million"talent project(Qihuang project)(No.2019-QTL-003)。
文摘Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for regulating spleen and kidney.Methods:We developed a search strategy and then retrieved the database including CNKI,Wanfang data knowledge service platform,VIP journals resource integration service platform,PubMed,Embasefor randomized controlled trial of regulating spleen and kidney traditional Chinese medicine compared with conventional western medicine in the treatment of chronic uric acid nephropathy.The search deadline was set to June 30,2020.For the included literature,we applied the cochrane collaboration network risk bias assessment tool to evaluate the methodological quality,and evaluated the level of evidence according to GRADE standards.Quantitative data was analyzed by RevMan5.3 software,and trial sequential analysis method was used to analyze its efficiency.Results:A total of 709 cases in 10 articles were included.Compared with the control group,the related traditional Chinese medicine group improved the effective rate[RR=1.45,95%CI(1.32,1.58)],reduced the level of UA[MD=-36.24,95%CI(-41.03,-31.45)],BUN[SMD=-1.27,95%CI(-1.47,-1.07)]and SCR[MD=-36.33,95%CI(-55.79,-16.87),P=0.0003],the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no evidence that a significant adverse reaction occurred.The results of TSA analysis showed that the Chinese medicine group had definite evidence for improving the efficiency.According to the GRADE evaluation criteria,the efficiency,UA,BUN and SCR outcome indicators were extremely low-quality evidence.Conclusions:Traditional Chinese medicine for regulating spleen and kidney in the treatment of chronic uric acid nephropathy improved efficiency,reduced the level of UA,BUN,SCR.Meanwhile,the therapy was proved to be safe.Nevertheless,the conclusions need further high-quality evidence to support.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>The formation of kidney stones is considered a complicated process. Consequently, there are many questions about the link between kidney stones formation and level of salivary uric acid and calculus formation on the teeth surfaces. <strong>Objectives:</strong> To evaluate the correlation between the level of salivary uric acid and kidney stones formation and their influence on dental calculus and periodontal status among Saudi patients aged 25 - 70 years. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> 120 Saudi male patients were examined (60 of Kidney stones patients and 60 patients of non-kidney stones patients) for clinical evaluation of plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), calculus index of oral hygiene (CI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Moreover, lab assessment of uric acid level in the collected salivary samples was done. The findings were analyzed using of ANOVA test and Tukey’s test. <strong>Results:</strong> There were statistically significant differences in clinical parameters among kidney stones patients and non-kidney stones patients (p < 0.05), but these differences were highly statistically significant in the correlation between calculus index (CI), plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI) among kidney stone patients in group II, moreover, PLI and clinical attachment loss (CAL) among kidney stone patients in group III (p < 0.001). The statistical analyses revealed statistically significant differences in the level of salivary uric acid (mg/dl) in the comparison between kidney stones patients and non-kidney stones patients in group I and group III, whereas there were highly statistically significant in the comparison between kidney stones patients and non-kidney stones patients in group III. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> At the end of this study, we concluded that there was a relationship between dental calculus formation, kidney stones formation, and an increase in the level of salivary uric acid.
文摘Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical and nutritional factors influencing the renal function of the transplanted kidney during a one-year follow-up period after transplantation. Patients: The present prospective observational study included 52 patients who underwent kidney transplantation at Jichi Medical University Hospital from 2014 to 2016. Results: The serum creatinine (sCr) concentration at one month after transplantation was closely related to the concentration at 12 months. The recipients were divided into two groups based on the sCr concentration at one month after transplantation. Recipients with a sCr concentration greater than or equal to the median were classified into Group H, while those with concentrations that were less than the median were classified into Group L. A stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the salt intake in male recipients was an independent predictor of the renal function at 12 months (β = 0.663, p β = 0.618, p < 0.01). Moreover, in female recipients, the BMI and serum uric acid values in Group H were significantly higher than those in Group L. The BMI values of the female recipients in Group H were significantly higher than those in Group L at all times during the follow-up period (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The daily salt intake was independently associated with the renal function at one year after kidney transplantation in male recipients. In female recipients, the BMI was independently associated with the sCr concentration during the one-year follow-up period.
文摘It has been suggested that exposure to organic solvents may have a role in the impairment of kidney function that may progress to kidney failure. However, this has never been evaluated with an appropriate analytical study of the kidney functions of those people who are chronically exposed to these chemicals. This study was designed to measure the kidney function of car painters in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Fifty workers were selected at random for this study and compared to thirty male medical students who were taken as a control group. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of kidney function. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and uric acid were scientifically higher in the tested group compared to the control group. In addition to this, the levels of these parameters were significantly higher in the serum of car painters who worked in this industry for more than ten years compared to painters who worked for less than ten years. Moreover, the number of car painters who were not using protective gloves and masks during working hours were 43 and the number of car painters who visited specialized clinics because of kidney problems were 45 of the 50 tested volunteers. These findings support the hypothesized association of solvent exposure with the development of chronic renal failure. They should prompt clinicians to give greater attention to patients’ occupational exposures. Routine monitoring of kidney functions and the use of protective materials are of greater importance to minimize the occupational diseases caused by organic solvents.
文摘目的:探讨中国台湾健康体检人群中血尿酸水平与肺功能指标和气流阻塞之间的相关性。方法:利用中国台湾美兆健康资源中心的体检资料,选取于1996—2016年间进行体检的40岁以上人群进行横断面分析,按照性别分别进行血尿酸水平与肺功能指标的相关性分析,以及血尿酸水平对气流阻塞影响的Logistic回归分析。结果:共纳入35465人,平均年龄(45.70±7.30)岁,男性16411人,女性19054人,其中,男性的血尿酸水平高于女性,存在气流阻塞的人群血尿酸水平高于无气流阻塞的人群。女性血尿酸水平与肺功能指标[第一秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、用力肺活量(force vital capacity,FVC)]之间呈负相关(P<0.05),男性血尿酸水平与肺功能指标FEV1、FVC之间则无显著相关性(P>0.05)。在调整年龄、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、工作强度、体重指数、是否咳嗽、高血压病史、糖尿病病史等指标,以及白细胞、白蛋白等生化指标后,随着血尿酸浓度的升高,女性更易存在气流阻塞(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.02~1.22,P<0.05)。按照是否患高尿酸血症进行分组,结果显示与血尿酸正常组相比,女性中高尿酸血症组更易存在气流阻塞(OR=1.36,95%CI:1.06~1.75,P<0.05),而男性中血尿酸浓度与气流阻塞患病之间无显著相关性(OR=1.04,95%CI:0.96~1.13,P>0.05),是否患高尿酸血症与气流阻塞的存在无显著相关性(OR=1.12,95%CI:0.89~1.39,P>0.05)。结论:女性健康体检人群中,血尿酸水平与肺功能指标FEV1、FVC之间存在负相关,高尿酸血症与气流阻塞的存在有相关性,在男性中则不明显。未来仍需要前瞻性研究来进一步验证高血尿酸水平是否与气流阻塞的发生相关联。
文摘Objective: To understand the effects of several commonly used antipsychotics on the renal function of patients with mental illness. Method: Collected patients with mental illness who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2020 to June 2021, and selected as the research subjects patients with psychiatric disorders who were treated with 2 kinds of commonly used antipsychotic drugs;and collected 3 ml of venous blood before treatment and one month after treatment for renal function tests;observed the changes of renal function indexes before and after treatment. Results: In the collected 694 patients with mental illness, before using antipsychotic drugs, the renal function indexes were BUN: 4.42 ± 1.92 mmol/l;Cr: 70.97 ± 16.92 μmol/l;CCr: 88.37 ± 21.07 ml/min;β2-MG: 1.67 ± 0.61 mg/L;UA: 359.90 ± 112.82 μmol/l;CYS-C: 0.92 ± 0.24 mg/L. One month after using antipsychotics, BUN: 3.77 ± 1.37 mmol/l;Cr: 70.46 ± 16.71 μmol/l;CCr: 87.78 ± 20.63 ml/min;β2-MG: 1.75 ± 0.64 mg/L;UA: 332.53 ± 91.48 umol/l;CYS-C: 0.92 ± 0.24 mg/L;the renal function indexes of urea nitrogen, β2 microglobulin, uric acid and other items all changed significantly. The differences before and after treatment were statistically significant, P < 0.01. Conclusion: Several commonly used antipsychotic drugs have a greater impact on the renal function of patients with mental illness. During the treatment, the changes in renal function should be monitored regularly, if severe renal damage is found, the treatment plan or dosage should be adjusted in time to avoid endangering life.
