THE VALUE OF URINE PROTEIN EXCRETION IN DIAGNOSING EARLY DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

We tested urine albumin excretion rate (UAER), urine transrerrin (TRF ), retinolulnding protein (RBP), N --acetyl--aD-gi ucosamlnldase (N AG ), P, - mi c rogl obu I in (P, -- M G ) and lgGIn 45 cases of NIDDM. Thirty cases with UAER<300 mg/d were divided into two groups. Data wereshown with urine protein index (urine protein/urine creatlne). ResultS showed that urine transferrinwas more seusltlve than albumlu, and the combined test or urine Protein is nontraumatic, which hadsteatncance to diagnose early diabetic nepkropatby.

Application of the assay of urine FSH β-subunit in patients with pubertal disorders

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic predictive value in the identification of puberty disorders by means of ELISA of β-FSH subunit levels in successively collected urine samples compared to RIA of intact FSH in serum obtained from the normal control subjects and patients with puberty disorders, respectively.Subjects and Methods: Five male and four female volunteers were recruited as controls. Four patients with the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, five patients with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, four patients with the central precocious puberty and one patient with isosexual peripheral precocious puberty collected successively their early-morning urine samples for 30 to 32 days.The urine β-FSH subunit was assayed with the method of ELISA, then adjusted by creatinine (Cr) concentration.Results:Comparing with their cotemporary groups, patients with the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism had lower levels of urine β-FSH, and patients with idiopathic hypergonadism had higher levels with irregular fluctuation. Meanwhile, patients with the central precocious puberty had much higher levels of urine β-FSH with irregular peaks, and patients with isosexual peripheral precocious puberty had almost normal levels. The patterns were coincident with the clinical characteristics and serum FSH levels.Conclusion: The ELISA of urine β-FSH subunit possesses a number of advantages over the RIA of serum FSH level, such as low cost, simplicity and reliability in the clinical practice. It can be used for the diagnoses of puberty disorders. In addition, it is possible and much easier, comparing with blood samples, to collect successively urine samples for research of pathophysiological dynamics of FSH secretion in puberty disorders and other reproductive dysfunction.

Models to quantify excretion of dry matter,nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in growing pigs fed regional diets

Modern pig production contributes to many environmental problems that relate to manure, especially in areas with highly intensive production systems and in regions like Asia where the regulative control is not effective. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use three different pig diets varying in dietary protein, fibre and fat as representative for Danish （DK）, Thai （TH） and Vietnamese （VN） pig production to develop and evaluate different approaches to predict/calculate excretion from growing pigs in comparison with the experimentally determined values. Nine female growing pigs were used in a digestibility and balance experiment. Excretion of dry matter （DM）, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P） and carbon （C） of the experimental diets were determined. Due to the highest dietary fibre content, VN had the lowest digestibility of N, P and C （73, 49, and 73%, respectively） compared with the DK and TH pig diets. From the known diet composition using standard table values on chemical and nutrient digestibly, high accuracy （bias） and low variation was found and the results could be used for prediction on chemical composition and excretion in faeces and urine in growing pigs. Calculation based on standard values regarding nutrient retention in the pig body as used in the Danish manure normative system （DMNS） showed likewise to be quite useful for quantifying the total excretion of N and P. Overall, the results demonstrate that simple models that require cheap and normally available information on dietary nutrients can give useful information on nutrient excretion in growing pigs.

TREATMENT OF 133 CASES OF CHRONIC PROSTATITIS BY SEMINAL CONSOLIDATION AND TURBIDITY EXCRETION

The authors adopted the method of seminal con-solidation and turbidity excretion in a specific pre-scription with modifications according to symptomsfor the treatment of 133 cases of chronic prostatitis.The average therapeutic course was 95 days with acure rate of 69.1% and a total effective rate of 96.2%.This prescription relieved obstruction in the prostaticducts and promoted excretion of stagnant secretions,thus alleviating the clinical symptoms.Tests of serumand prostatic fluid,and prostatic fluid culture sug-gested that,besides direct bacteriostatic andbacteriocidal effects,the prescription also strengthen-ed or regulated local immunological functions.

男性性腺功能低减病人尿β-FSH排泄连续测定

目的 :连续观察男性性腺功能低减病人尿卵泡刺激素 β亚单位 (β FSH)的排泄 ,探讨其对男性性腺功能低减的临床分类诊断和病理生理机制研究的意义。 方法 :4例健康成年男性 (年龄分别为 19、2 2、2 7、33岁 )、4例低促性腺激素型性腺功能低减男性病人 (年龄分别为 17、17、19、2 4岁 )和 5例高促性腺激素型性腺功能低减男性病人 (年龄分别为 16、16、17、2 0、2 2岁 ) ,连续留晨尿 30～ 32d ,其中 1例正常男性留取标本 6 3d。酶免法测定尿 β FSH ,以肌酐 (Cr)含量进行校正。 结果 :4例正常成年男性尿 β FSH总平均为 (1.16± 0 .2 0 ) μg/mgCr,均可出现波峰 ,最大峰值为 2 .76 μg/mgCr。 4例低促性腺激素型性腺功能低减男性病人 [Kallmann或特发性低促性腺激素型性腺功能低减 (IHH) ]尿 β FSH分别为 (0 .5 8± 0 .31)、(0 .93± 0 .4 7)、(0 .4 7± 0 .33)、(0 .6 0± 0 .4 0 ) μg/mgCr,曲线上未见明显波动。 5例高促性腺激素型性腺功能低减男性病人 (Klinefelter)尿 β FSH分别为 (3.0 2± 0 .93)、(4.36± 1.12 )、(4.79± 0 .78)、(4.6 4± 1.4 2 )、(3.88± 1.4 2 ) μg/mgCr,曲线上出现显著不规则波动 ,最大峰值达6 .83μg/mgCr。所有病人第二性征发育差 ,血清T水平显著低下。低促性腺激素?

我国生猪粪尿养分资源测算及土地承载力分析

基于我国生猪养殖行业发展现状,通过查阅文献资料采用排泄系数法估算了全国生猪(本文指肉猪和繁育母猪)所排泄的粪尿资源总量,并基于其养分含量计算土地承载力。结果显示,2021年我国生猪粪尿产生总量达到了51695.88万吨,其中粪便、尿液占比分别为28.14%、71.86%,经收集、贮存和处理过程后可供给230.39万吨氮、57.61万吨磷。同时按粪肥替代40%化肥施用作物上计算,全国生猪粪污土地承载以N、P计分别为19.5亿头和21.9亿猪当量,其中新疆、内蒙古和黑龙江等省份的养殖承载空间巨大,北京、海南和云南等地区的养殖承载力较低。综上所述,全国生猪养殖与粪污资源分布不均衡,但粪尿资源总量巨大,且粪污土地承载力较大,应加快优化养殖布局,推进畜禽粪便资源化利用,提高粪肥利用率,种养结合,最终实现畜牧业的绿色可持续发展。

High sensitive C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and urine albumin excretion rate in Chinese coronary artery disease patients with different glucose tolerance status

Background Serum high sensitive C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）, adiponectin levels and urine albumin excretion rate （UAER） are probably associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the three markers in coronary artery disease （CAD） subjects with different glucose tolerance status in a Chinese population and further explore the levels of the three markers in these subjects and the possible association of these markers with CAD risk factors and the severity of CAD as well. Methods A total of 242 subjects with angiographically documented CAD were recruited, and then assigned to three groups： the normal glucose tolerance （NGT） ＋ CAD group, including 100 CAD patients with NGT; the impaired glucose tolerance （IGT） ＋ CAD group, 40 CAD patients with IGT; the type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） ＋ CAD group, 102 CAD patients with T2DM. Serum hs-CRP, adiponectin levels as well as UAER were measured in all subjects. Results Serum hs-CRP levels were increased in the T2DM ＋ CAD group compared with the NGT ＋ CAD group （4.71±2.59） vs （3.60±2.46） mg/L, P=0.037. Serum adiponectin levels were gradually decreased from the NGT ＋ CAD to IGT ＋ CAD to T2DM ＋ CAD groups, （5.99±1.84）, （5.82±1.72） and （4.65±1.71） mg/L, P=0.002 and 0.040 for NGT ＋ CAD and IGT ＋ CAD groups vs T2DM ＋ CAD group, respectively. While the UAER was gradually increased from the NGT ＋ CAD to IGT ＋ CAD to T2DM ＋ CAD groups, （6.42±2.51）, （6.89±2.94） and （15.03±4.22） μg/min （P 〈0.001） for NGT ＋ CAD and IGT ＋ CAD groups vs T2DM ＋ CAD group. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that waist-hip ratio （WHR） and low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） were the significant determinants of serum hs-CRP levels; triglyceride （TG）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, age, WHR, T2DM, 2-hour serum insulin （2hINS）, sex, and apolipoprotein B were the significant determinants of serum adiponectin levels; and systolic blood pressure （SBP）, T2DM and hemoglobin A1c （HbA1c） were the significant determinants of UAER in all subjects （R^2= 0.070, 0.352, and 0.214, respectively）. However, no significant correlation was seen for hs-CRP, adiponectin and UAER with the severity of CAD. Hs-CRP levels were significantly correlated with UAER. Conclusions There was a trend of increased serum hs-CRP levels from the NGT ＋ CAD to IGT ＋ CAD to T2DM ＋ CAD groups, though it only showed significance in the T2DM ＋ CAD group compared with the NGT ＋ CAD group. Serum adiponectin levels were decreased and UAER was increased from the NGT ＋ CAD to IGT ＋ CAD to T2DM ＋ CAD groups Increased UAER and serum hs-CRP, and decreased adiponectin levels were associated with traditional CAD risk factors but failed to be correlated with the severity of CAD. Hs-CRP levels were significantly correlated with UAER.

Predicting the excretion of feces,urine and nitrogen using support vector regression:A case study with Holstein dry cows

Predicting the excretion of feces,urine and nitrogen(N)from dairy cows is an effective way to prevent and control the environmental pollution caused by scaled farming.The traditional prediction methods such as pollutant generation coefficient(PGC)and mathematical model based on linear regression(LR)may be limited by prediction range and regression function assumption,and sometimes may deviate from the actual condition.In order to solve these problems,the support vector regression(SVR)was applied for predicting the cows'feces,urine and N excretions,taking Holstein dry cows as a case study.SVR is a typical non-parametric machine learning model that does not require any specific assumptions about the regression function in advance and only by learning the training sample data,and also it can fit the function closest to the actual in most cases.To evaluate prediction accuracy effectively,the SVR technique was compared with the LR and radial basis function artificial neural network(RBF-ANN)methods,using the required sample data obtained from actual feeding experiments.The prediction results indicate that the proposed technique is superior to the other two conventional(especially LR)methods in predicting the main indicators of feces,urine,and N excretions of Holstein dry cows.

The characteristics of urine protein excretion in diabetic foot disease and the association with infection

Objective To determine the characteristics of urine protein excretion in patients with diabetic foot and to analyze the changes associated with severity of infection. Methods We analyzed the profiles of 174 consecutive patients with diabetic foot,including physiological and biochemical indices

Effects of perindopril on expression of kidney aquaporin-2 and urine aquaporin-2 excretion in chronic heart failure rats

Objective To determine the expression of kidneyaquaporin-2(AQP2) and urine AQP2 excretion in chronic heart failure(CHF) rats and investigate effects of perindopril on the expression and excretion of AQP2.

高尿酸血症患者肾脏尿酸排泄能力检测方法

高尿酸血症患者约90%存在肾脏尿酸排泄能力降低,国内外指南或共识推荐或建议用24小时尿酸排泄分数和/或24小时尿酸排泄量评估肾脏尿酸排泄水平、指导临床分型及用药选择。24小时尿液收集耗时较长,存储和保管条件不一,容易污染和遗漏,影响结果及时性和准确性。研究发现晨尿尿酸排泄分数可以简便、高效以及较好地代替24小时尿尿酸排泄分数评估高尿酸血症患者肾脏尿酸排泄能力,及时指导临床分型和用药。

慢性肾衰竭通腑泄浊法衍义

代谢毒素的产生和潴留是慢性肾衰竭的显著特点。改善代谢毒素产生的内环境,减少代谢毒素生成并增加其排泄,是阻止慢性肾衰竭进展的重要环节。中医学理论认为,慢性肾衰竭的病机特点为本虚标实,以脾肾亏虚为本,以水湿、湿热、瘀血、浊毒等邪实为标,久病则湿、瘀、毒蕴结。邪实既是慢性肾衰竭的病理产物,又诱导疾病进展。《温热逢源》言“盖脏病无出路,必借道于腑,乃能外出”,六腑可为邪实之出路,故六腑通则邪实输泻有余。通腑泄浊法以邪实为标靶,是慢性肾衰竭在扶正固本之外的治标之法。狭义的通腑泄浊法功同下法,临床应用范围较局限,应进一步阐释其内涵,拓展其应用范围以适应临床需要。广义的通腑泄浊法当重恢复六腑“以通为用”“以降为顺”的生理特性,给予邪实以出路,并“攻邪已病”。根据邪实的特性因势利导,使之排出体外,邪去则正安,主要包括通达气机、通利小便、通畅肠腑3个方面。

生理学教学动画设计与实现——以“尿液的生成和排出”为例

随着计算机动画技术的不断发展,使得医学动画逐渐在医学各个领域得以应用,尤其在医学专业教学中显现出巨大优势。文章以生理学课程中“尿液的生成和排出”为例,详细阐述教学动画的设计过程和制作方法,以便为其他医学动画制作提供借鉴和参考,推动医学动画在医学教育中的有效应用。

栀子厚朴汤中p-香豆酸在正常及抑郁大鼠尿液中排泄动力学差异研究

目的建立一种基于HPLC-UV的快速稳定方法,测定栀子厚朴汤灌胃给药后大鼠尿液中p-香豆酸的含量,并应用于正常及抑郁大鼠的尿液排泄动力学研究。方法采用慢性温和不可预知应激进行大鼠抑郁造模,甲醇沉淀蛋白进行尿液样本前处理。色谱柱:Phenomenex C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈∶0.1%甲酸水溶液为21∶79,等度洗脱;柱温:35℃;检测波长:310 nm;进样量:20μL;流速:1.0 mL/min。结果方法学结果表明回收率在98%~104%,RSD<3%,在0.2~64μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=1);尿液排泄动力学结果表明,单次灌胃给予栀子厚朴汤后,正常及抑郁大鼠体内的p-香豆酸在24 h内均基本排泄完全;p-香豆酸在抑郁组大鼠体内以原型形式经肾脏排泄率较正常组大鼠高。结论该研究所建立的p-香豆酸测定方法灵敏、快速、可靠,可用于正常及抑郁大鼠p-香豆酸尿液排泄动力学的研究。抑郁组大鼠的尿液总排泄率较空白组大鼠高,提示可能与抑郁大鼠肠道菌群及肝脏代谢酶功能变化有关。

血清脂联素、分泌型黑色素瘤细胞黏附分子在2型糖尿病肾病中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病(T2DN)患者血清脂联素(ADPN)、分泌型黑色素瘤细胞黏附分子(MCAM)的表达及临床意义。方法选取海南西部中心医院2020年6月—2021年6月收治的180例T2DN患者作为T2DN组,根据患者尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)将T2DN组分为轻度组(n=52)、中度组(n=66)、重度组(n=62),另外选取58例健康体检正常者为对照组,比较T2DN组中不同病情程度患者的ADPN、分泌型MCAM结果差异,并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清ADPN和分泌型MCAM诊断T2DN的临床效能。结果T2DN组血清ADPN表达水平为(10.67±1.21)μg/mL,低于对照组的(12.36±3.08)μg/mL,分泌型MCAM表达水平为(118.89±26.07)μg/L,高于对照组的(68.79±18.34)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中度组、重度组血清ADPN水平低于轻度组,重度组ADPN水平低于中度组,中度组、重度组分泌型MCAM水平高于轻度组,重度组MCAM水平高于中度组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,血清ADPN、分泌型MCAM水平联合检测诊断T2DN的曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度、特异度均高于血清ADPN、分泌型MCAM单独诊断(Z=2.223、2.344,P<0.05)。结论血清ADPN和分泌型MCAM或可作为T2DN的诊断及病情评估指标,且联合检测可提高T2DN的诊断率。

Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Different Types of Primary Hyperuricemia

Objective:This paper aims to study the clinical characteristics of patients with different types of primary hyperuricemia(HUA).Methods:Using a retrospective research method,200 patients with primary HUA in the hospital from June 2020 to January 2023 were selected as the research objects.Patients were grouped according to the detection results of 24-hour urinary uric acid excretion(UUE)and fractional excretion of uric acid(FEUA)(renal insufficiency type,renal overload type,mixed type,and other types).The general information of patients in the four groups(gender,age,body mass index,living habits,etc.),underlying diseases(hypertension,diabetes),blood test results[uric acid(UA),creatinine(Cre)],urine test results(24-hour urine UA,24-hour urine Cre)were summarized and the differences between the groups were analyzed.Results:The 200 cases of HUA patients were divided into 54.00%with renal insufficiency type,38.50%with mixed type,6.00%with renal overload type,and 1.50%with other types.The age of patients with mixed HUA was younger than that of patients with other types,renal overload type,and renal insufficiency type,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The UA level of patients with other types of HUA was lower than that of patients with mixed type HUA,and there was statistical significance(P<0.05).The Cre level of patients with mixed type HUA was lower than that of patients with renal insufficiency type and renal overload type,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The 24-hour urinary UA level in patients with renal insufficiency type HUA was lower than that in patients with renal overload type and mixed type HUA,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The 24-hour urinary Cre level of patients with other types of HUA was lower than that of patients with renal overload type and mixed HUA,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)level of patients with other types of HUA was lower than that of patients with mixed type HUA,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the proportions of hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease,and urinary calculi among patients with renal insufficiency type,renal overload type,mixed type,and other types of HUA(P>0.05).Conclusion:The primary HUA patients are mainly of renal insufficiency type,followed by mixed type.There are significant differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with different types of HUA.Among them,patients with other types of HUA are the oldest and have the lowest uric acid levels.Patients with mixed HUA had the best renal function but the highest 24-hour urine creatinine level.This study can be used as a basis for rational selection of urate-lowering drugs for different HUA patients.

Cosinor-rhythmometry for 24-h urinary sodium,potassium,creatinine excretion in the Chinese adult population

Background:The low accuracy of equations predicting 24-h urinary sodium excretion using a single spot urine sample contributed to the misclassification of individual sodium intake levels.The application of single spot urine sample is limited by a lack of representativity of urinary sodium excretion,possibly due to the circadian rhythm in urinary excretion.This study aimed to explore the circadian rhythm,characteristics,and parameters in a healthy young adult Chinese population as a theoretical foundation for developing new approaches.Methods:Eighty-five participants(mean age 32.4 years)completed the 24-h urine ollction by sccessively cllecing each of the single-voided specimens within 24 h.The concentrations of the urinary sodium,potassium,and creatinine for cach voided specimen were measured.Cosinor analysis was applied to explore the circadian rhythm of the urinary sodium,potassium,and creatinine excretion.The excretion per hour was computed for analyzing the change over time with repeated-measures analysis of variance and a cubic spline model.Results:The metabolism of urinary sodium,potassium,and creatinine showed different patterns of circadian rhythm,although the urinary sodiurm excretion showed non-significant parameters in the cosinor model.A significant circadian rhythm of urinary creatinine excretion was observed,while the circadian rhythm of sodium was less significant than that of potassium.The circadian rhythm of urinary sodium and creatinine excretion showed synchronization to some extent,which had a nocturnal peak and fell to the lowest around noon to afternoon.In contrast,the peak of potassium was observed in the morning and dropped to the lowest point in the evening.The hourly urinary excretion followed a similar circadian rhythm.Conclusion:It is necessary to consider the circadian rhythm of urinary sodium,potassium,and creatinine excretion in adults while exploring the estimation model for 24-h urinary sodium excretion using spot urine.

The effects and mechanism of tripterygium wilfordii Hook Fcombination with irbesartan on urinary podocyte excretion in diabetic nephropathy patients

Objective To investigate the effects of the combination of tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) and irbesartan on urinary podocytes in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) patients,and to discuss the mechanism of protective effect of TwHF on DKD.Methods A total of

碘摄入量与晨尿中碘排量的关系研究

目的研究晨尿的尿碘含量及其肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量与碘摄入量的相关关系,探讨准确反映机体碘摄入量的指标。方法将经筛选的161名志愿者随机分为500～2000μg/d的7个剂量组中。采用7d膳食记录法计算膳食碘摄入量。在给与碘补充剂后第0、2、4w取空腹晨尿,分别以砷铈催化分光光度法和碱性苦味酸法测定尿碘含量和尿肌酐含量,并计算出肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量。对各组晨尿碘含量和每日尿排碘量进行方差分析,并与碘摄入量进行回归分析。结果膳食中碘的摄入量在各剂量组间没有显著性差异,均值为328μg/d。给碘补充剂前晨尿碘含量和肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量在各剂量组间均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),均值分别为325μg/L和314μg/d。而给碘补充剂后第2、4w晨尿碘含量和肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量随剂量的增加而增加,在各剂量组间均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。回归分析显示其相关系数在0.958～0.976之间(P=0.000),肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量与碘摄入量回归方程的斜率接近1。结论晨尿的尿碘含量及肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量都是表述机体碘摄入量的敏感指标。因晨尿尿碘含量易受干扰而波动,只适用于大样本群体的碘营养状况调查。晨尿经肌酐校正的每日尿排碘量相对比较稳定,能更准确地反映碘的摄入量,既适用于群体,也适用于个体的碘营养状况评价。

集约化养殖场羊与兔粪尿产生量的监测

以集约化养羊场、养兔场为研究对象,监测了不同季节羊与兔的粪尿排泄量、粪尿养分含量、饲料养分摄入量等。结果表明,兔日平均粪便排泄量0.37 kg.只-1,年粪便排泄总量135.05 kg.只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾和有机质平均质量含量分别为25.55、5.07、6.59和660.4 g.kg-1;羊日平均粪便排泄量1.09 kg.只-1,年排泄总量397.85 kg.只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾以及有机质平均质量含量分别为19.89、4.90、11.79和649.1 g.kg-1。同一季节,同种动物磷的排泄量与摄入量比值高于氮、钾,同种动物养分排泄量与摄入量比值在不同季节也有差异。