Drug utilization evaluation of medications used in the management of neurological disorders

Background and object:The burden of neurological disorders in India is expected to increase due to the rapid demographic and epidemiological transition,with irrational drug use,which is also a global concern.Thus,drug utilization evaluation is designed to ensure appropriate medicine use within the healthcare settings.The aim of the study was to assess the rate and pattern of drug utilization in the management of neurological disorders.Materials and methods:A hospital-based cross-sectional drug utilization evaluation study on neurological drugs was carried out at the Department of Neurology over a span of six months.All legible prescriptions consisting neurological medications irrespective of patient's gender,aged≥18 years were included for the study.The World Health Organization(WHO)core drug use indicators were used to assess the drug prescribing and utilization patterns.Results:A total of 310 prescriptions were reviewed,where male predominance was found to be 56.45%.Out of 310 prescriptions,drugs belonging to 26 neurological classes were prescribed for the management of various neurological disorders.The majority of patients were diagnosed with epilepsy and the most prescribed drugs per patient were phenytoin(14.8%)and valproic acid(6.45%).By following the WHO core drug prescribing indicators,65.47%of drugs prescribed from the India National List of Essential Medicines,2022,followed by 29.83%of drugs prescribed in generic name and 10.86%of prescriptions including injections.Conclusion:The study findings showed that the prescribing pattern in the Department of Neurology was in accordance with the WHO core prescribing indicators.But,the extent of polypharmacy prescriptions was very high.Therefore,interventions are very necessary to promote rational drug prescribing patterns and thus clinical pharmacists can contribute to assess and review the drug utilization pattern to optimize the drug therapy and improvement in patient safety.

The role of drug utilization evaluation in medical sciences

Background:Drug utilization evaluation(DUE)is defined by the World Health Organization(WHO)and focuses on the medical,social,and economic consequences of pharmaceutical marketing,distribution,prescribing,and usage in society.The WHO recommends a physician to every 1000 people.According to the recent data from the Health Ministry in 2019,in which 1.16 million doctors are of active population with just 80%,or 0.9 million,practicing.As a result,a ratio of 0.68 doctors for every 1000 people,which is much below as per the WHO reports.This article describes history,types,WHO guidelines,need and purpose of DUE.Objective:The main aim of this paper is to provide information about the rational use of medication in outpa­tient and inpatient department with special emphasis of DUEs.It also provides awareness directly to healthcare professionals,researchers,academicians,pharmacist and nurses to reduce the irrationality of medicines.Methods:The method used to compile this review information gathered from websites,Google scholar,PubMed,Research gate,and studies published on DUE from July 20 to Oct 22 were included as source of information.Results:We studied more than 35 published study on DUE,that reveals most of the physicians prescribed branded drugs not generic drugs,but WHO prescribing indicator allows to prescribe generic drugs in the hospital pharmacy to maintain better inventory control.It may also help to prevent pharmacist misunderstanding during dispensing.Conclusion:The use of generic prescription names avoids the possibility of medication product duplication and lowers patient costs.It is important to remember that incorrect medication prescriptions have impact on both patients and their family members.WHO indicators identify irrational prescribing behaviours to make therapy more rational and cost-effective.

Evaluation of the Protection and Utilization of Great Sites:A Case Study of Zhengzhou City

The protection and utilization of great sites not only are related to the inheritance of historical and cultural heritage and academic research,but also directly affect local economic development and social and cultural dissemination.In this paper,five major great sites in Zhengzhou City(Dahe Village Site,Zhengzhou Shangcheng Site,Xiaoshuangqiao Site,the Capital of Zheng and Han States,and Mausoleum of Song Dynasty Tombs of Song Emperors)are taken as research objects,and a set of index system for evaluating the protection and utilization of great sites is constructed.A comprehensive evaluation is conducted from seven aspects:protection management,research value,site utilization,cultural value dissemination,socio-economic benefits,utilization effects,and regional development coordination.This paper provides a comprehensive and scientific evaluation perspective for the protection and utilization of great sites,which helps to better grasp the direction of site protection and utilization,and develop more practical and effective strategies for site protection and utilization.

Collection,Evaluation,and Utilization of Cotton Germplasm in China

A total of 8193 accessions,including 6822 Gossypium hirsutum,350 G.hirsutum race(sub-species),385 of G.barbadense,378 of G.arboreum,17 of G.herbaceum and 41 wild species,of

Evaluation on Diseases Resistance of Cotton Material and Its Utilization

Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt are important worldwide fungal diseases on cotton that cause damage to yield and quality.The pathogens survive in soil as microsclerotia for many years,and

Introduction and Utilization of INGER Rice Germplasm in China

The International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) is a global partnershipbetween international and national agricultural research institutions. INGER focuses onworldwide exchange, evaluation and utilization of improved varieties and elite breedinglines of rice. China has actively participated in the activities of INGER since 1980.During the pasted years, 26500 INGER entries with diversity genetic background have beenintroduced and evaluated by Chinese scientists. Among of them, 37 commercial varietiesdirectly from elite INGER entries and 27 rice hybrids using INGER lines as their restorerlines/donors have been released to farmers in China. About 1900 INGER entries wereindirectly utilized as cross parents or pest resistant donors in various national andprovincial rice breeding programs. Based on the incomplete statistics, there were 14.5million cumulated hectares planting these varieties and hybrids, from which 5.44 MT ofincreased rough rice has been received by farmers. INGER accelerates the transfer ofadapted varieties and hybrids to farmers, and increases the diversity of rice germplasmin cultivation. Therefore, INGER cooperation has made great benefit both in economy andsociety in China.

Is the crop insurance program effective in China? Evidence from farmers analysis in five provinces

This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Chinese crop insurance program in terms of farmers＇ utility and welfare. A simulation model based on the power utility function was first developed to evaluate the effectiveness of crop insurance. Then, the Monte Carlo approach was used to generate the datasets of area, price, yield, cost, and income based on the characteristics of representative farmers, which were clustered and calibrated using the farm-level data of 574 individual farmers from five Chinese provinces. Finally, the effectiveness of Chinese crop insurance was evaluated by comparing the certainty equivalence（CE） of farmers＇ utility/welfare under alternative crop insurance scenarios. Government subsidy is a necessary premise for implementing the crop insurance program. The government should subsidize more than 50% of the crop insurance premium to motivate more farmers to participate in the program. The findings also show that the current crop insurance program in China has increased the farmers＇ welfare but still need to be improved to achieve the Pareto improvement and to make full use of the financial fund of the government. This paper is believed to not only extend academic research but also has significant implications for policymakers, especially in the context of rapid development of Chinese crop insurance with much issues such as rate, subsidy and coverage level needed to be improved.