Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism

The machine learning models of multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector regression(SVR),and extreme learning ma-chine(ELM)and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM(OS-ELM)and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism(FOS-ELM)are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR.OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating.The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500,with the smallest population mean absolute relative error(MARE)value of 0.058226 for the population.The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight,initial P content,and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio.The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight.A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month.The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 61.16%,90.63%,and 94.11%,respectively.The coefficient of determination,MARE,and root mean square error are 0.8670,0.06823,and 1.4265,respectively.The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial pro-duction.

ANALYSES OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IRRIGATED AND NONIRRIGATED AREA FOR LUMINOUS ENERGY UTILIZATION RATIO AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIALITIES IN NINGXIA

Situated in arid and semi-arid lands, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is locatedat the middle reaches of the Yellow River. An adequate system of gravity irrigation was es-tablished in the north of Ningxia. Adding to abundant sunshine, strong solar radiation andmoderate heat, the agriculture is very developed. The south mountainous area of Ningxia, including both Yanchi and Tongxin counties,is short of rain, The vast lands cannot be irrigated. Nonirrigated agriculture and

Effects of Soil C/N Ratio on Apple Growth and Nitrogen Utilization,Residue and Loss

Soil C /N ratio is an important influencing factor in soil nitrogen cycling. Two-year old apple trees( Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji'/Malus hupehensis) were used to understand the effect of soil C/N ratio [6. 52( CK),10,15,20,25,30,35 and 40]on apple growth and nitrogen utilization and loss by using15N trace technique. The results showed that,with the increasing of soil C/N ratio,apple shoot length and fresh weight increased at first,and then decreased; the higher apple shoot length and fresh weight appeared in C/N = 15,20 and 25 treatments,and there were no significant differences among these three treatments,but significantly higher than the other treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference in nitrogen utilization rate between the different treatments,the highest N utilization rate was occurred in soil C/N = 25 treatment which value was 22. 87%,and there was no significant difference between soil C/N = 25 and C/N = 20 treatments,but both the two treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments; Soil C/N = 40 had the lowest N utilization rate which value was 15. 43%,and this value was less than CK( 16. 65%). The proportion of plant absorption nitrogen from fertilizer was much higher when the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25,but the percentage of plant absorption nitrogen from soil was much higher when the soil C/N ratio was too low( < 15) or high( < 25). Amount of residual nitrogen in soil increased gradually with the soil C/N ratio increasing,the amount of residual nitrogen in C/N = 40 treatment was 1. 32 times than that in CK. With the increasing of soil C/N ratio,fertilizer nitrogen loss decreased at first,and then increased,fertilizer nitrogen loss was the minimum in C/N = 25 treatments( 49. 87%) and the maximum were occurred in CK( 61. 54%). Therefore,regarding the apple growth and nitrogen balance situation,the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25 would be favorable for apple growth and could increase effectively nitrogen fixed by soil,reduce nitrogen loss,and improve the nitrogen utilization ratio.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Maize

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of maize for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum potassium application amount,Y K≈a-b×optimum nitrogen application amount-c×temperature in growth season-d×rainfall in growth season,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:22,of which 16 were soil nutrients and 5 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:14,illustrating that conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize were consistent in most cases,and it was because that maize was planted for a long term,and its fertilizer absorption law was basically stable;contrary significant relationships:0,illustrating that there was no reverse relationship between conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize;complementary significant relationships:18,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization ratio was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Wheat

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of wheat for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K+d×rainfall in growth season,Y P≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of K+c×rainfall in growth season,Y K≈a+b×temperature in growth season+c×rainfall in growth season-d×optimum yield-e×optimum nitrogen application amount,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:13,of which 8 were soil nutrients,the results showed that soil nutrients had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:4,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,explaining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus;contrary significant relationships:6,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,illustrating that phosphorus and nitrogen had inhibitory effect;complementary significant relationships:31,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Study on the Relationship between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Rice

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of rice for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield,Y K≈a respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships:①no significant relationships:25,of which 14 were soil nutrients and 9 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient yield ratio and fertilizer utilization ratio;②consistent significant relationships:2,one was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of N were positively correlated with the optimum production,explaining the importance of N for production,the other was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of P had a significantly positive correlation with conversion rate and utilization ratio of N,illustrating that nitrogen and phosphorus had mutual promotion;③contrary significant relationships:5,these showed as negative correlations of fertilizer utilization ratio and positive correlation of nutrient conversion ratio;④complementary significant relationships:22,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons,which showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Effects of ceria/zirconia ratio on properties of mixed CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3 compound

A series of CexZr0.50-xAl0.50O1.75(0.05≤x≤0.45) mixed oxides with different Ce/Zr ratio were prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Brunauer-Emmet Teller method(BET),temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR) and oxygen pulsing technique.The XRD results showed that all samples kept the single CeO2 cubic fluorite structure after calcination at 600 and 1000 oC for 5 h.The results of BET revealed that CexZr0.50-xAl0.50O1.75 with Ce/Zr molar ratio 1/1 exhibited hi...

Effects of dietary amylose to amylopectin ratio on growth performance,carcass quality characteristics and meat fatty acids in Chinese Qinchuan cattle

This study evaluated the effects of the dietary starch amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,rumen fermentation and blood parameters,carcass characteristics and marbling score,and meat fatty acid profiles and transcriptional changes in the genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.Forty-five cattle were randomly divided into three groups.The bulls were fed a control diet(middle amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.47)or diets with either waxy corn starch(WS)inclusion(low amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.23)or pea starch(PS)inclusion(high amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.60)for 90 days.The bulls were individually allowed to receive the diets at the daily amount of at least 2.1%of their individual BW twice daily.The bulls were weighed at 45-day intervals,and blood and rumen fluid samples were also collected at 45-day intervals.The bulls were slaughtered and longissimus thoracis(LT)samples were collected for meat quality measurements.Compared with PS,the average daily gain(ADG)and feed efficiency in control and WS were increased(P<0.05)during d 0 to 45.However,the feed efficiency in PS was increased(P<0.05)compared with the control and WS during d 46 to 90.During the whole feeding trial,the ADG in control and WS showed trends that were higher(0.05<P<0.1)than that of PS,while other growth performance measures and feed intake did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.Compared with PS,the serum insulin concentration in WS was increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control and WS,the serum SOD and T-AOC concentrations in PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control,the rumen microbial crude protein contents in WS and PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 0,while those of control and WS were higher(P<0.05)than that of PS at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with PS,the backfat thickness in control and WS were increased(P<0.05),however,the marbling score and expression of genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in liver of the three groups did not differ(P>0.05).Chemical and physio-chemical compositions of LT did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.In conclusion,diets with low or middle amylose/amylopectin ratios increased the backfat thickness,and tended to improve ADG,but had no effect on other carcass characteristics,fat content in the LT,or the expression of hepatic genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.

Use of aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio to reduce the need for Fibro Scan in the evaluation of liver fibrosis

To evaluate the performance of aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio (APRI) score against FibroScan in predicting the presence of fibrosis. METHODSData of patients who concurrently had APRI score, FibroScan and liver biopsy to assess their hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) over 6 years were retrospectively reviewed and details of their disease characteristics and demographics were recorded. Advanced fibrosis was defined as ≥ F3. RESULTSOf the 3619 patients (47.5 ± 11.3 years, 97M:36F) who had FibroScans and APRI for HCV and HBV, 133 had concurrent liver biopsy. Advanced liver fibrosis was found in 27/133 (20%, F3 = 21 and F4 = 6) patients. Although APRI score (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.83) and FibroScan (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.84) predicted the presence of advanced fibrosis, the sensitivities and specificities were only modest (APRI score: 51.9% sensitivity, 84.9% specificity; FibroScan: 63% sensitivity, 84% specificity). Whilst 13/27 (48%) patients with advanced fibrosis had APRI ≤ 1.0, no patients with APRI ≤ 0.5 had advanced fibrosis, with 100% sensitivity. The use of APRI ≤ 0.5 would avoid the need for FibroScan in 43% of patients. CONCLUSIONAPRI score and FibroScan performed equally well in predicting advanced fibrosis. A proposed APRI cut-off score of 0.5 could be used as a screening tool for FibroScan, as cut-off score of 1.0 will miss up to 48% of patients with advanced fibrosis. Further prospective validation studies are required to confirm this finding.

^(15)N Isotope Techniques for Estimating Effects of Urea-N Fertilizer Application Rate on Yields and Nutrient Contents of Pakchoi Cabbage and Asparagus Lettuce and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency

A pot experiment combined with15N isotope techniques was conducted to evaluate effects of the varying rates of urea-N fertilizer application on yields,quality,and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of pakchoi cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) and asparagus lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.).15N-labbled urea (5.3515N atom %) was added to pots with 6.5 kg soil of 0.14,0.18,0.21,0.25,and 0.29 g N/kg soil,and applied in two splits:60 percent as basal dressing in the mixture and 40 percent as topdressing.The fresh yields of two vegetable species increased with the increasing input of urea-N,but there was a significant quadratic relationship between the dose of urea-N fertilizer application and the fresh yields.When the dosage of urea-N fertilizer reached a certain value,nitrate readily accumulated in the two kinds of plants due to the decrease in NR activity; furthermore,there was a linear negative correlation between nitrate content and NR activity.With the increasing input of urea-N,ascorbic acid and soluble sugar initially increased,declined after a while,and crude fiber rapidly decreased too.Total absorbed N (TAN),N derived from fertilizer (Ndff),and N derived from soil (Ndfs) increased,and the ratio of Ndff and TAN also increased,but the ratio of Ndfs and TAN as well as NUE of urea-N fertilizer decreased with the increasing input of urea-N.These results suggested that the increasing application of labeled N fertilizer led to the increase in unlabeled N (namely,Ndfs) presumably due to "added nitrogen interaction" (ANI),the decease in NUE of urea-N fertilizer may be due to excess fertilization beyond the levels of plant requirements and the ANI,and the decrease in the two vegetable yields with the increasing addition of urea-N possibly because the excess accumulation of nitrate reached a toxic level.

Principle of Line Configuration and Monte-Carlo Simulation for Shared Multi-Channel System

Based on the steady-state solution of finite-state birth and death process, the principle of line configuration for shared multi-channel system is analyzed. Call congestion ratio equation and channel utilization ratio equation are deduced, and visualized data analysis is presented. The analy-sis indicates that, calculated with the proposed equations, the overestimate for call congestion ratio and channel utilization ratio can be rectified, and thereby the cost of channels can be saved by 2000 in a small system.With MATLAB programming, line configuration methods are provided. In order to generally and intuitively show the dynamic running of the system, and to analyze,promote and improve it, the system is simulated using M/M/n/n/m queuing model and Monte-Carlo method. In addition, the simulation validates the correctness of the theoretical analysis and optimizing configuration method.

Incorporating Uncertain Costs within a Series of Sequential Probability Ratio Tests

We consider an extension to Sequential Probability Ratio Tests for when we have uncertain costs, but also opportunity to learn about these in an adaptive manner. In doing so we demonstrate the effects that allowing uncertainty has on observation cost, and the costs associated with Type I and Type II error. The value of information relating to modelled uncertainties is derived and the case of statistical dependence between the parameter affecting decision outcome and the parameter affecting unknown cost is also examined. Numerical examples of the derived theory are provided, along with a simulation comparing this adaptive learning framework to the classical one.

Optimal allocation method of electric/air braking force of high-speed train considering axle load transfer

Reasonable distribution of braking force is a factor for a smooth,safe,and comfortable braking of trains.A dynamic optimal allocation strategy of electric-air braking force is proposed in this paper to solve the problem of the lack of consideration of adhesion difference of train wheelsets in the existing high-speed train electric-air braking force optimal allocation strategies.In this method,the braking strategy gives priority to the use of electric braking force.The force model of a single train in the braking process is analyzed to calculate the change of adhesion between the wheel and rail of each wheelset after axle load transfer,and then the adhesion of the train is estimated in real time.Next,with the goal of maximizing the total adhesion utilization ratio of trailer/motor vehicles,a linear programming distribution function is constructed.The proportional coefficient of adhesion utilization ratio of each train and the application upper limit of braking force in the function is updated according to the change time point of wheelset adhesion.Finally,the braking force is dynamically allocated.The simulation results of Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed algorithm not only uses the different adhesion limits of each trailer to reduce the total amount of braking force undertaken by the motor vehicle,but also considers the adhesion difference of each wheelset.The strategy can effectively reduce the risk and time of motor vehicles during the braking process and improve the stability of the train braking.

钾长石水热制备钾霞石体系滤液循环实验研究

为提高水热法制备钾霞石工艺中钾长石硅的利用率及解决该工艺所产生的碱性废液问题,本研究进行了钾长石水热制备钾霞石体系滤液循环实验,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、硅铝比SiO_(2)与Al(OH)3的摩尔比、碱浓度对硅的利用率及产物结构的影响,并对反应历程进行了探究。通过对最优条件下的滤液进行循环实验,探究了循环次数对硅的利用率、产物结构以及工艺稳定性的影响规律,并对改进前后的工艺流程作了对比。结果表明,当反应时间4.0 h、反应温度280℃、硅铝比0.8、碱浓度12 mol/L时,钾长石中硅的利用率可达94.2%,较工艺改进前提高了60%,产物钾霞石物相均一、品质优异,循环工艺稳定。

不同绿肥作物周年搭配种植下土壤微生物养分限制与土壤质量指数

【目的】绿肥作物种类多,对土壤理化性状和微生物活性的影响存在差异。我们从土壤微生物代谢与养分限制的角度探讨周年覆盖不同绿肥作物对土壤质量的影响,以期为周年覆盖绿肥的土壤生态效应提供理论依据,为果园、休耕地、撂荒地等空间闲置性土地的绿肥应用提供技术支撑。【方法】3年连续田间定位试验在贵州省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所进行,设置4个冬季和夏季绿肥组合处理:二月兰-小葵子(O-G)、二月兰-饭豆(O-P)、箭筈豌豆-小葵子(V-G)、箭筈豌豆-饭豆(V-P)。在第3年冬季绿肥盛花期采集0—20 cm耕层土样,测定土壤胞外酶活性、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)含量,以及土壤pH及全量氮磷含量,计算土壤胞外酶化学计量比,并分析各土壤因子对土壤质量指数的贡献。【结果】不同绿肥作物轮作模式下土壤的pH、全氮(TN)、MBN、MBP、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性差异显著。基于土壤胞外酶化学计量特征,所有处理受土壤微生物碳限制和磷限制,碳限制差异不显著,以O-G处理土壤的磷限制最低,较V-P处理低2%(P<0.05)。土壤pH、有效磷(AP)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)是驱动土壤胞外酶活性和微生物养分限制变化的关键因子,pH对土壤胞外酶活性有显著负效应,土壤全量碳、氮、磷含量对土壤胞外酶活性有显著正效应,对微生物碳限制有显著负效应。土壤胞外酶活性对微生物碳利用效率有显著正效应,主要受ACP活性调控。【结论】不同冬季与夏季绿肥作物组合覆盖的土壤,其pH值、全氮、微生物量氮、微生物量磷、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性具有显著差异,冬季绿肥对土壤微生物磷限制、土壤微生物碳利用效率产生显著影响,冬季绿肥与夏季绿肥的交互效应对土壤质量指数具有显著影响。箭筈豌豆-小葵子(V-G)处理的土壤微生物代谢受磷限制较小,且土壤微生物碳利用率和土壤质量指数最高,最利于调节微生物代谢,维持生态功能,提高土壤质量指数,可优选为土壤快速培肥的绿肥组合。

2019—2022年中国121家医院呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用情况分析

目的 了解2019—2022年中国121家医院呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物的使用情况和变化趋势,探讨国家抗肿瘤药医保谈判相关政策落地后,医院新型抗肿瘤药物的发展趋势,为临床用药和政策优化提供参考。方法 根据《新型抗肿瘤药物临床应用指导原则2022版》中呼吸系统抗肿瘤药物品种,运用描述性统计分析方法,调取2019—2022年在中国121家医院的呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用数据,对药品剂型、金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)及药品排序比(B/A)进行统计分析。结果 2019—2022年中国121家医院呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用人数和使用金额所占比例呈逐年上升趋势。不同地区中,广州、北京、杭州及郑州的使用量较大。不同类型的呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物使用量和使用金额占比仍以小分子靶向药物为最高,大分子靶向药物呈下降趋势,免疫治疗药物呈逐渐上升趋势。在单个品种方面,4年间使用量排名靠前的药物分别为埃克替尼、阿来替尼、吉非替尼及奥希替尼。纳入国家医保谈判品种的大部分小分子靶向药物使用量升高,用药金额逐渐下降。大部分呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物的DDDs排名基本稳定,个别品种存在波动。小分子靶向药物的DDC值下降显著,免疫治疗药物DDC值较高。2021—2022年多数药品B/A值接近于1,位于0.8~1.2间的品种占总药物总数的61.5%。结论 中国呼吸系统新型抗肿瘤药物应用上目前仍以小分子靶向药物为主,免疫治疗药物日趋增加,多数药物用药金额与频次同步性有所提高。医保目录的调整及国家谈判政策的实施有效促进用药金额下降和用药趋势改善。

热电池FeS_(2)-CoS_(2)复合正极材料利用率的影响因素

采用高能球磨和磁悬浮筛分法制备了不同粒径的FeS_(2)-CoS_(2)复合正极材料,并通过单体电池放电试验研究了LiB/LiCl-LiBr-KBr/FeS_(2)-CoS_(2)热电池中正极材料粒径、正负极质量比和放电温度对正极材料利用率的影响。结果表明:在450℃条件下,当FeS_(2)粒径为7.85~59.12μm时,正极材料利用率随FeS_(2)粒径的减小而增大;当FeS_(2)粒径为3.30~7.85μm时,正极材料利用率随FeS_(2)粒径的减小而减小。FeS_(2)(7.85μm)-CoS_(2)(8.06μm)复合正极单体电池的放电性能最佳,截止电压1.5 V时,其放电比容量为342.4 mA·h·g^(-1),正极材料利用率为48.8%。随着单体电池工作时间的延长,其放电比容量随正负极质量比的减小而增大,在正负极质量比为1.67时,450℃条件下的FeS_(2)-CoS_(2)复合正极单体电池的放电比容量高于400℃和500℃,截止电压1.5 V时,其放电比容量为389.2 mA·h·g-1,正极材料利用率高达55.5%。

Effect of Different Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on the Growth,Body Composition,and Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activities of Juvenile Yellow Drum Nibea albiflora(Richardson)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein-to-lipid ratio for juvenile Nibea albiflora with an initial weight of(11.76 ± 0.20) g.Nine experimental diets containing different concentrations of protein(40%,47%,or 54%) and lipids(5%,9%,or 13%) in a 3 × 3 factorial experimental design were tested in triplicate groups of fish,while the protein-to-energy(P/E) ratios of the diets varied in the range of 19.74–28.32 mg k J^(-1).Results showed that fish fed diets containing 9% or 13% lipids with 54% protein exhibited significantly higher weight gains and specific growth rates than those fed other diets.The feed conversion rate of fish fed the diet with 40% protein and 5% lipids was significantly poorer than that of fish fed other diets.The protein efficiency rate of fish fed diets with 5% lipids was significantly lower than that of fish fed 9% or 13% lipid diets.Carcass lipid and energy contents were positively correlated with dietary lipid level regardless of protein level.Fish fed a 54% protein diet showed the highest trypsin activity.The intestinal lipase activity of fish fed the diet containing 13% lipids was significantly higher than that of fish fed 5% or 9% lipid diets.These results demonstrate the high protein dietary requirements of N.albiflora.A diet containing 54% protein and 9%–13% lipids with a P/E ratio of 26.2–27.81 mg protein k J^(-1) can be considered optimal for juvenile N.albiflora.

An Elevated Dietary Cysteine to Methionine Ratio Does Not Impact on Dietary Methionine Efficiency and the Derived Optimal Methionine to Lysine Ratio in Diets for Meat Type Chicken

Optimal dietary methionine (Met) to lysine (Lys) ratio in presence of elevated dietary cysteine (Cys) levels was derived for meat type growing chicken. Twelve averaged weighed Ross 308 birds (each 50% of male and female per dietary treatment) were utilized in N balance trials. During starter (d10 - 20) and grower period (d25 - 35) five dietary treatments were used. Diets based on uniform mixtures of maize, wheat, soybean meal, potato protein and fish meal were supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AA). In diets 1 - 3, the dietary Cys to Met ratio was set as 85, 95 and 105 to 100, respectively. Diet 4, at a Cys to Met ratio of 105 to 100, was additionally supplemented with betaine (BET) as methyl group donor. Diets 1 - 4 were limiting in Met, diet 5 without L-Lys·HCl addition was limiting in Lys. Individual N-balance data per treatment were utilized for assessing protein quality and efficiency of dietary Met (Diets 1 - 4) or Lys (Diet 5) based on “Goettingen approach”. Elevated dietary Cys supply and supplemented BET failed to improve both dietary protein quality and Met efficiency. The established optimal Met to Lys ratio was on average 34 to 100 for growing chicken during starter and grower period, respectively.

Multi-Physics Modeling Assisted Design of Non-Coking Anode for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Low Steam Methane

Internal reformation of low steam methane fuel is highly beneficial for improving the energy efficiency and reducing the system complexity and cost of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs).However,anode coking for the Ni-based anode should be prevented before the technology becomes a reality.A multi-physics fully coupled model is employed to simulate the operations of SOFCs fueled by low steam methane.The multi-physics model produces I-V relations that are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.The multi-physics model and the experimental non-coking current density deduced kinetic carbon activity criterion are used to examine the effect of operating parameters and the anode diffusion barrier layer on the propensity of carbon deposition.The interplays among the fuel utilization ratio,current generation,thickness of the barrier layer and the cell operating voltage are revealed.It is demonstrated that a barrier layer of 400μm thickness is an optimal and safe anode design to achieve high power density and non-coking operations.The anode structure design can be very useful for the development of high efficiency and low cost SOFC technology.