Study of the Amount of Forest Litter and Litter Decomposition

Based on the introduction of concept of forest litter, changes in the amount of forest litter with climate zone, elevation, forest type and age of stand were analyzed, and then the decomposition of forest litter was discussed.

The Understanding of Metaphoric Utterance

Metaphor utterance is different from any other kind of general utterances,the meaning of which is more complicated and mild. Metaphoric utterance is also precise and vivid,which can create a deep impression on the listeners. According to compare with the traditional approaches the thesis points out; the context-dependence method is well applied to the understanding of all metaphorical utterances. Only when you grasp the whole meaning of the context,can you know the specific meaning of each sentence.

Context and Utterance Understanding in English Learning

Meaning in the learning of a language is communicated in many different forms. All meaning is communicated in some form of context and the only way to understanding them is in context. In the learning of English, understanding the cultural context is the most effective way to learn real meaning and to read, write and speak competently.

Cooperative Principle and English Humorous Utterance

Humorous utterances,especially those in the form of conversation in life,have distinctive pragmatic features.There is a close relationship between humor and pragmatics,which can be found in various books on pragmatics.In those books,humorous utterances function as examples for pragmatic analysis.Effective humorous languages often reflect one or several pragmatic features.This paper specifically introduces one of the important theories of pragmatics:cooperative principle,by which the paper analyzes the humorous utterance and explores the relationship between pragmatic rules and humorous utterance.The purpose is to make people know humorous utterance is a matter of pragmatics. The reality of the humor especially depends on implication of the language and the context.

Comments on the Sentence Meaning and Utterance Meaning

According to different angles of semantics and pragmatics,meaning can be divided into two kinds:Sentence Meaning(SM) and Utterance Meaning(UM).This paper intends to discuss some problems of SM and UM.

The Schizophrenic Utterance in Chris Kraus’s I Love Dick

The novel I Love Dick,written by Chris Kraus,discusses the“least described”social problem.The novel starts with describing Chris’s love affair.Her love affair is narrated with her illustrations of some social problems that are shrunk into personal problems.This article aims to examine how she uses the schizophrenic utterances to illustrate the failure of her love affair differently.

Explicitness and implicitness of utterances

Three pragmatic theories in terms of two properties of utterance-explicitness and implicitness are surveyed, with a general commentary and a proposal of further development in the study of explicitness and implicitness of utterance in view of its sound features.

The Realization of Politeness Strategies in Children＇s Refusal： A Case Study of Parents＇ Educational Background on Children＇s Utterances

Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children. In producing their utterance, children are supposed to be affected by their parents. As a result of different educational background of their parents, children may produce different utterances including refusal. Children from different parents＇ educational background vary their refusal. The tendency that the higher parents＇ educational background will result the more polite refusal produced by children is not proved.

Italicized word in character utterance and its translation：A case study of Pride and prejudice

Italicized word in character utterance, which indicates that extra stress is put on the word, is meant to convey implied meanings and therefore should be given adequate attention in the translation of novels. Through a comparative case study of three Chinese versions of Pride and prejudice, the thesis points out that stress attached to words is often neglected in translation and that a literal rendition of stress runs the risk of changing, deleting the original meaning conveyed or adding meanings unwanted by the character and the novelist. The problem can be solved by employing lexical and syntactic means in translation.

On Speaker's Adaptation of Utterance to Situational Context

Each utterance occurs in different situational context.Situational context imposes constraints on communication by providing a common ground for uttering.Owing to it,speaker is limited to make contextual appropriate utterances according to the environment in which the communication is going on.

Analysis of Sheldon Cooper's Odd Utterances in The Big Bang Theory with Adaptation Theory

As one of the leading roles in TV series The Big Bang Theory,Sheldon Cooper is very popular among young people.One of thefactors that have contributed to his popularity may be his odd utterances.What he says usually makes people around him feel award anduncomfortable,which yet makes audience laugh.That happens when he neglects the application of adaptation theory in conversations.Sheldon's odd utterances are going to be analyzed from the perspective of communicative context and linguistic context in context adap-tation which is a part of adaptation theory.Specifically,Sheldon neglects the social world as in hearers' status and culture,and mentalworld as in hearers' emotion and belief in conversations,and he also neglects the discourse cohesion.All these factors make his utter-ances odd and inappropriate.

The Role of Context in Utterance Interpretation

This paper discusses the function of context in utterance interpretation.In speech communication,context plays a very important role in expressing utterance meaning appropriately and understanding that precisely.Context can be classified into three kinds,which is context of utterance,context of situation,and context of culture.Each has its own function in interpreting utterance.On one hand,the understanding of utterance-meaning relies a lot on the context,without which the utterance meaning cannot be fully interpreted.On the other hand,context gives some restrictions to the choice of utterance in a certain communication.Moreover,all the ambiguities of utterance can be cleared up through the context.

Meaning and the Theory of Speech Acts

According to J.L.Austin and J.R.Searle Speech Act Theory,many actions can actually be performed with words that is to say an important part of the meaning of an utterance is what that utterance does.Language is not only used to inform or describe things,it is often used to "do things".The utterances are of three kinds of acts:Locutionary Act,Illocutionary Act,and Perlocutionary Act which are performed simultaneously.Through the study,we see that speech can be far beyond the level of language system.

还是应该从语言行为入手

研究语言行为(speech act)的人,常常谈到一则笑话:张三问李四:“你那头驴上回犟得不行,你都给它灌什么来着?”“煤焦油!”,李四回答说。没过几天,张三找到李四埋怨说:“嗳,我给驴灌了煤焦油,为嘛它死了?”李四无精打采地说:“我那头不也死了嘛!” 李四并非答非所问,也没有说谎。问题出在,他违犯了交谈时应遵守的合作准则(maxims of cooperativeness)三条中的两条:一条是应该充分提供信息(imformativeness),另一条是应该简单明嘹(clarity)。

Interpretation of Deixis in Social Context

Deixis are the linguistic expressions employed to denote the indexicality between linguistic symbols and the objects in the real world.Their referents vary and depend on context for specification.The interpretation of deixis in social context aims to not only eliminate the ambiguity of referents,but also foreground the respective social identities of the subjects and the social relationship among them.

Study on Relationship Between Polymorphisms in FSHβ,ESR,PRLR Genes of A Novel Huai Pig Line II and Its Litter Size

tract By employing PCR-RFLP technique, we detected the polymorphisms in FSHβ, ESR, PRLR genes of a novel Huai pig line II （generation 1 ） and their effects on initial litter size, and analyzed the aggregation effect of multi-gene combined genotype on initial litter size. The results showed that the genotype frequencies of ESR and PRLR genes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium other than the genotype frequency of FSHβ gene. Allele A of FSHβ, ESR and PRLR gene had a positive additive effect on reproductive traits. The favorable genotypes of FSHβ and ESR genes was AA- type, while in PRLR gene was AB-type in the 112 pig individuals detected. With regard to FSHβ and ESR genes, AA-type individuals＇ TNB of were respectively 1.54 （P 〈0.05） and 2.13 （P 〈 0.01 ） higher than the BB-type individuals＇; AA-type individuals＇ AN B of the two genes were respectively 1.55 （ P 〈 0.05） and 1.82 （ P 〈 0.01 ） higher than the BB-type individuals＇. Concerning PRLR gene, AB-type individuals＇ TNB was 0.77 （ P 〉 0.05 ） and 1.59（P〈0.05） higher than that of AA and BB-type individuals respectively, and ANB was 0.65（P〉0.05） and 1.8（ P〈0.01 ） higher than AA and BB-type individuals＇ respectively. Moreover, our results also showed that the AAAABB combination genotype of FSHβ , ESR, PRLR genes bore more than all other combination genotypes, but only 2 individuals were proved to be AAAABB genotype. Consequently, pyramiding FSHβ and ESR genes could to a large extent enhance TNB and NBA of individuals. Therefore, we advise, in next generation that those individuals with AAAA combination genotype of FSHβ and ESR should be selected to increase frequency of allele A, whether PRLR gene is proper for pyramiding with the other genes or not is still to be studied further.

论话语及其言内行为

本文以牛津哲学家奥斯汀(J.L.Austin)的言语行为为立足点,对话语意义进行深入分析。奥斯汀首次提出区别言有所述和言有所为著名论断的哲学语境。所谓言有所为的话语就是说话人在说话过程中实施的动作行为而不只是说的行为的话语。奥斯汀所说的言内行为,是指一个具有特定形式和一定意义的话语(话语标示)。不同句子的话语能够产生相同的话语标示的语符,换言之,不同的语境中所说出的一个相同的句子能产生不同话语的标示的语符。

语义学、语用学与翻译

任何说理判断都不外乎对某一题目(topic)加以表述(comment),用完整的句子表达。句子不完整时,由语境及上下文补足。例如,“张三是学生”中,“张三”就是主题,“是学生”是述题,两者构成简单的命题(proposition)。从逻辑上说,句子的内涵是句中包含的命题,句子的外延则是它在语境中的真假;内涵与外延都是语言表达式的意义,应作具体分析,不能只看字面;例如毛泽东同志1937年在延安反对自由主义。

英语无比较形容词初探

英语形容词按其语法功能可分为两大类:一类叫做叙述形容词(predicative adjective),是指用在系词后面来修饰主语的,用作表语,例如:He is angry.(他生气了);一类叫限定形容词(attributive adjective),是指用在名词前面以限定其意义的,用作定语,例如:He is an angry man.(他是个易怒的人)。大多数形容词既是叙述的,同时也是限定的,既可用作表语,又可用作定语。可以用“very”来修饰的形容词,有形容词比较级,如上述两个例句,我们可以说“She was angrier at her husband said.”(她对她丈夫所说的话更为生气。)但象angry这类描述性形容词,也有不少没有形容词比较级。形容词“infinite”可用作定语,也可用作表语,但不可用“very”修饰,形容词“utter”仅可用作定语,起限定作用,也不能用“very”修饰;形容词“ablaze”仅用作表语,起叙述作用,所以三个词都没有比较级。再说,比较级用得不当,不但不能限定其性质,反而使句子累赘,甚至造成“This house is more wooden than that house”这样的错句。为了使英语初学者有比较清楚的了解,本文着重就无比较级形容词作一粗略分析,探索其一般规律,供同志们参考。