Effect of strain on structure and electronic properties of monolayer C_(4)N_(4)

The first-principles calculations are performed to examine structural,mechanical,and electronic properties at large strain for a monolayer C_(4)N_(4),which has been predicted as an anchoring promising material to attenuate shuttle effect in Li–S batteries stemming from its large absorption energy and low diffusion energy barrier.Our results show that the ideal strengths of C_(4)N_(4)under tension and pure shear deformation conditions reach 13.9 GPa and 12.5 GPa when the strains are 0.07 and 0.28,respectively.The folded five-membered rings and diverse bonding modes between carbon and nitrogen atoms enhance the ability to resist plastic deformation of C_(4)N_(4).The orderly bond-rearranging behaviors under the weak tensile loading path along the[100]direction cause the impressive semiconductor–metal transition and inverse semiconductor–metal transition.The present results enrich the knowledge of the structure and electronic properties of C_(4)N_(4)under deformations and shed light on exploring other two-dimensional materials under diverse loading conditions.

An improved strain-softening constitutive model of granite considering the effect of crack deformation

This paper presents an improved strain-softening constitutive model considering the effect of crack deformation based on the triaxial cyclic loading and unloading test results.The improved model assumes that total strain is a combination of plastic,elastic,and crack strains.The constitutive relationship between the crack strain and the stress was further derived.The evolutions of mechanical parameters,i.e.strength parameters,dilation angle,unloading elastic modulus,and deformation parameters of crack,with the plastic strain and confining pressure were studied.With the increase in plastic strain,the cohesion,friction angle,dilation angle,and crack Poisson's ratio initially increase and subsequently decrease,and the unloading elastic modulus and the crack elastic modulus nonlinearly decrease.The increasing confining pressure enhances the strength and unloading elastic modulus,and decreases the dilation angle and Poisson's ratio of the crack.The theoretical triaxial compressive stress-strain curves were compared with the experimental results,and they present a good agreement with each other.The improved constitutive model can well reflect the nonlinear mechanical behavior of granite.

A Selective‑Response Hypersensitive Bio‑Inspired Strain Sensor Enabled by Hysteresis Effect and Parallel Through‑Slits Structures

Flexible strain sensors are promising in sensing minuscule mechanical signals,and thereby widely used in various advanced fields.However,the effective integration of hypersensitivity and highly selective response into one flexible strain sensor remains a huge challenge.Herein,inspired by the hysteresis strategy of the scorpion slit receptor,a bio-inspired flexible strain sensor(BFSS)with parallel through-slit arrays is designed and fabricated.Specifically,BFSS consists of conductive monolayer graphene and viscoelastic styrene–isoprene–styrene block copolymer.Under the synergistic effect of the bio-inspired slit structures and flexible viscoelastic materials,BFSS can achieve both hypersensitivity and highly selective frequency response.Remarkably,the BFSS exhibits a high gage factor of 657.36,and a precise identification of vibration frequencies at a resolution of 0.2 Hz through undergoing different morphological changes to high-frequency vibration and low-frequency vibration.Moreover,the BFSS possesses a wide frequency detection range(103 Hz)and stable durability(1000 cycles).It can sense and recognize vibration signals with different characteristics,including the frequency,amplitude,and waveform.This work,which turns the hysteresis effect into a"treasure,"can provide new design ideas for sensors for potential applications including human–computer interaction and health monitoring of mechanical equipment.

Bending Strength of Glass Materials under Strong Dynamic Impact and Its Strain Rate Effects

Based on the structural characteristics of the high-speed loading tester,a four-point bending test device was designed to carry out the four-point bending strength test of glass under the action of static load and different impact velocities,and the formulae for calculating the maximum dynamic stress and strain rate of glass specimens under the action of impact loads were derived.The experimental results show that the bending strength values of the glass under dynamic impact loading are all higher than those under static loading.With the increase of impact speed,the bending strength value of glass specimens generally tends to increase,and the bending strength value increases more obviously when the impact speed exceeds 0.5 m/s or higher.By increasing the impact velocity,higher tensile strain rate of glass specimens can be obtained because the load action time becomes shorter.The bending strength of the glass material increases with its tensile strain rate,and when the tensile strain rate is between 0 and 2 s^(-1),the bending strength of the glass specimen grows more obviously with the strain rate,indicating that the glass bending strength is particularly sensitive to the tensile strain rate in this interval.As the strain rate increases,the number of cracks formed after glass breakage increases significantly,thus requiring more energy to drive the crack formation and expansion,and showing the strain rate effect of bending strength at the macroscopic level.The results of the study can provide a reference for the load bearing and structural design of glass materials under dynamic loading.

Simultaneously mastering operando strain and reconstruction effects via phase-segregation strategy for enhanced oxygen-evolving electrocatalysis

Material strain and reconstruction effects are critical for catalysis reactions,but current insights into operando strain effects during reaction and means to master catalyst reconstruction are still lacking.Here,we propose a facile thermal-induced phase-segregation strategy to simultaneously master material operando strain and reconstruction effects for enhanced oxygen-evolving reaction(OER).Specifically,self-assembled and controllable layered LiCoO_(2)phase and Co_(3)O_(4)spinel can be generated from pristine Li2Co_(2)O_(4)spinel via Li and O volatilization under different temperatures,realizing controllable proportions of two phases by calcination temperature.Combined operando and ex-situ characterizations reveal that obvious tensile strain along(003)plane appears on layered LixCoO_(2)phase during OER,while low-valence Co_(3)O_(4)phase transforms into high-valence CoOOHx,realizing simultaneous operando strain and reconstruction effects.Further experimental and computational investigations demonstrate that both strained LixCoO_(2)phase and reconstructed CoOOHxcompound contribute to the beneficial adsorption of important OH-reactants,while respective roles in activity and stability are uncovered by exploring their latticeoxygen participation mechanism.This work not only reveals material operando strain effects during OER,but also inaugurates a new thermal-induced phase-segregation strategy to artificially master material operando strain and reconstruction effects,which will enlighten rational material design for many potential reactions and applications.

Strain effects on Li^(+) diffusion in solid electrolyte interphases:A molecular dynamics study

Dilithium ethylene dicarbonate(Li_(2)EDC) and dilithium butylene dicarbonate(Li_(2)BDC) are the common organic compositions of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI) layers in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.The Li^(+) diffusion in the amorphous and ordered phases of Li_(2) EDC and Li_(2) BDC under various strains has been investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations.It is found that different strains lead to diverse changes in Li^(+) diffusivity.The tensile strain makes the Li+diffusion coefficients increase in amorphous and ordered Li_(2)EDC or Li_(2) BDC,and the compressive strain makes the Li+diffusion coefficients decrease in them.The average Li+coordination number calculation,ion conductivity calculation and the calculation of the residence autocorrelation function in amorphous and ordered Li_(2)EDC or Li_(2)BDC are performed to further analyze the strain effects on Li^(+) transport in them.The factors influencing Li^(+) diffusion in amorphous and ordered Li_(2)EDC or Li_(2) BDC under the strain are discussed.

Engineering of Ag@Pd/Al_(2)O_(3)with varied Pd-shell thickness:Dynamic evolution of ligand and strain effects on acetylene selective hydrogenation

Bimetallic nanoparticles exhibit a synergistic effect that critically depends on their surface composition,but such promotion mechanisms become vague with varying surface compositions.Here,alumina supported Ag@Pd core–shell and PdAg alloy structure with controlled size and surface compositions were prepared to demonstrate synergetic mechanisms,particularly,ligand and strain effects on activity and ethylene selectivity for acetylene hydrogenation.The performance evaluation indicates that Ag@Pd catalysts with well-controlled Pd-shell thickness can effectively lower apparent activation energy and improve ethylene selectivity.Hydrogenation activity increases from 0.019 to 0.062 s^(-1) with decreasing Pd-shell thickness under mild conditions,which is 3–6 times higher than their alloyed and monometallic counterparts.Combined characterizations and density functional theory are conducted to reveal such shell-thickness-dependent performance.The ligand effect arising from Ag alloying in the interface of Ag@Pd2ML observes the strongest binding of acetylene,but it diminished sharply and the strain effect gets more prevailing with increasing shell thickness.The competition of ethylene desorption and deephydrogenation were also investigated to understand the selectivity governing factors,and the selectivity descriptor(0.5BE(C_(2)H_(4))–BE(H))was built to match the contribution of ligand and strain effect on the different surfaces of Pd-Ag bimetallic NPs.The exploration of synergetic mechanisms among bimetallic NPs with varied structure and surface compositions in this work can help us to deepen the understanding catalyst structure–activity relationship and provide a feasible way to optimize the overall catalytic performance.

Strain engineering and hydrogen effect for two-dimensional ferroelectricity in monolayer group-Ⅳmonochalcogenides MX(M=Sn,Ge;X=Se,Te,S)

Two-dimensional(2D)ferroelectric compounds are a special class of materials that meet the need for devices miniaturization,which can lead to a wide range of applications.Here,we investigate ferroelectric properties of monolayer group-IV monochalcogenides MX(M=Sn,Ge;X=Se,Te,S)via strain engineering,and their effects with contaminated hydrogen are also discussed.GeSe,GeTe,and GeS do not go through transition up to the compressive strain of-5%,and consequently have good ferroelectric parameters for device applications that can be further improved by applying strain.According to the calculated ferroelectric properties and the band gaps of these materials,we find that their band gap can be adjusted by strain for excellent photovoltaic applications.In addition,we have determined the most stable hydrogen occupancy location in the monolayer SnS and SnTe.It reveals that H prefers to absorb on SnS and SnTe monolayers as molecules rather than atomic H.As a result,hydrogen molecules have little effect on the polarization and electronic structure of monolayer SnTe and SnS.

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer—analysis of adverse effects and effectiveness of two strains of BCG(Danish 1331 and Moscow-I)

Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.

The role of strain in oxygen evolution reaction

The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is a crucial step in metal-air batteries and water splitting technologies,playing a significant role in the efficiency and achievable heights of these two technologies.However,the OER is a four-step,four-electron reaction,and its slow kinetics result in high overpotentials,posing a challenge.To address this issue,numerous strategies involving modified catalysts have been proposed and proven to be highly efficient.In these strategies,the introduction of strain has been widely reported because it is generally believed to effectively regulate the electronic structure of metal sites and alter the adsorption energy of catalyst surfaces with reaction intermediates.However,strain has many other effects that are not well known,making it an important yet unexplored area.Based on this,this review provides a detailed introduction to the various roles of strain in OER.To better explain these roles,the review also presents the definition of strain and elucidates the potential mechanisms of strain in OER based on the d-band center theory and adsorption volcano plot.Additionally,the review showcases various ways of introducing strain in OER through examples reported in the latest literature,aiming to provide a comprehensive perspective for the development of strain engineering.Finally,the review analyzes the appropriate proportion of strain introduction,compares compressive and tensile strain,and examines the impact of strain on stability.And the review offers prospects for future research directions in this emerging field.

Magneto-optical Kerr Effect of Mono-layer NiX_(2)(X=Cl,Br,I):A Density Functional Theory Study

The full-potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital method is utilized for exploring the electronic,magnetic,and magneto-optical properties of the NiX_(2)(X=Cl,Br,and I)single layer.The first-principles calculation demonstrates that these compounds are ferromagnetic indirect semiconductors,and the energy band gaps of NiX_(2)for X=Cl,Br,and I are 3.888,3.134,and 2.157 eV,respectively.The magnetic moments of Ni atoms in NiX_(2)monolayer are 1.656,1.588,1.449μB,and their magneto-crystalline anisotropy energies are 0.167,0.029,0.090 meV,respectively.Based on the macro-linear response theory,we systematically studied the influences of the external magnetic field and out-of-plane strain on the magneto-optical Kerr effect(MOKE)spectrum of the NiX_(2)single layer.It is found that,when the external magnetic field is perpendicular to the sample plane,the value of the Kerr rotation angle reaches the maximum,and the single-layer NiI_(2)material has a Kerr rotation angle of 1.89°at the photon energy of 1.986 eV.Besides,the Kerr rotation spectrum of NiCl_(2)and NiBr_(2)monolayers redshift as the out-of-plane strain increases,while NiI_(2)monolayer blueshifts.Accurate computation of the MOKE spectrum of NiX_(2)materials provides an opportunity for applications of 2D magnetic material ranging from sensing to data storing.

EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRAIN IN FINITE DEFORMATION

Whether the concept of effective stress and strain in elastic-plastic theory is still valid under the condition of finite deformation was mainly discussed. The uni-axial compression experiments in plane stress and plane strain states were chosen for study. In the two kinds of stress states, the stress-strain curve described by logarithm strain and rotated Kirchhoff stress matches the experiments data better than the curves defined by other stress-strain description.

Valence band structure and density of states effective mass model of biaxial tensile strained silicon based on k·p theory

After constructing a stress and strain model, the valence bands of in-plane biaxial tensile strained Si is calculated by k·p method. In the paper we calculate the accurate anisotropy valance bands and the splitting energy between light and heavy hole bands. The results show that the valance bands are highly distorted, and the anisotropy is more obvious. To obtain the density of states （DOS） effective mass, which is a very important parameter for device modeling, a DOS effective mass model of biaxial tensile strained Si is constructed based on the valance band calculation. This model can be directly used in the device model of metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor （MOSFET）. It also a provides valuable reference for biaxial tensile strained silicon MOSFET design.

Temperature effect on the structural strains of an ancient Tibetan building based on long-term monitoring data

Many studies have indicated that structural strain will be significantly influenced by temperature variations,and a good understanding of the effect of temperature on structural strain is essential.A structural health monitoring system has been installed in a typical Tibetan timber building to measure the structural strains and ambient temperature since 2012.This paper presents the correlation between temperature and strain data from the monitored structure.A method combining singular spectrum analysis and polynomial regression is proposed for modeling the temperature induced strains in the structure.Singular spectrum analysis is applied to smooth the temperature data,and the correlation between the resulting temperature time series and the measured strains is obtained by polynomial regression.Parameters of the singular spectrum analysis and the regression model are selected to have the least regression error.Results show that the proposed method has both good reproduction and prediction capabilities for temperature induced strains,and that the method is accurate and effective for eliminating the effect of temperature from the measured strain.A standardized Novelty Index based on the residual strain is also used for the condition assessment of the structure.

Strain-rate effect on initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loading and its deformation mechanism

The seemingly contradictory understandings of the initial crush stress of cellular materials under dynamic loadings exist in the literature, and a comprehensive analysis of this issue is carried out with using direct information of local stress and strain. Local stress/strain calculation methods are applied to determine the initial crush stresses and the strain rates at initial crush from a cell-based finite element model of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loadings. The initial crush stress under constant-velocity compression is identical to the quasi-static one, but less than the one under direct impact, i.e. the initial crush stresses under different dynamic loadings could be very different even though there is no strain-rate effect of matrix material. A power-law relation between the initial crush stress and the strain rate is explored to describe the strain-rate effect on the initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb when the local strain rate exceeds a critical value, below which there is no strain-rate effect of irregular honeycomb. Deformation mechanisms of the initial crush behavior under dynamic loadings are also explored.The deformation modes of the initial crush region in the front of plastic compaction wave are different under different dynamic loadings.

Pressure influence on the Stark effect of impurity states in a strained wurtzite GaN/Al_xGa_(1-x)N heterojunction

A variational method is adopted to investigate the properties of shallow impurity states near the interface in a free strained wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1-xN heterojunction under hydrostatic pressure and external electric field by using a simplified coherent potential approximation. Considering the biaxial strain due to lattice mismatch or epitaxial growth and the uniaxial strains effects, we investigated the Stark energy shift led by an external electric field for impurity states as functions of pressure as well as the impurity position, A1 component and areal electron density. The numerical result shows that the binding energy near linearly increases with pressure from 0 to 10 GPa. It is also found that the binding energy as a function of the electric field perpendicular to the interface shows an un-linear red shift or a blue shift for different impurity positions. The effect of increasing x on blue shift is more significant than that on the red shift for the impurity in the channel near the interface. The pressure influence on the Stark shift is more obvious with increase of electric field and the distance between an impurity and the interface. The increase of pressure decreases the blue shift but increases the red shift.

Irradiation effect on strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings

The effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings （FBGs） has been investigated through experiments. FBGs were fabricated in single mode fibers with 3 tool% Ge-concentration in the core and with a H2-1oading treatment. In experiments, the FBGs were subjected to y-radiation exposures using a Co6~ source at a dose-rate of 25 Gy/min up to a total dose of 10.5 kGy. The GeO defect in fiber absorbs photons to form a GeE＇ defect; the interaction with H2 is a probable reason for the y-radiation sensitivity of gratings written in hydrogen loaded fibres, The effect mechanism of radiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient is similar to that of radiation on the temperature sensitivity coefficient. Radiation affects the effective index neff, which results in the change of the thermo-optic coefficient and the strain-optic coefficient. Irradiation can change the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBGs by 1.48%-2.71%, as well as changing the Bragg wavelength shift （BWS） by 22 pm-25 pm under a total dose of 10.5 kGy. Our research demonstrates that the effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBG is small and that strain sensing FBGs can work well in the radiation environment.

Recent Advances in Strain-Induced Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Effect-Engineered 2D Semiconductors for Adaptive Electronics and Optoelectronics

The development of two-dimensional(2D)semiconductors has attracted widespread attentions in the scientific community and industry due to their ultra-thin thickness,unique structure,excellent optoelectronic properties and novel physics.The excellent flexibility and outstanding mechanical strength of 2D semiconductors provide opportunities for fabricated strain-sensitive devices and utilized strain tuning their electronic and optic–electric performance.The strain-engineered one-dimensional materials have been well investigated,while there is a long way to go for 2D semiconductors.In this review,starting with the fundamental theories of piezoelectric and piezoresistive effect resulted by strain,following we reviewed the recent simulation works of strain engineering in novel 2D semiconductors,such as Janus 2D and 2D-Xene structures.Moreover,recent advances in experimental observation of strain tuning PL spectra and transport behavior of 2D semiconductors are summarized.Furthermore,the applications of strain-engineered 2D semiconductors in sensors,photodetectors and nanogenerators are also highlighted.At last,we in-depth discussed future research directions of strain-engineered 2D semiconductor and related electronics and optoelectronics device applications.

MODE Ⅰ CRACK TIP FIELD WITH STRAIN GRADIENT EFFECTS

A plane strain mode 1 crack tip field with strain gradient effects is investigated.A new strain gradient theory is used.An elastic-power law hardening strain gradient material is considered and two hardening laws,i.e.a separation law and an integration law are used respectively.As for the material with the separation law hardening,the angular distributions of stresses are consistent with the HRR field,which differs from the stress results;the angular distributions of couple stresses are the same as the couple stress results.For the material with the integration law hardening,the stress field and the couple stress field can not exist simultaneously,which is the same as the conclusion,but for the stress dominated field,the an- gular distributions of stresses are consistent with the HRR field;for the couple stress dominated field,the an- gular distributions of couple stresses are consistent with those in Ref.However,the increase in stresses is not observed in strain gradient plasticity because the present theory is based on the rotation gradient of the deformation only,while the crack tip field of mode 1 is dominated by the tension gradient,which will be shown in another paper.

Experimental investigation of rigid confinement effects of radial strain on dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of concrete

In this study,to confirm the effect of confining pressure on dynamic mechanical behavior and failure modes of concrete,a split Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic loading device was utilized to perform dynamic compressive experiments under confined and unconfined conditions.The confining pressure was achieved by applying a lateral metal sleeve on the testing specimen which was loaded in the axial direction.The experimental results prove that dynamic peak axial stress,dynamic peak lateral stress,and peak axial strain of concrete are strongly sensitive to the strain rate under confined conditions.Moreover,the failure patterns are significantly affected by the stress-loading rate and confining pressure.Concrete shows stronger strain rate effects under an unconfined condition than that under a confined condition.More cracks are created in concrete subjected to uniaxial dynamic compression at a higher strain rate,which can be explained by a thermal-activated mechanism.By contrast,crack generation is prevented by confinement.Fitting formulas of the dynamic peak stress and dynamic peak axial strain are established by considering strain rate effects(50–250 s-1)as well as the dynamic confining increase factor(DIFc).