Effects of silica additive on the NH_3-SCR activity and thermal stability of a V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalyst

V2O5/WO3‐TiO2 and V2O5/WO3‐TiO2‐SiO2 catalysts were prepared by a wetness impregnation method, and both the catalysts were hydrothermally aged at 750℃ in 10 vol%H2O/air for 24 h. The catalysts were evaluated for NOx conversion using NH3 as the reductant. Hydrothermal ageing decreased the NOx conversion of V2O5/WO3‐TiO2 catalyst severely over the entire measured tem‐perature range. Interestingly, the NH3‐SCR activity of the silica‐modified catalyst at 220–480℃ is enhanced after ageing. The catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, X‐ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, and NH3 temper‐ature‐programmed desorption. The addition of silica inhibited the phase transition from anatase to rutile titania, growth of TiO2 crystallite size and shrinkage of catalyst surface area. Consequently, the vanadia species remained highly dispersed and the hydrothermal stability of the V2O5/WO3‐TiO2 catalyst was significantly improved.

NH_3 selective catalytic reduction of NO: A large surface TiO_2 support and its promotion of V_2O_5 dispersion on the prepared catalyst

A titania support with a large surface area was developed, which has a BET surface area of 380.5 m^2/g, four times that of a traditional titania support. The support was ultrasonically impregnated with 5 wt% vanadia. A special heat treatment was used in the calcination to maintain the large surface area and high dispersion of vanadium species. This catalyst was compared to a common V2O5-TiO2 catalyst with the same vanadia loading prepared by a traditional method. The new catalyst has a surface area of 117.7 m^2/g, which was 38% higher than the traditional V2O5-TiO2 catalyst. The selective catalytic reduction（SCR） performance demonstrated that the new catalyst had a wider temperature window and better N2 selectivity compared to the traditional one. The NO conversion was 80% from 200 to 450 °C. The temperature window was 100 °C wider than the traditional catalyst. Raman spectra indicated that the vanadium species formed more V-O-V linkages on the catalyst prepared by the traditional method. The amount of V-O-Ti and V=O was larger for the new catalyst. Temperature programmed desorption of NH3, temperature programmed reduction by H2 and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that its redox ability and total acidity were enhanced. The results are helpful for developing a more efficient SCR catalyst for the removal of NOx in flue gases.

Improving the denitration performance and K-poisoning resistance of the V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 catalyst by Ce^(4+) and Zr^(4+) co-doping

A series of V2O5‐WO3/TiO2‐ZrO2,V2O5‐WO3/TiO2‐CeO2,and V2O5‐WO3/TiO2‐CeO2‐ZrO2 catalysts were synthesized to improve the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)performance and the K‐poisoning resistance of a V2O5‐WO3/TiO2 catalyst.The physicochemical properties were investigated by using XRD,BET,NH3‐TPD,H2‐TPR,and XPS,and the catalytic performance and K‐poisoning resistance were evaluated via a NH3‐SCR model reaction.Ce^4+and Zr^4+co‐doping were found to enhance the conversion of NOx,and exhibit the best K‐poisoning resistance owing to the largest BET‐specific surface area,pore volume,and total acid site concentration,as well as the minimal effects on the surface acidity and redox ability from K poisoning.The V2O5‐WO3/TiO2‐CeO2‐ZrO2 catalyst also presents outstanding H2O+SO2 tolerance.Finally,the in situ DRIFTS reveals that the NH3‐SCR reaction over the V2O5‐WO3/TiO2‐CeO2‐ZrO2 catalyst follows an L‐H mechanism,and that K poisoning does not change the reaction mechanism.

Performance of V_2O_5-WO_3-MoO_3/TiO_2 Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO_x by NH_3

The V/O5-WO3-MoOy＇TiO2 honeycomb catalyst was prepared with industrial grade chemicals. The structural and physico-chemical properties were analyzed with X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron micrograph （SEM） and mercury porosimetry. The NOx conversion and durability were investigated on a pilot plant test set under the actual operational conditions of a coal fired boiler. The catalyst monolith had good formability with mass per- centage of V ： W ： Mo ： TiO2 ： fiber glass = 1 ： 4.5 ： 4.5 ： 72 ： 18. Vanadium, tungsten and molybdenum species were highly dispersed on anatase TiO2 without causing the transformation of anatase TiO2 to ruffle by calcining under a current of air at 450℃ for 4.5 h, but there were some degrees of crystal distortion. The catalyst particle sizes were almost uniform with close pile-up and the pore structure was regular with complete macro-pore formation and large specific surface area. The NOx conversion was sensitive to temperature but nearly insensitive to NH3. The catalyst showed strong adaptability to NOx concentration with activity above 80% in the range of 615 1640 mg.m-3. Within the range of 720-8640 h continuous operation, the NOx conversion dropped at a rate of about 1% reduction per 600 h.

Highly efficient Nb2O5 catalyst for aldol condensation of biomass-derived carbonyl molecules to fuel precursors

Aldol condensation is of significant importance for the production of fuel precursors from biomass- derived chemicals and has received increasing attention. Here we report a Nb2O5 catalyst with excellent activity and stability in the aldol condensation of biomass-derived carbonyl molecules. It is found that in the aldol condensation of furfural with 4-heptanone, Nb2O5 has obviously superior activity, which is not only better than that of other common solid acid catalysts (ZrO2 and Al2O3), more importantly, but also better than that of solid base catalysts (MgO, CaO, and magnesium- aluminum hydrotalcite). The detailed characterizations by N2 sorption/desorption, NH3-TPD, Py-FTIR and DRIFTS study of acetone adsorption reveal that Nb2O5 has a strong ability to activate the C=O bond in carbonyl molecules, which helps to generate a metal enolate intermediate and undergo the nucleophilic addition to form a new C–C bond. Furthermore, the applicability of Nb2O5 to aldol condensation is extended to other biomass-derived carbonyl molecules and high yields of target fuel precursors are obtained. Finally, a multifunctional Pd/Nb2O5 catalyst is prepared and successfully used in the one-pot synthesis of liquid alkanes from biomass-derived carbonyl molecules by combining the aldol condensation with the sequential hydrodeoxygenation.

V2O5-CeO2／TiO2催化剂上低温氨选择性催化还原NO的性能

考察了V2O5-CeO2/TiO2催化剂中V、Ce活性组分的担载量和焙烧温度对催化剂低温催化还原NO活性的影响及其在单独SO2、H2O和两者共存气氛下的抗毒化性能。结果表明,焙烧温度400℃下制备的5V30Ce/TiO2催化剂具有良好的低温催化还原NO活性,空速为10 000 h-1,165℃时NO转化率达99.2%;500℃以下低焙烧温度时,添加的Ce不与V相互作用,在催化剂表面主要以CeO2形式存在,有利于增大催化剂比表面积,增强V2O5在催化剂上的分散度,提高催化活性。而在500℃以上较高焙烧温度下,Ce与V会形成CeVO4,对活性提高不利。催化剂具有良好的低温抗水中毒性能,但受SO2毒化作用明显,其在SO2、H2O共存气氛下中毒程度较单独SO2下浅。

添加金属氧化物的V2O5/AC在烟气脱SO2及脱SO2后H2再生制备硫磺的活性研究

干法脱除烟气SO2的多种催化剂均可在H2气氛中再生,直接制备硫磺。该过程的实现不仅要求再生尾气循环,而且要求催化剂具有双重功能,即在脱硫过程中催化氧化SO2为H2SO4以及在再生过程中将催化还原释放出的SO2进一步转化为硫磺。添加有金属氧化物的V2O5/AC催化剂具备双重功能。着重考察了添加Ce、W、Fe、Co等氧化物的V2O5/AC催化剂烟气SO2脱除能力及脱除SO2后经H2再生制备硫磺的能力,并对添加Co的催化剂进行了优化。结果表明,在这类催化剂中,对烟气脱SO2起主要催化氧化作用的是V2O5,对H2再生硫磺制备起作用的是添加的金属氧化物。除Ce2O3外,WO3、Fe2O3和CoO都提高了再生中的硫磺收率,CoO的作用最为显著。较合适的催化剂组成是1%V2O5和0.5%CoO。这些金属氧化物在AC上的担载方法,对烟气脱SO2和H2再生结果的影响不明显。硫磺的生成需要CoO向CoS2的转变,再生后催化剂上残余有部分CoS2,且残余硫量还与V2O5量有关。

V_2O_5/AC催化剂对氨还原NO的研究

考察了V2 O5/AC催化剂对NH3 选择催化还原NO的影响 .结果表明 ,以浓硝酸预氧化处理的活性焦为载体对催化剂活性有很大提高 ,这是由于浓硝酸预氧化后 ,活性焦表面产生了较多的含氧官能团可能吸附更多的NH3 ,并且提高了活性组分V2 O5的含量 .反应气氛中加入SO2 后 ,二者活性都增加 ,但差异消失 ,这是由于SO2 存在时 ,反应生成的SO2 - 4离子的酸性强于浓硝酸预氧化产生的含氧官能团的酸性 .催化剂在使用前经过煅烧和氧化对催化剂活性有很大改善 .SO2 存在时 ,V2 O5含量为1wt%的催化剂活性最高 .

商业V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂SCR脱硝过程中PM_(2.5)的排放特性及影响因素研究

针对V2O5-WO3/Ti O2商用催化剂,采用电称低压冲击器(ELPI)、PM10/PM2.5采样器、X-射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜-能谱分析(FSEM-EDX)等对SCR烟气脱硝中形成的细颗粒粒径分布、形貌、元素及物相组成进行了测试分析,并研究了烟气组分及反应条件对SCR脱硝系统出口细颗粒物性的影响。结果表明,SCR脱硝过程中会形成不少亚微米级颗粒,主要成分为硫酸铵以及硫酸氢氨,晶型呈块状。细颗粒生成量随反应温度的升高和NH3/NO摩尔比的增加而增加,在脱硝效率较高时,颗粒物形成量也趋于增多;烟气中SO2、H2O和O2浓度的增加均会导致细颗粒物形成量的增加。导致细颗粒物产生的主要原因可归结于催化剂的活性组分对SO2的氧化以及SCR脱硝反应中NH3的逃逸。

燃煤烟气中砷对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 SCR脱硝催化剂性能的影响

通过将商业V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2脱硝催化剂暴露于含As_2O_3烟气中,制备了砷中毒催化剂,并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、NH3化学吸附、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱等技术表征分析了砷对催化剂性能的影响,并提出了催化剂砷中毒机理。结果表明,砷对催化剂具有严重的毒害作用,As_2O_3会吸附在催化剂表面,并被催化剂氧化形成As_2O_5覆盖层,减小催化剂比表面积,减少催化剂V活性位,阻止催化剂对NH3的吸附,造成催化剂失活。

氨再生条件对V_2O_5/AC同时脱硫脱硝活性的影响

对烟气同时脱硫脱硝过程中吸附SO2后的活性炭载V2O5（V2O5/AC）催化-吸附剂在含NH3气氛下的再生条件进行了考察,发现3%-5%NH3/Ar气氛、300℃、60 min再生可有效恢复V2O5/AC的脱硫活性,并明显提高其脱硝活性。基于对SO2和NO的脱除率、再生后V2O5/AC的硫质量分数以及FT-IR谱图分析发现,NH3的存在对V2O5/AC所吸附硫的脱附行为没有明显影响,但可显著改变V2O5/AC的表面化学性质,有利于烟气脱硫;NH3还可在V2O5/AC表面储存,显著促进脱硝。

前驱体溶液pH值对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的低温NH_3-SCR性能的影响(英文)

采用调节前驱体溶液pH值的方法制备了用于低温NH3-SCR的V2O5-WO3/Ti O2催化剂。通过XPS、Raman光谱、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD、NH3-DRIFT、XRD及物理吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析,并对其脱硝催化活性进行了测试。结果表明,前驱体溶液酸性的增强能够提高催化剂表面聚合态钒物种和V4+(3+)/V5+的比值以及表面酸性,增加活性位数量、降低反应的活化能、提高其脱硝催化性能。因此,通过提高前驱体溶液的酸性,有助于制备出脱硝活性较好的NH3-SCR催化剂。

同时脱除烟气中硫和硝的V _2O_5/AC催化剂研究

通过在固定床微反应器上对同时脱硫脱硝催化剂的研究,发现将V2O5 担载在活性焦 (AC)上制得的V2O5 /AC催化剂可在 200℃同时脱除烟气中的SO2 和NO,其活性明显高于纯AC。V2O5 /AC催化剂的脱硫脱硝活性与催化剂中钒的质量分数有关,随着V2O5 质量分数从 0. 5%增至 9%,硫容从 3%增加到 12%,脱硝率在V2O5质量分数为 0. 5%到 3%时脱硝率稳定在 60%左右,继续增加V2O5 质量分数,脱硝率降低。程序升温脱附 (TPD)和红外光谱 (FTIR)表征结果显示在脱硫脱硝过程中,催化剂表面有H2SO4, 铵盐和VOSO4 生成, VOSO4 的质量分数随催化剂中V2O5 质量分数的提高而升高。使用后的催化剂可通过 5%NH3 在 300℃再生,再生后催化剂的脱硝活性明显增加,NO转化率从新鲜样的 67%提高到接近 100%,对SO2 的吸附也比新鲜样有所增加。

载体预处理对蜂窝状V_2O_5/ACH低温脱硫脱硝活性的影响

经不同预处理条件制得的蜂窝状活性炭(ACH),等体积浸渍偏钒酸铵和草酸的混合溶液,经干燥、煅烧和预氧化后制得新型V2O5 ACH催化剂。实验结果表明,850℃下水蒸气活化可提高2%V2O5 ACH催化剂在200℃下的脱硫活性,但基本不改变脱硝活性;NH3再生后催化剂的脱硝活性显著提高,对SO2的吸附也有所增加。活化温度从850℃升至950℃,相应催化剂的脱硫脱硝活性略微降低;活化时水蒸气体积含量从28%增至80%,催化剂的脱硫脱硝活性也有不同程度的下降。在28%的水蒸气含量和850℃活化温度的最佳预处理条件下,经第二次再生后的2%V2O5 ACH催化剂的SO2转化率降为80%时的吸附硫容为4.9%,同时脱硝率达93%。

纳米V_2O_5/AC催化剂脱除烟气中NO的研究

以质量分数20%硝酸改性后的柱状活性焦(AC)为载体,通过负载水热法合成的带状纳米V2O5,制备出了带状纳米V2O5/AC催化剂(SV/AC)。将SV/AC和传统浸渍法制备出的V2O5/AC催化剂进行脱硝催化性能测试比较,实验结果表明:在烟道温度为200℃,空速为6 000 L/(kg·h),体积分数φ(NO)=0.05%,φ(NH3)=0.05%,φ(O2)=5%,N2为平衡气体,V2O5负载量(质量分数)为1%的条件下,SV/AC的脱硝率可达45.36%,较AC,NAC,V2O5/AC分别提高了39.5%,23.07%,8.04%。SEM和EDS发现SV/AC催化剂的表面孔隙结构较V2O5/AC,NAC,AC更为发达,BET显示SV/AC的微孔率可达61.9%,较AC,NAC,V2O5/AC分别增加了39.6%,4.3%,14.0%。在实验条件相同的情况下,研究了添加Cu,Fe,Mo,Ce的金属氧化物对带状纳米V2O5/AC催化剂脱除NO性能的影响。实验结果表明:添加了Fe2O3后的带状纳米V2O5/AC催化剂的脱硝性能最佳,在Fe2O3和纳米V2O5的负载量均为1.0%时,催化剂的脱硝率达到最大值,为49.72%,比SV/AC提高了4.36%。

脱硫脱硝后V2O5/AC在含NH3气氛中的再生及硫资源化的耦合过程研究

V2O5/AC具有很好的烟气同时脱硫脱硝能力,脱硫过程包括其对烟气中SO2的吸附、吸附饱和后SO2从其上的脱附(再生)及脱附出SO2的资源化。考察了同时脱硫脱硝后的V2O5/AC在含NH3气氛中的再生和硫资源化的耦合过程。研究了NH3注入量、再生温度、再生时间和尾气循环流量对再生效率、硫回收率及二次脱硫脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,再生温度和再生时间主要影响SO2的脱附,因而影响再生效率和二次脱硫脱硝活性;NH3注入量不影响SO2的脱附,但明显影响硫回收率和二次脱硫脱硝活性;尾气循环模式是提高硫回收率的重要方法,但在研究的条件下循环流量对再生效率、硫回收率和二次脱硫脱硝活性的影响不大。

V_2O_5/CNTs催化剂低温NH_3选择催化还原NO的研究

研究了碳纳米管担载的五氧化二钒(V2O5/CNTs)催化剂上NO低温选择催化还原反应(SCR)。与活性炭载体的催化剂作了对比,结果显示,在负载低含量V2O5时碳纳米管较活性炭显示了更好的催化能力,而且在SO2存在下,催化性能有更大幅度的提高。暂态反应实验显示,V2O5/CNTs催化剂上NO选择催化还原反应遵循Eley-Rideal机理,即反应发生于吸附态的NH3和气相或弱吸附的NO之间。

燃煤烟气中碱金属化合物对V_2O_5/AC催化剂低温脱硝的影响:NH_3的吸附与氧化

采用湿法浸渍-再干燥法将K2O和K2SO4担载到低温SCR催化剂V1/AC上,模拟研究了烟气中超细碱金属颗粒物对V1/AC催化剂脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,两种含K化合物的引入均导致了该催化剂的失活,明显抑制了NH3在催化剂上的吸附,尤其是热稳定性较低的吸附;K2SO4的抑制作用明显小于K2O,这与它们对催化剂SCR活性的影响规律相一致。K2O的担载对催化剂表面的氧化性能影响较小,但由于其能抑制NH3的吸附而引起催化剂的失活;K2SO4的担载则增加了催化剂表面吸附态的NH3在O2气氛中被过度氧化为NO的可能性。

关于商用SCR(V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2)催化剂的再生和回收研究概述

对失活脱硝催化剂进行再生和回收利用方法的研究现状进行总结,主要有酸洗再生、干法再生、改性再生、电泳再生、催化剂的钛白粉回收利用、V和W的回收利用、综合回收等方法,并对以上方法进行总结评价。

载钒量对蜂窝状V_2O_5/ACH催化剂同时脱硫脱硝活性的影响

蜂窝状活性炭（ACH）经850°C水蒸气活化、用等体积的偏钒酸铵和草酸的混合溶液浸渍,经干燥、煅烧和预氧化后制得新型V2O5/ACH催化剂.考察了V2O5担载量对蜂窝状V2O5/ACH同时脱硫脱硝反应活性的影响,并采用BET、FT-IR和TPD等手段表征了不同V2O5担载量时V2O5/ACH催化剂的物理化学特性.结果表明：V2O5担载量（质量百分数）为1%～5%时,随担载量的增加,新鲜催化剂的脱硫活性增加,脱硝活性降低.NH3气氛再生提高了较低担载量（1%～3%）时催化剂的脱硫活性,降低了较高担载量（5%）的脱硫活性.但NH3再生显著提高了催化剂的脱硝活性,且随V2O5担载量的降低这种促进作用愈加显著.为获得理想的同时脱硫脱硝活性,催化剂的适宜V2O5担载量为1%～3%.