Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Identification of Characteristic Aroma Components of <i>Toona sinensis</i>(A. Juss.) Roem. Using GC-MS and GC-O

In this study, volatile compounds present in Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem (TS) were investigated and their characteristic aromatic components were identified using Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O). The optimum conditions for extracting the volatiles from TS were achieved with the experimental parameters including the use of a 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinyl benzene (PDMS/DVB) fibre, an extraction temperature of 40℃ and an extraction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, 56 volatile compounds were separated and 53 were identified by GC-MS. Among them, 21 sulfide compounds (42.146%) and 27 terpenes(55.984%) were found to be the major components. The sample was analyzed by GC-O and 26 elutes were sniffed and their sensory descriptions evaluated by an odor panelists. Analysis of the data indicated, two compounds cis and trans isomers of 2-Mercapto-3,4-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrothiophene were major contributors to the characteristic aroma of TS.

Analysis of volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution

The volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the method of heuristic evolving latent projections and overall volume integration. The results show that 38 volatile chemical components of RPR are determined, accounting for 95.21% of total contents of volatile chemical components of RPR. The main volatile chemical components of RPR are (Z, Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone, 6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1] heptane-2-methanol, 4,7-dimethyl-benzofuran, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, and cyclohexadecane.

The analysis of volatile flavor components of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic

The volatile flavor compounds of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic in chemical composition were detected and analyzed and the contents of them were compared and determinated. The volatile constituents of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic were compared and analyzed by automatic static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Qualitative analysis of samples was made through the analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NIST mass spectral library computer retrieval, and quantitative analysis was made by using area normalization method. The analysis results show that the slight difference of the volatile flavor compounds was detected in different places of origin garlic and Jin Xiang garlic was detected more total sulfur-containing compounds than Tai’an garlic. Meanwhile, the contents of sulfur compounds of the fresh garlic were more than the stored garlic and there were significant differences between them. The tests results indicated that flavor substances’ types were slightly different between Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic, and regional differences cannot affect the garlic flavor substances type. Jin Xiang garlic has more obvious flavor substances than Tai’an garlic which play a decisive role in the garlic flavor, such as 1,3-dithiane, and allyl trisulfide and allyl disulfide and diallyl tetrasulphide. The result of this research indicates that Automatic static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a fast, easy, efficient and accurate method to analyze and identify the volatile flavor components of garlic.

Ultrasonic Nebulization Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Volatile Components in Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine

The ultrasonic nebulization extraction（UNE） was developed and applied to the extraction of volatile components from traditional Chinese patent medicine Xiaoyao Pills. Several parameters of ultrasonic nebulization extraction including the sample particle size, solvent volume, extraction time and ultrasonic power were studied and selected. As a result, 2.4 g of sample with particle size of 80 mesh was extracted with 15 mL of n-hexane for 20 min at an ultrasonic power of 35 W. The volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） under the optimal conditions and 57 compounds were identified. The precision, repeatability and stability of the proposed method were also studied. Compared with ultrasonic-assisted extraction（UAE） and hydrodistillation（HD） extraction, the proposed method is more efficient, faster and easier to be operated at room temperature with smaller sample and energy consumption. It is suggested that the ultrasonic nebulization extraction can be used as a novel alternative method for the extraction of volatile components from traditional Chinese patent medicine.

Analysis of volatile components in herbal pair herba schizonepetae-ramulus cinnamomi

Analysis of volatile components in herbal pair (HP) herba schizonepetae-ramulus cinnamomi (HS-RC), single herb HS and RC was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data and chemometric resolution method (CRM). The two-dimensional data obtained from GC-MS instruments were resolved into a pure chromatogram and a mass spectrum of each chemical compound by CRM. In total, 47, 61 and 51 chemical components in volatile oil of HS, RC, and HP HS-RC were respectively determined qualitatively and quantitatively, accounting for 90.52%, 88.37%, and 88.72% total contents of volatile oil of HS, RC, and HP HS-RC, respectively. The number of the volatile components of HP HS-RC is almost the addition of that of two single herbs, but their relative contents are changed.

Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(HS-SPME-GC/MS)-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis for Comparing the Volatile Components from 12 Panax Herbal Medicines

Quality control of ginseng currently is mainly based on ginsenoside analysis,but rarely focuses on the volatile organic components.In the current work,an untargeted metabolomics approach,by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(HS-SPME-GC/MS),was elaborated and further employed to holistically compare the compositional difference of the volatile components simultaneously from 12 Panax herbal medicines,which included P.ginseng(PG),P.quinquefolius(PQ),P.notoginseng(PN),red ginseng(PGR),P.ginseng leaf(PGL),P.quinquefolius leaf(PQL),P.notoginseng leaf(PNL),P.ginseng flower(PGF),P.quinquefolius flower(PQF),P.notoginseng flower(PNF),P.japonicus(PJ),and P.japonicus var.major(PJvm).Chromatographic separation was performed on an HP-5MS elastic quartz capillary column using helium as the carrier gas,enabling good resolution within 1 h.We were able to characterize totally 259 volatile compounds,including 82 terpenes(T),46 alcohols(Alc),29 ketones(K),25 aldehydes(Ald),21 esters(E),and the others.By analyzing 90 batches of ginseng samples based on the untargeted metabolomics workflows,236 differential ions were unveiled,and accordingly 36 differential volatile components were discovered.It is the first report that simultaneously compares the compositional difference of volatile components among 12 Panax herbal medicines,and useful information is provided for the quality control of ginseng aside from the well-known ginsenosides.

Analysis on Volatile Components of Flowers and Leaves of Thymus mongolicus by SPME-GC/MS

[Objectives] To analyze volatile components of flowers and leaves of Thymus mongolicus. [Methods]Volatile components of collected T. mongolicus flower and leaves were separated by headspace solid-phase microextraction( SPME) and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry( GC/MS) and normallized by peak area. [Results] A total of 24 and 14 compounds were identified from flowers and leaves of T. mongolicus in the total ion chromatogram,accounting for 99. 573% and 97. 187% of the total peak area,respectively. Main components of flowers and leaves of T. mongolicus include phenols and terpenes,and thymol accounts for 35. 38% and 49. 13% of flowers and leaves of T. mongolicus,respectively. [Conclusions] SPME-GC/MS can be applied in analyzing volatile components of flowers and leaves of T. mongolicus,to provide basis for further development and utilization of T. mongolicus.

Analysis of volatile components in a Chinese fish sauce,Fuzhou Yulu, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Volatile components of Fuzhou Yulu, a Chinese fish sauce, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, and two pretreatment methods, i.e., purge and trap （P＆T） GC-MS and ethyl acetate extraction followed by GC-MS, were compared. P＆T-GC-MS method determined 12 components, including sulfur-containing constituents （such as dimethyl disulfide）, nitrogen-containing constituents （such as pyrazine derivatives）, aldehydes and ketones. Ethyl acetate extraction fol- lowed by GC-MS method detected 10 components, which were mainly volatile organic acids （such as benzenepropanoic acid） and esters. Neither of the two methods detected alcohols or trimethylamine. This study offers an important reference to determine volatile flavor components of traditional fish sauce through modem analysis methods.

Analysis of the Volatile Components in Flowers of <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. and <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. var. <i>Trichocarpa</i>

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. var. trichocarpa is a variety of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and is currently the peony herb’s principal cultivar group. Here, we study the differences in aromatic components and flowers of different varieties between two groups of cultivars, providing a reference for applying natural fragrance substances of peonies, breeding fragrant flower types, and developing and using improved varieties. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), peak area normalization for each component relative to content, component library (NIST14/NIST14S) retrieval, and a literature review were used to analyze the volatile compounds in flowers of eight peony varieties, such as “Gaoganhong”, and ten comospore peony varieties, such as “Jinshanhong”. Results showed that the main volatile compound constituents in flowers of the two groups were terpenes and alcohols. Additionally, the content of eucalyptol, caryophyllene, α-Pinene, citronellol, and 3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z) was high. Peony cultivars contained linalool, (1R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, while comospore peony varieties contained 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-, phenylethyl alcohol, and geraniol. In this study, the differences between the volatile components of flowers of different peony varieties were clarified, laying a foundation for further molecular biology research into the floral fragrance of peonies and the cultivation of new varieties of aromatic peonies. At the same time, it also provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of peony flower by-products.

Analysis of Volatile Components in Fresh Fruit of Morinda citrifolia L.from Different Origins Based on HS-SPME-GC/MS

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the differences of volatile components in fresh fruit of Morinda citrifolia L.from different origins.[Methods]The method of HS-SPME-GC/MS detection was used to determine the volatile chemical components in fresh fruit of M.citrifolia.[Results]52,52 and 45 volatile components were identified from the fresh fruit of M.citrifolia from Xisha,Wanning and Haikou,respectively.Among them,the number and content of the identified esters were relatively high,mainly methyl caprylate,ethyl caprylate,4-pentenyl caproate,3-methylbuten-2-enyl caprylate,methyl caproate,and ethyl caproate.There were also fatty acids,alcohols,phenols,ketones,aldehydes and other substances.There were 33 common ingredients in the fruit from the three origins,mainly including caprylic acid,caproic acid,capric acid,methyl caprylate,ethyl caprylate,4-pentenyl caproate,3-methylbutene-2-enyl caprylate,methyl caproate,ethyl caproate,methyl caprate and hexyl caproate.[Conclusions]The types and contents of volatile components in fresh fruit of M.citrifolia from different origins were significantly different.

HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis on Volatile Components in Different Cultivars and Different Parts of Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] To analyze and compare the difference in volatile components of different cultivars and different parts of Artemisia argyi by using headspace solid phase microextraction( HS-SPME) and provide scientific basis for comprehensive development and rational utilization of Artemisia argyi. [Methods]Firstly,HS-SPME was used to extract the volatile components from the leaves,seeds,and stems of seven-tip Artemisia argyi,five-tip Artemisia argyi,and golden Artemisia argyi. Their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry( GC-MS),and the relative mass fraction of each component was determined by area normalization method. [Results] For the same variety of Artemisia argyi,the content of volatile components in leaves was higher than in seeds and stems except camphor,and the content of volatile components in seven-tip Artemisia argyi leaves was higher than in five-tip Artemisia argyi and golden Artemisia argyi leaves.HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis showed that eucalyptol,camphor,thujone,α-pinene,1-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide with higher content were detected in different parts of the different cultivars of Artemisia argyi. [Conclusions]Seven-tip Artemisia argyi leaves were the best medicinal parts of the three cultivars,followed by seven-tip Artemisia argyi seeds.

Analysis of Volatile Components in Different Parts of Polygala japonica Houtt.

[Objectives] To analyze the volatile components in different parts of Polygala japonica Houtt. and compare the differences of these volatile components. [Methods] The volatile components in different parts of P. japonica Houtt. were analyzed by the headspace solid-phase microextraction( HS-SPME) combined with GC-MS,and the relative percentage of each component was determined by peak area normalization. [Results] Thirty kinds of volatile components were identified from the leaves and rhizomes of P. japonica Houtt.,mainly including olefins,aromatic hydrocarbons,alkanes and esters. [Conclusions] The volatile components in different parts of P. japonica Houtt. were different,and there may be difference in the medicinal value of volatile components in different parts,thus it is required to take an overall consideration of these differences in the development and utilization of P. japonica Houtt.

Analysis of the Volatile Components of Polygonum chinense L.Extracted with Different Solvents by GC-MS

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the volatile components of Polygonum chinense L.[Methods]The volatile components of the methanol extract,ethyl acetate extract,chloroform extract and petroleum ether extract of P.chinense were analyzed and determined by gas chromatography.[Results]The volatile components of the methanol extract from P.chinense were the most,and phenolic acids and ketones accounted for a relatively high proportion,among which pyrogallic acid had the highest content.The ethyl acetate extract contained the second most volatile components,mostly acids and esters,of whichβ-sitosterol had the highest content;the chloroform and petroleum ether extracts had relatively few types of volatile components,most of which were alkanes,and the content ofγ-sitosterol shared by the two was the highest.The common substances of the four extracts were palmitic acid and phytol.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the quality evaluation of P.chinense and a scientific basis for its resource development.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Components Extracted from Fruit of Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] To analyze the volatile components extracted from fruit of Artemisia argyi.[Methods] The volatile components from fruit of Artemisia argyi were extracted by steam distillation( SD) and headspaces solid-phase microextraction( HS-SPME). The components were separated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS) with the area normalization method to determine the relative percentage content of each component.[Results]33 compounds were isolated and 29 compounds were identified by SD accounting for about93. 02% of the total volatile components; and 35 compounds were isolated and 30 compounds were identified by HS-SPME accounting for about99. 01% of the total volatile components. 11 kinds of the volatile components were identified by the two methods together and the content of β-thujone was highest.[Conclusions] There were some differences between SD and HS-SPME,and the two methods were applied to the extraction of different types of volatile components,and combination of the two methods to analyze the volatile components in fruit of Artemisia argyi could help us to get more comprehensive information.

Transcriptomic analysis of Andrias davidianus meat and experimental validation for exploring its bioactive components as functional foods

Andrias davidianus(Chinese giant salamander,CGS)is the largest and oldest extant amphibian species in the world and is a source of prospective functional food in China.However,the progress of functional peptides mining was slow due to lack of reference genome and protein sequence data.In this study,we illustrated full-length transcriptome sequencing to interpret the proteome of CGS meat and obtain 10703 coding DNA sequences.By functional annotation and amino acid composition analysis,we have discovered various genes related to signal transduction,and 16 genes related to longevity.We have also found vast variety of functional peptides through protein coding sequence(CDS)analysis by comparing the data obtained with the functional peptide database.Val-Pro-Ile predicted by the CDS analysis was released from the CGS meat through enzymatic hydrolysis,suggesting that our approach is reliable.This study suggested that transcriptomic analysis can be used as a reference to guide polypeptide mining in CGS meat,thereby providing a powerful mining strategy for the bioresources with unknown genomic and proteomic sequences.

Component analysis of volatile oil from Illicium Verum Hook. f.

Volatile oil was extracted from Illicium Verum Hook. f. by using steam distillation. 41 kinds of compounds were separated and identified by GC/MS, and their relative contents were determined by normalization method. Among 41 identified compounds, there are 14 hydrocarbon components and 22 oxygenated hydrocarbon derivatives, and a small amount of nitrogenous compounds. The main component is anethole, accoun ting for 76.23%, and the other components such as anisyl acetone, anisaldehyde, p allylanisole, p cumic aldehyde and p allylpen take up more than 10%.

Genetic Diversity of Volatile Components in Xinjiang Wild Apple (Malus sieversii)

To evaluate genetic relationships using qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation of volatile components in Xinjiang Wild Apple （Malus sieversii （Lebed.） Roem.） and to acquire basic data for the conservation and utilization of the species, aroma components in ripe fruit of M. sieversii obtained from 30 seedlings at Mohe, Gongliu County, Xinjiang Autonomic Region, China, and in ripe fruit of 4 M. purnila cultivars （＇Rails＇, ＇Delicious＇, ＇Golden Delicious＇, and ＇Fuji＇） were analyzed using head space-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the values of similarity coefficient concerning volatile types between the two species were in accordance with the evolution of M. pumila cultivars （forms）, and that M. sieversii seedlings showed considerable genetic variations in these aspects： the total content of volatile components, the classes and contents of each compound classes, the segregation ratio, and content of main components. The results showed significant difference among seedlings and wide genetic diversity within the populations. Comparison of the volatile components in M. sieversii with those in M. pumila cultivars showed that the common compounds whose number were larger than five with the contents over 0.04 mg/L simultaneously between M. sieversii and M. pumila cultivars belonged to esters, alcohols, aldehydes or ketones. This suggests fundamental identity in main volatile components of M. sieversii and M. pumila cultivars. The results above sustained the conclusion ＂M. sieversii is probably the ancestor ofM. purnila＂. However, there were 48 compounds present in M. puraila that were not detected in M. sieversii, including 6 character impact components （i.e., propyl acetate, （Z）-3-hexenal, 2-methyl-l-butanol acetate, pentyl acetate, 3-furanmethanol, and benzene acetaldehyde）. This suggested that in the domestication of M. pumila, introgression of other apple species, except for M. sieversii, by interspecies hybridization was possible. There were 177 compounds in total belonging to 11 classes detected in 30 M. sieversii seedlings, including esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, benzene ramifications, terpenes, heterocycles, hydrocarbon derivates, acetals, and lactones. Among them, acetals and lactones were not detected in M. pumila cultivars, 90 compounds were unique to M. sieversii, and 7 components （l-butanol, ethyl hutanoate, 1-hexanol, ethyl hexanoate, 3-octen-1-ol, ethyl octanoate, and damascenone） belonged to character impact odors. Thus, the potential of M. sieversii in ＂utilization conservation＂ is enormous as a rate germplasm on genetic improvement of M. pumila cultivars.

Analysis and Evaluation of Biochemical Components in Bitter Tea Plant Germplasms

Bitter tea is a special kind of tea germplasm in China.The major biochemical components of 24 bitter teas and other 8 Camellia sinensis var.sinensis and 8 C.sinensis var.assamica tea germplasms,which were stored in the China National Germplasm Hangzhou Tea Repository(CNGHTR),were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that no significant differences of major biochemical components affecting the tea quality were found between bitter tea and common tea.According to the processing suitability index,bitter tea was suitable for the manufacturing of black tea;while according to evolutionary indices such as the composition and content of catechin,bitter tea was similar to C.sinensis var.assamica belonging to the relatively primitive type in evolution.The results of cluster analysis indicated that bitter tea was clustered with C.sinensis var.assamica,so it could be considered to belong to C.sinensis var.assamica.

Correlation Analysis Between Yield Components and Yield Per Plant of Double-low Hybrid Rapeseed

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study the relation between yield components and yield per plant of double-low hybrid rapeseed and provide reference for breaking yield limitation of rapeseed and culturing new double-low hybrid rapeseed variety. [Method]The yield components and yield per plant of two cross combination of double-low hybrid rapeseed (B02, D04) and Shuza 6 were correlatively analyzed and compared, besides, the path analysis was also carried on to them. [Result] Among B02, D04 and Shuza No.6, effective pod number per plant and seeds per silique, seeds per pod and 1 000-grain weight were all negative correlation. In high yield hybrid, pod number per plant, seeds per pod had more impaction on yield per plant than 1 000-grain weight and the difference was at 0.01 significant level. In the control variety Shuza No.6, the impactions of pod number per plant and seeds per pod on yield per plant were bigger than that of 1 000-grain weight on yield per plant, however, the difference was not significant. [Conclusion] The improvement of effective pod number per plant was an important aim of breeding work of double low rapeseed breeding in Sichuan ecological region.

Estimation of the Number of Collapsed Houses Damaged by Typhoon Based on Principal Components Analysis and Support Vector Machine

The evaluation model was established to estimate the number of houses collapsed during typhoon disaster for Zhejiang Province.The factor leading to disaster,the environment fostering disaster and the exposure of buildings were processed by Principal Component Analysis.The key factor was extracted to support input of vector machine model and to build an evaluation model;the historical fitting result kept in line with the fact.In the real evaluation of two typhoons landed in Zhejiang Province in 2008 and 2009,the coincidence of evaluating result and actual value proved the feasibility of this model.