Numerical Simulation of the Impact of Vegetation Index on the Interannual Variation of Summer Precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

Two sets of numerical experiments using the coupled National Center for Environmental Prediction General Circulation Model （NCEP/GCM T42L18） and the Simplified Simple Biosphere land surface scheme （SSiB） were carried out to investigate the climate impacts of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） and leaf area index （LAI） on East Asia summer precipitation, especially in the Yellow River Basin （YRB）. One set employed prescribed FVC and LAI which have no interannual variations based on the climatology of vegetation distribution; the other with FVC and LAI derived from satellite observations of the International Satellite Land Surface Climate Project （ISLSCP） for 1987 and 1988. The simulations of the two experiments were compared to study the influence of FVC, LAI on summer precipitation interannual variation in the YRB. Compared with observations and the NCEP reanalysis data, the experiment that included both the effects of satellite-derived vegetation indexes and sea surface temperature （SST） produced better seasonal and interannual precipitation variations than the experiment with SST but no interannual variations in FVC and LAI, indicating that better representations of the vegetation index and its interannual variation may be important for climate prediction. The difference between 1987 and 1988 indicated that with the increase of FVC and LAI, especially around the YRB, surface albedo decreased, net surface radiation increased, and consequently local evaporation and precipitation intensified. Further more, surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature and its diurnal variation decreased around the YRB in response to more vegetation. The decrease of surface-emitting longwave radiation due to the cooler surface outweighed the decrease of surface solar radiation income with more cloud coverage, thus maintaining the positive anomaly of net surface radiation. Further study indicated that moisture flux variations associated with changes in the general circulation also contributed to the precipitation interannual variation.

Simulation and Analysis of China Climate Using Two-Way Interactive Atmosphere-Vegetation Model (RIEMS-AVIM)

In this paper, an Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model （AVIM） is coupled to the Regional Integrated Environment Model System （RIEMS）, and a 10-year integration for China is performed using the RIEMS-AVIM. The analysis of the results of the 10-year integration shows that the characters of the spatial distributions of temperature and precipitation over China are well simulated. The patterns of simulated surface sensible and latent heat fluxes match well with the spatial climatological atlas： the values of winter surface sensible and latent heat fluxes are both lower than climatological values over the whole country. Summer surface sensible heat flux is higher than climatological values in western China and lower in eastern China, while summer surface latent heat flux is higher than climatological values in the eastern and lower in the western. Seasonal variations of simulated temperature and precipitation of RIMES-AVIM agree with those of the observed. Simulated temperature is lower than the observed in the Tibetan Plateau and Northwest China for the whole year, slightly lower in the remaining regions in winter, but consistent with the observed in summer. The simulated temperature of RIEMS-AVIM is higher in winter and lower in summer than that of RIEMS, which shows that the simulated temperature of RIEMS-AVIM is closer to the observed value. Simulated precipitation is excessive in the first half of the year, but consistent with the observed in the second half of the year. The simulated summer precipitation of RIEMS-AVIM has significant improvement compared to that of RIEMS, which is less and closer to the observed value. The interannual variations of temperature and precipitation are also fairly well simulated, with temperature simulation being superior to precipitation simulation. The interannual variation of simulated temperature is significantly correlated with the observed in Northeast China, the Transition Region, South China, and the Tibetan Plateau, but the correlation between precipitation simulation and observation is only significant in Northwest China.

Optimal design of vegetation in residential district with numerical simulation and field experiment

Vegetation plays a key role in improving wind environment of residential districts,and is helpful for creating a comfortable and beautiful living environment.The optimal design of vegetation for wind environment improvement in winter was investigated by carrying out field experiments in Heqingyuan residential area in Beijing,and after that,numerical simulation with SPOTE(simulation platform for outdoor thermal environment) experiments for outdoor thermal environment of vegetation was adopted for comparison.The conclusions were summarized as follows:1) By comparing the experimental data with simulation results,it could be concluded that the wind field simulated was consistent with the actual wind field,and the flow distribution impacted by vegetation could be accurately reflected;2) The wind velocity with vegetation was lower than that without vegetation,and the wind velocity was reduced by 46%;3) By adjusting arrangement and types of vegetation in the regions with excessively large wind velocity,the pedestrian-level wind velocity could be obviously improved through the simulation and comparison.

Sahel Afforestation and Simulated Risks of Heatwaves and Flooding Versus Ecological Revegetation That Combines Planting and Succession

Studies simulating the large-scale afforestation of the African Sahel constantly find warning signals of increased risk of extreme temperatures and heatwaves resulting from changes in albedo and latent heat flow. We review the afforestation measures underlying three simulation studies, together with a restoration model in which compartments are formed by greenbelts to enable succession of savanna vegetation, protected from hot wind and drought. Savanna-like vegetation (around 20% woody plants) will show bright reflective surface and drying of leaves during dry season rather than constant green color, with very different impact on albedo and temperatures. We derive that the simulated risks of extreme heat and flooding from rain will strongly depend on species, shape and density of the new vegetation. Ecological restoration concepts are expected to mitigate or prevent such restoration related climatic risks. Compact afforestation of the Sahel does not appear to be necessary or feasible. A restoration model based on compartmentalization and the protected succession of diverse, climatically adaptable vegetation could also be used in populated drylands, as a sustainable and temperature balancing solution to desertification.

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.

Dynamic Monitoring of Plant Cover and Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing, Mathematical Modeling, Computer Simulation and GIS Techniques

Dynamic monitoring of plant cover and soil erosion often uses remote sensing data, especially for estimating the plant cover rate (vegetation coverage) by vegetation index. However, the latter is influenced by atmospheric effects and methods for correcting them are still imperfect and disputed. This research supposed and practiced an indirect, fast, and operational method to conduct atmospheric correction of images for getting comparable vegetation index values in different times. It tries to find a variable free from atmospheric effects, e.g., the mean vegetation coverage value of the whole study area, as a basis to reduce atmospheric correction parameters by establishing mathematical models and conducting simulation calculations. Using these parameters, the images can be atmospherically corrected. And then, the vegetation index and corresponding vegetation coverage values for all pixels, the vegetation coverage maps and coverage grade maps for different years were calculated, i.e., the plant cover monitoring was realized. Using the vegetation coverage grade maps and the ground slope grade map from a DEM to generate soil erosion grade maps for different years, the soil erosion monitoring was also realized. The results show that in the study area the vegetation coverage was the lowest in 1976, much better in 1989, but a bit worse again in 2001. Towards the soil erosion, it had been mitigated continuously from 1976 to 1989 and then to 2001. It is interesting that a little decrease of vegetation coverage from 1989 to 2001 did not lead to increase of soil erosion. The reason is that the decrease of vegetation coverage was chiefly caused by urbanization and thus mainly occurred in very gentle terrains, where soil erosion was naturally slight. The results clearly indicate the details of plant cover and soil erosion change in 25 years and also offer a scientific foundation for plant and soil conservation.

Vegetation Evolution with Degenerating Soil Ecology Under Unequal Competition

A vegetation evolution model influenced by a degeneration of soil ecological functions was set up. Three ideal communities of a) trees, b) shrubs, and c) herbage populations were first simulated. Then numerical simulations of the evolutionary and developmental processes of a natural forest community, which is composed of over 100 species,were conducted. Results of the study showed that a) in all communities, soil degeneration not only drove some weaker species to extinction, but also a few dominant ones; b) there were different response scales with species in an ideal tree metapopulation that could persist as long as a thousand years, with shrubs in an ideal shrub metapopulation that could persevere for several hundred years, and with species in an ideal herbage metapopulation that could become extinct within 10 years; and c) each metapopulation experienced three evolutionary stages during adaptation to the environment: a) the stage of compelled adaptation or resistance, b) the adjusted stage, and c) the stabilized stage.

Effects of a Low-Head Dam Removal on River Morphology and Riparian Vegetation: A Case Study of Gongreung River

The long term existence of a low-head dam in the river channel significantly affects river geomorphology and river ecosystem. Because more and more low-head dam structures have deteriorated in recent years, the attention for low-head dam removal is increasing as one of alternatives for river restoration. Thus, this study intends to investigate the impacts of low-head dam removal on river geomorphology and riparian vegetation with developing a quantitative method to predict the changes of river morphology as well as invasion, growth, expansion and destruction of riparian vegetation after a low-head dam removal. To verify the numerical simulation model, the low-head dam removal case in Gongreung River was employed with investigation of low-head dam removal responses on river geomorphology and riparian vegetation. Following the low-head dam removal, the results of monitoring and numerical simulation indicated that new sand bars has formed as well as increasing the extent of existing sand bars in the upstream of the low-head dam. The sand bars have been colonized in a year after the low-head dam removal by grass type plants. After a decade to several decades, the riparian vegetation in sand bars often developed to tree type plants in several low-head dam removal cases. As other cases, Gongreung River also showed the growth of tree type plants in 5 years after the removal.

Growth simulation of Fraxinus chinensis stands damaged by Hyphandria cunea in Beijing area

Hyphandria cunea is an insect that can damage hundreds of plants in its larval phase and needs to be placed under quarantine at an international level. Its hosts involve 600 plant species, including forest and fruit trees, shrubs, crops, vegetables, weeds and others. In 2006, we surveyed two Fraxinus chinensis Roxb stands, damaged to different degrees, after the invasion of H. cunea in the Changping district of the Beijing area. Given our survey of individual trees and investigation of bio-environmental factors, we pro-vide a preliminarily simulation of the growth situation of F. chinensis stands, damaged by H. cunea, by using the Forest Vegetation Simulator software （FVS）, which is supported by the ＂948＂ project from the State Forestry Administration of China. The results will provide a valuable reference in forecasting the effect of H. cunea and other invasive pests in China on forest ecological values.

A paleo-hydrological simulation experiment and its verification in an inland basin

Hydrological circulation,as the most basic material cycle and active natural phenomenon on earth,exerts a significant in fluence on climate change.The mid-Holocene is an important period to better understand modern environmental change;however,little research has focused on its quantitative simulation of paleo-hydrological process.In this research,we first collected chronological evidence and sediment records from six Holocene sedimentary sections in the Shiyang River Ba sin to reconstruct the mid-Holocene environment and terminal paleo-lake area.Secondly,we comprehensively analyzed modern pollen combinations and their propagation characteristics in surface soil,air,river and lacustrine sediments in the Shiyang River Basin,and combined the pollen records,as well as quantitatively reconstructed the millennial-scale vegeta tion zones.Finally,based on the land-cover adjustment results during the mid-Holocene,we successfully used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model,a modern distributed hydrological watershed model,to simulate mid-Holocene runoff in the basin.Results show that the reconstructed climate in the basin was warmer and moister than that in recent times.Vegetation types in the mid-Holocene mainly consisted of sub-alpine shrub distributed between 2,550 m and 2,750 m,forest at an elevation of 2,550 2,750 m,steppe at an elevation of 1,550 2,150 m and desert steppe below 1,550 m.The up stream,midstream,downstream and average annual runoff of the mid-Holocene in the basin were 16.76×10^8 m^3,22.86×10^8 m^3,9.00×10^8 m^3 and 16.20×10^8 m^3 respectively,compared to 15.61×10^8 m^3 of modern annual runoff.Also,the area of terminal paleo-lake in the mid-Holocene was 628 km^2.Thus,this study provides a new quantitative method for paleo-hy drological simulation.

Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Main Nutritional Indicators of Three Leafy Vegetables

The purpose of this paper was to identify content changes in the main nutritional indicators of three common leafy vegetables, and to provide a theoretical basis for the protection of leafy vegetables from acid rain. The experiment investigated the effects of simulated acid rain on four main nutritional indicators, including soluble sugar, total free amino acid, soluble protein and vitamin C during the application of simulated acid rain(SAR) in pakchoi(Brassica rapa chinensis), rape(Brassica campestris L.) and lettuce(Lactuca sativa Linn. var. ramosa Hort). The vegetables were respectively exposed to SAR of pH=7.0, 5.6, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0 and a control level of pH=6.5. The concentrations of the four main nutritional indicators were determined at harvest. The results show that nutritional quality of the three leafy vegetable species decreased with the declining of pH values of SAR. The higher the acidity of SAR was, the more significant the inhibitions were. Nutritional quality of lettuce was the most affected by simulated acid rain, followed by pakchoi and rape. The change range of soluble protein content was higher than those of the other three indicators’ contents, which indicates that soluble protein is most sensitive to simulated acid rain.

Simulation of energy and water balance in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer system in the mountain area of Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China

In the mountain area of inland Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China during the vegetation growing season from May to September, the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) system is applied to simulating and studying energy and water balance of the soil-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope and the grassland at the sun-facing slope. The simulation of energy balance indicates that net radiation of the grass- land at the sun-facing slope is more than that of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. The energy outgoing components are the first latent heat and next sensible heat from the grassland both at the shaded slope and the sun-facing slope, but those at the former are less. The energy outgoing components are the first sensible heat and next latent heat from the Picea crassifolia forest. The composition and distribution of energy in the soil-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope make the soil layer receive less energy, which therefore, especially the forest possesses the energy conditions for soil water conservation. The simulation of water balance indicates that the water loss of the grassland at the sun-facing slope is mainly caused by soil evaporation, while evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is less than that of the grassland at the sun-facing slope. Half of the evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is consumed by transpiration. After precipitation, the soil water storage is increased much more for the Picea crassifolia forest and also more for the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. Therefore the shaded slope vegetation, especially the forest is favorable for soil water storage.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION COVER FACTOR ON BOUNDARY LAYER CLIMATE IN SEMI-ARID REGION

A numerical model has been developed for simulating land-surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer climate of vegetation and desert in semi-arid region.Dynamically,thermal and hydrological processes take place in the atmospheric boundary layer.Vegetation and surface layer of soil are included in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere coupled system,in which,vegetation is considered as a horizontally uniform layer,soil is divided into 13 layers and the horizontal differences of variables in the system are neglected.The influence of local boundary layer climate by vegetation cover factor is simulated with the coupled model in the semi-arid region of Northwest China (around 38°N,105°E).Results indicate that due to significant differences of water and energy budgets in vegetation and desert region,the air is colder and wetter over the vegetation and correspondingly an obvious local circulation in the lower atmosphere is formed. Simulating results also show that maximum updraft and downdraft occur around the vegetation-desert marginal area,where the dynamical and thermodynamical properties of PBL (Planetary Boundary Layer) are uncontinuous.It is stronger at daytime,weaker and reverse at nighttime.In the simulation,the moisture inversion phenomena are analyzed.Finally.the influences of vegetation cover factor exchange on local boundary layer climate are simulated.The simulating results bring to light that water may be conserved and improved by developing tree planting and afforestation,and improving cover factor of vegetation in local ecoenvironment,and this is an important way of transforming local climate in arid and semi-arid area.Results indicate that the coupled model can be used to study the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction and local boundary layer climate.

Effects of Dynamic Vegetation on Global Climate Simulation Using the NCEP GFS and SSiB4/TRIFFID

Two global experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of dynamic vegetation processes on numerical climate simulations from 1948 to 2008.The NCEP Global Forecast System(GFS)was coupled with a biophysical model,the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model(SSi B)version 2(GFS/SSi B2),and it was also coupled with a biophysical and dynamic vegetation model,SSi B version 4/Top-down Representation of Interactive Foliage and Flora Including Dynamics(TRIFFID)(GFS/SSi B4/TRIFFID).The effects of dynamic vegetation processes on the simulation of precipitation,near-surface temperature,and the surface energy budget were identified on monthly and annual scales by assessing the GFS/SSi B4/TRIFFID and GFS/SSi B2 results against the satellite-derived leaf area index(LAI)and albedo and the observed land surface temperature and precipitation.The results show that compared with the GFS/SSiB2 model,the temporal correlation coefficients between the globally averaged monthly simulated LAI and the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System(GIMMS)/Global Land Surface Satellite(GLASS)LAI in the GFS/SSi B4/TRIFFID simulation increased from 0.31/0.29(SSiB2)to 0.47/0.46(SSiB4).The correlation coefficients between the simulated and observed monthly mean near-surface air temperature increased from 0.50(Africa),0.35(Southeast Asia),and 0.39(South America)to 0.56,0.41,and 0.44,respectively.The correlation coefficients between the simulated and observed monthly mean precipitation increased from 0.19(Africa),0.22(South Asia),and 0.22(East Asia)to 0.25,0.27,and 0.28,respectively.The greatest improvement occurred over arid and semiarid areas.The spatiotemporal variability and changes in vegetation and ground surface albedo modeled by the GFS with a dynamic vegetation model were more consistent with the observations.The dynamic vegetation processes contributed to the surface energy and water balance and in turn,improved the annual variations in the simulated regional temperature and precipitation.The dynamic vegetation processes had the greatest influence on the spatiotemporal changes in the latent heat flux.This study shows that dynamic vegetation processes in earth system models significantly improve simulations of the climate mean status.

ANALYSIS OF SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS AMONG DIFFERENT SENSORS BY USE OF SIMULATED RS IMAGES

This research,by use of RS image_simulating method,simulated apparent reflectance images at sensor level and ground_reflectance images of SPOT_HRV,CBERS_CCD,Landsat_TM and NOAA14_AVHRR’s corresponding bands.These images were used to analyze sensor’s differences caused by spectral sensitivity and atmospheric impacts.The differences were analyzed on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).The results showed that the differences of sensors’ spectral characteristics cause changes of their NDVI and reflectance.When multiple sensors’ data are applied to digital analysis,the error should be taken into account.Atmospheric effect makes NDVI smaller,and atmospheric correction has the tendency of increasing NDVI values.The reflectance and their NDVIs of different sensors can be used to analyze the differences among sensor’s features.The spectral analysis method based on RS simulated images can provide a new way to design the spectral characteristics of new sensors.

Comparison of Simulated Backscattering Signal and ALOS PALSAR Backscattering over Arid Environment Using Experimental Measurement

The purpose of this paper is to simulate the backscattered signal by experimental data and field working then, comparing with the backscattered signal from actual L-band SAR data over arid to semi-arid environments. The experimental data included the laboratory-measured dielectric constant of soil samples and the roughness parameter. A backscattering model used to simulate the backscattering coefficient in sparse vegetation land cover. The backscattering coefficient (σ0) simulated using the AIEM (advanced integral equation model) based on the experimental data. The roughness data were considered by the field observation, chain method measuring and photogrammetry simulation technique by stereo image of ground real photography. The simulated backscattering coefficients were compared with the real extracted backscattering coefficient (σ0) from the ALOS PALSAR single and dual polarization mode data. The most problem in backscattering simulation was the vegetation water content. Therefore, the water-cloud model using the water index result of optical data applied on the simulated backscatter model for enhancement the backscattering heterogeneity from vegetation water contents due to the mix pixel of vegetation in spars vegetation. At the results the AIEM model overestimated the backscattering simulation, it might be cause of high sensitivity of this model to roughness. The ALOS PALSAR HV polarization mode is more sensitive than the HH mode to vegetation water content. The water-cloud model could improve the result and the correlation function of the samples was increased but, the difficulties were the input the A and B parameters to model.

Numerical simulation of the effects of global warming on vegetation in Asia

The response of vegetation to global warming is closely related to human living environment,and uncertainty in understanding the response remains.This study aims to investigate the effects of CO_(2),temperature and precipitation changes under global warming on natural vegetation in Asia.The biophysical/dynamic vegetation model SSiB4/TRIFFID was employed to perform numerical experiments under different climate scenarios for Asia using the Princeton global forcing dataset(1948–2006).The results showed that precipitation and CO_(2) were the key factors for vegetation growth.The effect of temperature on natural vegetation varied among the study regions.Generally,an increase in temperature was conducive to vegetation growth in eastern Asia,but not in the arid and semi-arid areas of western Asia.In arid and semi-arid areas or in the vicinity of desert,the forcing effects of temperature,precipitation and CO_(2) were more remarkable,which led to a noticeable change in the area of bare land.In terms of the distribution of vegetation species,the above forcing had a greater impact on shrubs,C3 grasses and C4 plants,but less of an impact on broadleaf and coniferous forest.It was also found that,although there was a notable positive correlation between precipitation and vegetation leaf area index in northern high latitudes,the vegetation cover did not increase with precipitation,which was countered by the negative effect of surface cooling in summer.

果蔬隧道式气流冲击干燥流场模拟及其设备结构优化

为解决隧道式气流冲击干燥设备中风速流场不均匀的问题,利用计算流体动力学对气流冲击干燥过程的流场进行模拟分析,提出2种改进方案,并且每种方案选择9组模型,通过对比分析每组模型的速度均匀性和流场分布情况,以速度不均匀性为指标,得到结构参数为高度H=630 mm、半径R=60 mm圆柱扰流装置,并在此基础上,进行气流分配口大小调整,将上层和下层气流分配口调整为25 mm,中层气流分配口调整为20 mm的模型为最优结构。最优结构气流分配口速度不均匀系数减小到20.4%,物料层截面速度不均匀系数减小到16.89%,极大地改善气流冲击干燥的均匀性。对改进的模型进行试验验证,模拟值与试验测量值的相对误差均在11%以内。研究为相关干燥设备的结构优化提供参考。

考虑植被根系深度动态变化的VIC径流模拟模型

为了提高干旱半干旱地区植被变化影响下的水文模型模拟精度,结合植物根系的垂直分布与气候、土壤条件,提出了基于流域气象和土壤性质等下垫面特征的流域根系平均深度估算方法,以黄土高原地区无定河流域为例,构建了考虑植被根系深度动态变化的可变下渗容量(VIC)径流模拟模型(VIC-DR模型)。将该模型径流模拟结果与有汇流演算的VIC模型(VIC-R模型)结果进行比较。结果表明:与VIC-R模型相比,VIC-DR模型模拟精度显著提高,VIC-DR模型对无定河流域月尺度、日尺度径流量模拟结果的纳什效率系数分别提高了10.6%和8.7%,相对误差分别下降了15.4%和5.1%,与实测值相关系数均大于0.6;VIC-DR模型的模拟结果符合流域实际情况,模型适用性良好。

大棚用蔬菜移苗栽种一体机设计

蔬菜钵苗自动化移栽技术可以解放生产力,提高效率,进而获得更大的经济收益。为适应我国新疆区域大棚蔬菜种植的情况,文中提出了一种钵苗移栽装置原型机方案。整机采用X-Y横纵向移动机构实现带动仿手指形夹板有效运动从而完成夹取苗过程,并采用杠杆原理设计双鸭嘴式定点竖直打孔下苗结构。该装置实现了取苗、打孔和栽苗的一体化操作,集成度较高。