杜鹃花科Vaccinium wardii Adamson的订正(英文)

通过对模式标本和原始文献的研究,确认Vaccinium wardiiAdamson是红粉白珠(Gaultheria hookeri C.B.Clarke)的异名,而不是乌鸦果(Vaccinium fragile Franch.)的异名。

乌饭树(Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.)的民族植物学

论述中国古代本草关于乌饭树（ＶａｃｉｎｉｕｍｂｒａｃｔｅａｔｕｍＴｈｕｎｂ．）的名称与药效的记载以及现代对乌饭树及同属植物的研究和利用。认为乌饭树自古以来便是黑色保健食品的原料和滋补强壮药，从其枝叶中提取天然黑色素用于保健事业值得进一步开发和利用。

Preventive effect of a pectic polysaccharide of the common cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos L. on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice

AIM： To study isolation and chemical characterization of pectin derived from the common cranberry Vaccin/um oxycoccos L. （oxycoccusan OP） and the testing of its preventive effect on experimental colitis. METHODS： Mice were administrated orally with OP two days prior to a rectal injection of 5% acetic acid and examined for colonic damage 24 h later. Colonic inflammation was characterized by macroscopical injury and enhanced levels of myeloperoxidase activity measured spectrophotometrically with o-phenylene diamine as the substrate. The mucus contents of the colon were determined by the Alcian blue dye binding method. Vascular permeability was estimated using 4% Evans blue passage after i.p. injection of 0.05 mol/L acetic acid. RESULTS： In the mice treated with OP, colonic macroscopic scores （1.1 ± 0.4 vs 2.7, P 〈 0.01） and the total square area of damage （10 ± 2 vs 21 ± 7, P 〈 0.01） were significantly reduced when compared with the vehicle-treated colitis group. OP was shown to decrease the tissue myeloperoxidase activity in colons （42 ± 11 vs 112 ± 40, P 〈 0.01） and enhance the amount of mucus of colitis mice （0.9 ± 0.1 vs 0.4 ± 0.1, P 〈 0.01）. The level of colonic malondialdehyde was noted to decrease in OP-pretreated mice （3.6 ± 0.7 vs 5.1 ± 0.8, P 〈 0.01）. OP was found to decrease the inflammatory status of mice as was determined by reduction of vascular permeability （161 ± 34 vs 241 ± 21, P 〈 0.01）. Adhesion of peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages was also shown to decrease after administration of OP （141 ± 50 vs 235 ± 37, P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Thus, a preventive effect of pectin from the common cranberry, namely oxycoccusan OP, on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice was detected. A reduction of neutrophil infiltration and antioxidant action may be implicated in the protective effect of oxycoccusan.

An Approach for Micropropagation of Blueberry (<i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>L.) Plants Mediated by Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs)

A new procedure for blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) micropropagation in programmed Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs based on two separate bottles) was developed for the commercial genotypes Biloxi, Sharp Blue and Brillita. Plant cultures were developed in a controlled environment with 0.4 MPa CO2 enrichment, sucrose-reduced medium, and light intensity of 60 mM m-2·s-1. Principal component analysis showed that component 1 (C1) grouped 64.08% of the total variability, while the first two components accounted for 86.97%. Representation of the principal components demonstrated three clusters corresponding with the blueberry genotypes, and within each cluster plants micropropagated in agar-base medium grouped separately from those plants multiplied in TIBs. Both plant number and total internodes traits (related to the productive efficiency) were demonstrated superior in blueberries propagated in TIBs. Additionally, when transferred to greenhouse conditions, blueberries propagated in TIBs showed higher adaptability and growing rates than those cultured by the conventional approach, altogether evidencing the occurrence of a photomixotrophic stage in the vitroplantlets cultured in TIBs.

Key Technology of In-vitro Culture for a New Vaccinium uliginosum Cultivar Zishuijing

Objective] This study aimed to discuss the key technology of in-vitro cul-ture for a new Vaccinium uliginosum cultivar Zishuijing. [Method] Through the screen-ing and optimization of sterilization method for explants, sampling time, multiplication, nursing and rooting culture, a matching clone propagation system was established for the new Vaccinium uliginosum cultivar Zishuijing. [Result] The explants were sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 for 3 min; the differentiation and multiplication medium of Zishuijing was composed of WPM （modified）, 6-BA （1.0 mg/L） and ZT （1.0 MG/L）; the rootless tube seedlings were transplanted in organic matrix （sawdust∶bark∶peat=1∶1∶1） in September and cultured at air relative humidity of 80%-90% and temperature of 20-25 ℃, and after 50 d, the rooting rate reached 72.4%. [Conclusion] The key technol-ogy of in-vitro culture for the new Vaccinium uliginosum cultivar Zishuijing was estab-lished, thereby providing technical support for large-scale industrialized seedling pro-duction of Zishuijing.

Study on Efficient Multiplication of Blueberry(Vaccinium corymbosum)Plantlets in Swinging type Temporary Immersion Bioreactors System(S-TIBs)

The swinging type temporary immersion bioreactors system （S-TTBs） is a kind of new and advanced method of tissue culture. The efficient multiplica- tion technology of blueberry （ Vaccinium corymbosum） plantlets in S-TTBs was systematically studied through L9 （3^4） orthogonal experiment with three factors （culture medimn volmne, swing angle, and inoculation density） and completely randomized experiment with two factors （swing frequency and immersion time）. The results showed that the optimal culture parameters were set as follows： the culture medium volume of 250 nil/bottle, the swing angle at 45 ° , and the inoculation density of 60 plantlets/bottle. The optimal swing frequency was 1 time/6 h, and the immersion time was set as 60 s.

High-strength collagen/delphinidin film incorporated with Vaccinium oxycoccus pigment for active and intelligent food packaging

This study developed an active and intelligent collagen-based packaging film with high strength for visually monitoring the freshness of fish.The results of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the film based on cross-linked collagen/delphinidin catalyzed by laccase exhibited a denser layer structure and a rougher surface.The dry and wet tensile strengths of the laccase-catalyzed collagen/delphinidin film(Col/Dp-LA film)increased by 41.74 MPa and 13.13 MPa in comparison with that of the pure collagen film,respectively.Moreover,the Col/Dp-LA film presented good antioxidant and barrier properties demonstrated by the results of free radical scavenging rate,light transmission rate,and water vapor permeability.The intelligent collagen-based film was obtained by incorporating Vaccinium oxycoccus pigment into the Col/Dp-LA film,which could change color under different pH values.When applied to the preservation offish fillets,the film could release Dp to minimize oxidative rancidity and prolong the shelf life of the fish for 2 days.Meanwhile,the film showed visual color changes from purplish-red to greyish-blue after the fish spoilage.These results indicated that the collagen film treated with delphinidin,laccase,and Vaccinium oxycoccus pigment has potential application value in the field of active and intelligent food packaging.

融合Transformer和LSTM的蓝莓根区土壤含水量预测模型

针对土壤含水量预测模型存在难以解决非线性复杂特征、易陷入局部极小值等问题,构建融合Transformer和LSTM的土壤含水量深度学习预测模型(Transformer-LSTM)。采集山东省青岛市黄岛区丁家寨村蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)生产区冷棚与露天2个站点的蓝莓根区土壤和气象数据作为建模数据,根据皮尔逊相关性和偏自相关性分析选择模型的数据输入特征与输入长度,与单一的Transformer模型和LSTM模型进行对比分析,评估模型对土壤含水量的预测性能。结果表明,Transformer-LSTM模型在预测精度上均优于单一的Transformer模型和LSTM模型,Transformer-LSTM模型的平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、决定系数(R^(2))分别为0.245 9、0.572 0、0.012 1、0.960 6。Transformer-LSTM模型可以更全面地提取蓝莓种植环境因子输入序列中的特征信息,有效提升土壤含水量因子预测精度和水平。

基于均匀试验设计的3种浆果花色苷体外协同抗氧化研究

本研究旨在探究3种浆果花色苷的协同抗氧化活性,以DPPH自由基清除率为评价指标,采用均匀试验设计法优化3种浆果花色苷协同抗氧化组合。经过统计分析和数学回归模型拟合得到最优组合:笃斯越橘花色苷(DP)、黑加仑花色苷(HP)、蓝靛果花色苷(LP)最佳浓度分别为0.08 mg/mL、0.14 mg/mL和0.18 mg/mL,对DPPH自由基的实际清除率为(97.67±0.51)%,接近理论期望值100%,说明模型优选的组合具有可行性。通过协同效应分析,优选组合清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基的协同效应指数CI值分别为0.297和0.651,进一步说明DP、HP、LP3种浆果花色苷具有显著协同抗氧化效果。研究成果可为天然抗氧剂及小浆果功能产品研发提供依据。

蓝莓ABF转录因子VcABF2基因的克隆与表达分析

ABF(ABRE binding factors)转录因子是能够特异识别ABA响应元件(ABA-responsive element,ABRE)的一类碱性亮氨酸拉链蛋白,参与调控ABA响应基因的表达,在植物响应非生物胁迫的过程中具有重要作用。为获得蓝莓ABF转录因子基因序列,本研究通过同源比对和RT-PCR技术,从蓝莓品种‘蓝丰’中克隆得到ABF转录因子基因VcABF2(GenBank登录号:MZ516811)。序列分析表明VcABF2基因全长为1302 bp,编码377个氨基酸,相对分子质量为40.89 kD,理论等电点(pI)为9.46。生物信息学预测结果显示VcABF2蛋白定位于细胞核,为不稳定的亲水蛋白,含有bZIP转录因子家族保守结构域。系统发育分析结果表明,VcABF2蛋白与甜杨、拟南芥的ABF蛋白聚为一支。进一步以VcGAPDH为内参基因,实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,VcABF2受盐胁迫的诱导上调表达。本研究为探索VcABF2响应盐胁迫的分子机制提供了理论依据。

果用乌饭树浆果性状及内含物的种源变异研究

为探明果用乌饭树的浆果性状及内含物种源变异,为优良果用乌饭树品种选育与遗传改良提供科学依据。在乌饭树浆果自然成熟季节,采集了福建、江西、浙江等地20个种源野生浆果进行表型性状与内含物测定分析。结果表明:1)不同种源乌饭树浆果表型直径存在显著差异,20个种源乌饭树浆果平均直径为5.67 mm,最大为8.07 mm,最小为3.27 mm。2)乌饭树浆果内含物主要为可溶性糖类、氨基酸、蛋白质、矿物质和维生素,其含量平均分别为156.12 mg/g、21.99 mg/g、8.45 mg/g、0.92 mg/g、0.78 mg/g,不同种源间差异显著,内含物中酸度平均为7.21 mg/g,呈现出随纬度的升高和内陆性的增强而增加的趋势。3)不同种源乌饭树浆果表型直径与可溶性糖类、蛋白质含量呈正相关关系,但与氨基酸、维生素含量及酸度呈负相关关系。研究结果为果用乌饭树的品种选育与遗传改良及深度开发利用提供了理论参考。

鄂州市蓝莓种植气象条件及主要气象灾害分析

为保障鄂州市蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)优质高产栽培,利用鄂州国家气象观测站1959-2022年的数据,依据蓝莓生长发育所需气象条件,分析鄂州市蓝莓生育期温度、水分、光照条件及主要气象灾害的可能影响。结果表明,鄂州市温度、水分和光照条件较好,适宜蓝莓生长;霜冻、低温冷害对鄂州市蓝莓生长影响不大;鄂州市低温连阴雨天气较多,对蓝莓生长不利,应提前采取相应措施;高温热害和极端大风对蓝莓果园有一定影响,需重点防范。应重点针对低温连阴雨、高温热害和大风等气象灾害进行预报预警,使蓝莓种植户能及时采取有效措施,规避或减轻灾害损失。

秋季剪梢对温室蓝莓芽分化及内源激素的影响

花芽分化是蓝莓开花结实的基础,秋季剪梢是温室蓝莓栽培管理中的重要措施之一,可有效调节其花芽分化。为探明秋季剪梢对温室蓝莓花芽分化及期间芽中内源激素变化的影响,于秋季对日光温室内5年生北高丛‘M7’蓝莓树体上的健旺直立枝条进行剪梢处理,以未剪梢为对照。在明确2种处理下新梢腋芽花芽分化差异的基础上,分析未剪新梢上、中部腋芽与剪梢后的新梢上部腋芽中赤霉素(gibberellin A_(3),GA_(3))、生长素(indoleacetic acid,IAA)、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)和玉米素(zeatin,ZT)含量以及IAA/ABA、ABA/ZT的比值变化。结果表明,与未剪梢相比,剪梢处理明显加快了温室蓝莓花芽分化的进程,花芽数量和花芽率分别显著提高4和7倍,花芽直径显著提高78.26%;剪梢处理上部芽中的GA_(3)含量在其成花诱导期较未剪梢显著降低32.74%,而后花器官原基形成时期又持续升高,且显著高于未剪新梢上、中部芽内GA_(3)含量;剪梢处理上部芽内的IAA含量在其成花诱导期显著高于未剪梢中部芽,却显著低于未剪梢上部芽,在其花器官原基形成期显著低于未剪梢中部腋芽。在剪梢后留存新梢的上部腋芽成花诱导过程中,ABA与IAA呈极显著正相关关系,且ABA/ZT值先大幅升高,且显著高于未剪梢中部芽;而在剪梢上部芽的花器官原基形成过程中,IAA/ABA的值均高于未剪枝中部芽。即秋季剪梢处理通过先大幅降低芽内GA_(3)和ZT的含量、升高IAA含量并提升ABA/ZT的比值来诱导温室蓝莓花芽分化并加快其花芽分化进程,而后通过提高GA_(3)含量、降低IAA含量,并维持较高的IAA/ABA值来促进温室蓝莓花器官原基的发育。以上结果为探讨秋季剪梢对蓝莓花芽分化的作用机理及温室蓝莓花芽分化的调控提供理论依据和技术支撑。

樟叶越橘化学成分及其生物活性研究进展

综述了樟叶越橘中分离得到的化学成分,主要为熊果苷类衍生物、糖苷类及酚酸类化合物,并介绍了主要成分的提取和含量测定方法,总结了樟叶越橘化学成分的抗氧化、抑制黑色素生成、抑制酪氨酸酶活性以及抗炎、保肝、降血脂、抗血栓、降血糖、抗病毒和防治果蔬灰霉病等生物活性。探讨了樟叶越橘在保健品、日化品、药品以及果蔬保鲜等领域的开发应用潜力,并对未来的研究提出了展望,以期为樟叶越橘的深入研究和可持续利用提供参考。

不同蓝莓品种幼苗氮素利用效率和适宜施氮水平分析

为筛选蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)氮高效品种及探究不同蓝莓品种幼苗的适宜施氮水平,本研究以长江流域4个蓝莓主栽品种‘莱格西’(‘Legacy’)、‘绿宝石’(‘Emerald’)、‘优瑞卡’(‘Eureka’)和‘蓝美1号’(‘Lanmei 1’)为实验材料,通过盆栽实验,设置不施氮(0.000 g·kg^(-1))、低氮(0.214 g·kg^(-1))、中氮(0.429 g·kg^(-1))和高氮(0.857 g·kg^(-1))4个处理,分析不同施氮水平下不同蓝莓品种幼苗农艺性状及氮素利用效率的差异。结果显示:‘莱格西’和‘绿宝石’属于低氮高效型,‘优瑞卡’属于中氮高效型,‘蓝美1号’属于氮高效型。随着施氮水平的提高,4个蓝莓品种幼苗的单株干质量增加量,株高,冠幅,基径,叶片叶绿素相对含量,根、茎、叶和单株氮素增加量,以及单株磷素增加量总体呈上升趋势;单株分枝数和单株钾素增加量呈先上升后趋于稳定的变化趋势;氮素效率、氮素吸收效率和氮素生理利用效率总体呈先上升后下降的变化趋势;根冠比则总体呈下降趋势。相关性分析结果显示:在不施氮和3个施氮水平下,蓝莓幼苗的氮素效率与单株干质量增加量、茎氮素增加量、单株氮素增加量、单株磷素增加量、单株钾素增加量、氮素吸收效率均呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。综合分析结果表明:‘蓝美1号’为氮高效品种,可作为氮高效遗传改良种质资源;单株干质量增加量可作为蓝莓氮素利用效率评价的重要指标;氮高效品种‘蓝美1号’和中氮高效品种‘优瑞卡’幼苗的推荐施氮水平为0.429 g·kg^(-1),低氮高效品种‘莱格西’和‘绿宝石’幼苗的推荐施氮水平为0.214 g·kg^(-1)。

长白山北坡不同海拔笃斯越橘种群年龄结构、动态特征及保育建议

以长白山北坡野生笃斯越橘(Vaccinium uliginosum L.)为研究对象,采用梯度格局法设置标准地,调查海拔800、1 000、1 200、1 400、2 200 m野生笃斯越橘种群数量,通过静态生命表、存活曲线、死亡率和消失率曲线综合分析种群数量动态变化规律。结果表明:1)长白山北坡野生笃斯越橘繁育期(龄级Ⅱ和Ⅲ)、繁育前期(龄级Ⅰ)和繁育后期(龄级Ⅳ)个体数占比分别为87.0%、11.9%和1.1%,符合年龄金字塔第二类型特征。2)龄级Ⅱ的基株个体数占比在各海拔均为最高,其中,海拔800 m和1 400 m分别达81.0%和71.3%;龄级Ⅰ在海拔1 000 m的个体数占比最高(15.2%);龄级Ⅳ在海拔800 m的个体数占比最高,但仅为2.2%,在1 400、2 200 m几乎为0,因此,基株整体呈稳定型。繁育期的分株个体数占比随海拔升高而升高,整体呈稳定型,但海拔1 400 m龄级Ⅰ分株个体数占比最高,达68.0%;龄级Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的占比分别为31.0%、1.0%和0,因此,该海拔的分株为增长型种群。3)基株种群的存活曲线在各海拔均呈DeeveyⅠ型凸曲线,死亡率随龄级增加逐渐下降;分株种群存活曲线在1 400 m介于DeeveyⅠ型和DeeveyⅡ型之间,其他海拔均为DeeveyⅠ型,死亡率随龄级增加呈先升高后降低趋势。4)幼龄种群储备不足以及繁育期高死亡率是长白山笃斯越橘种群趋于衰退的主要原因,建议重点保护生命力旺盛的幼龄植株,在繁育期死亡率较高的海拔区段严格管理,控制人为过度采摘和生境破坏。同时,深入探究笃斯越橘繁殖特性与人工更新技术,提高对野生笃斯越橘的生态保护意识。

Anthocyanins extracted from Chinese blueberry （Vaccinium uliginosum L.） and its anticancer effects on DLD-1 and COLO205 cells

Background Vaccinium uliginosum L. is a type of blueberry found in the Chinese Changbai Mountains. We extracted Vaccinium uliginosum Anthocyanins （Av.uli） to investigate its bioactivity on suppressing cancer cells. Methods Av.lli was extracted under different conditions of temperature （10℃-35℃）, pH 1.0-3.0, and diatomaceous earth （1.0 g-3.0 g）, followed by a HPLC analysis for the determination of the ingredients. Its anticancer bioactivities on human colon and colorectal cancer cells （DLD-1 and COLO205） were compared with those on Lonicera caerulea Anthocyanins （AL.cae） and Vaccinium myrtillus Anthocyanins （Av.myr）, using cell viability assays, DNA electrophoresis and nuclear morphology assays. Results The optimum process of Av.uli extraction involved conditions of temperature 20℃, pH 2.0, and diatomaceous earth 1.0 g/50 g of fruit weight. Av.uli contained 5 main components： delphinidin （40.70±1.72）%, cyanidin （3.40±0.68）%, petunidin （17.70±0.54）%, peonidin （2.90±0.63）% and malvidin （35.50±1.11）%. The malvidin percentage was significantly higher （P 〈0.05） than it in Av.myr. Av.uli complied with a dose-dependent repression of cancer cell proliferation with an IC50 （50% inhibitory concentration） value of 50 μg/ml, and showed greater anticancer efficiency than AL. cae and Av. myr under the same cell treatment conditions. These observations were further supported by the results of nuclear assays. Conclusions The extraction protocol and conditions we used were effective for anthocyanin extraction. Av.uli could be a feasible practical research tool and a promising therapeutic source to suppress human colon or colorectal cancers.

越橘原花青素的提取及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以越橘干果为原料,采用超声波辅助双酶酶解法提取越橘原花青素,以越橘原花青素得率作为评价指标,研究料液比、纤维素酶与果胶酶质量比、酶解pH、酶解时间和超声时间对越橘原花青素得率的影响。单因素试验和响应面法优化获得越橘原花青素提取条件为:料液比1∶30(g/mL),纤维素酶与果胶酶质量比为1∶1.2,酶解pH 5.0,酶解时间90 min,超声时间50 min,该条件下提取的越橘原花青素得率为9.38%;越橘原花青素具有较强的抗氧化活性,其对羟自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的最高清除率分别为97.84%、96.47%和94.47%,半数抑制浓度IC50分别为0.354、0.394、0.387 mg/L,对三者的清除能力均高于抗坏血酸。

Diversity of root-associated fungi of Vaccinium mandarinorum along a human disturbance gradient in subtropical forests,China

Aims Ericaceous plant species can host diverse fungi in their roots,including ericoid mycorrhizal fungi(ERMF),endophytes,pathogens and some species with unknown functions.However,how this diversity of fungi responds to different human disturbances is not well understood.Methods In this study,we examined the effects of different human disturbance on fungal diversity in hair roots of Vaccinium mandarinorum,an ericaceous plant.Fungal DNA was extracted from hair roots of V.mandarinorum and high-throughput sequencing was applied to detect the diversity of root-associated fungi along a human disturbance gradient in subtropical forests in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve(GNNR)in East China.The four forest types with different disturbance regime were:old growth forest(OGF),secondary forest with once cut(SEC I),secondary forest with twice cut(SEC II)and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation(PLF).Important Findings The results showed that:(i)diverse fungal operational units(OTUs)were detected in hair roots of V.mandarinorum in the four types of forests,covering fungal phyla of Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Chytridiomycota,Glomeromycota and Zygomycota;(ii)Community composition of root-associated fungi of V.mandarinorum in PLF was distinct from those in the other three forest types,and two types of secondary forests had similar fungal community composition;(iii)Different fungal families respond differently to human disturbances:fungal families with significant preference to OGF were ectomycorrhizal or saprophytic fungi while fungal families with higher relative abundance in PLF were plant pathogenic or saprophytic fungi;(iv)The first principal component(PC1)of plant community had a significant effect on composition of root-associated fungal community,while edaphic parameters showed no significant effect on fungal community composition in roots of V.mandarinorum.Our results help to better understand the responses of both ericaceous plants and their fungal partners to human disturbances and forest managements.

Inhibitory effect of Gardenblue blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) anthocyanin extracts on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells

Blueberries are a rich source of anthocyanins, which are associated with health benefits contributing to a reduced risk for many diseases. The present study identified the functional Gardenblue blueberry （Vaccinium ashei Reade） anthocyanin extracts （GBBAEs） and evaluated their capacity and underlying mechanisms in protecting murine RAW 264.7 cells from lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-stimulated inflammation in vitro. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit results showed that GBBAEs significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide （NO）, prostaglandin E2 （PGE2）, interleukin-6 （IL-6）, IL-113, and interferon-y （INF-y）. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR） analysis in- dicated that the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-113, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）, and cyclooxygenase 2 （COX-2） were suppressed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the relative protein expression levels of COX-2 and nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κBp65）. All these results suggested the potential use of GBBAEs as a functional food for the treatment of in- flammatory diseases.