Catalytic conversion of CO_2 to value added fuels: Current status, challenges, and future directions

The electrochemical reduction of C02 into liquid fuels especially coupling with the intermittent renewable electricity offers a promising means of storing electricity in chemical form, which reduces the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigates the negative impact of anthropogenic C02 emissions on the planet. Although converting CO2 to fuels is not in itself a new concept, the field has not sub- stantially advanced in the last 30 years primarily because of the challenge of discovery of structural electrocatalysts and the development of membrane architectures for efficient collection of reactants and separation of products. This overview summarizes recent advances in catalytic conversion of CO2 and presents the challenges and future directions in producing value-added fuels.

Global Development of Mobile Value Added Services

With the increasing demand for VAS from the subscribers, mobile operators are making efforts to create more services to promote the continuous development of the non-voice service application. The following three mobile VASes are becoming the development focus of operators.

Taxation in a Decentralized Value Added Tax Regime: Implications for States in Nigeria

The study examined the implication of a decentralized Value Added Tax system for states in Nigeria.It is a theoretical presentation that made is made of journals,articles,and data from the National Bureau of Statistics(NBS)accessed on Google Scholar Websites.A total of eighty(80)articles were accessed.Results from a theoretical review revealed that while few states in Nigeria are in favor of a decentralized VAT administration in the country,quite a number of them(States)are averse to the new VAT regime due to differences among the states in terms of volume of business activities and economic power as many of the states rely on federal allocation.The study,therefore,recommends Partial Decentralization(PD)of VAT administration in Nigeria as a measure of autonomy for states that will guarantee fairness in resource control in the Nigerian Society.

Empirical Analysis on Performance Evaluation of A Pharmaceutical Company Based on Economic Value Added

Objective To establish an economic value added(EVA)performance evaluation system to maintain the competitiveness of pharmaceutical company A under the environment of fierce competition in the pharmaceutical industry.Methods An EVA performance evaluation model was established by adjusting the items of EVA performance evaluation index,such as after-tax profits,total invested capital and weighted average cost of capital rate.Results and Conclusion EVA values of pharmaceutical company A from 2014 to 2018 were calculated and compared with the traditional performance evaluation method,it was found that EVA performance evaluation model reflected the real performance of pharmaceutical company A.Therefore,pharmaceutical company A is doing well,but its growth rate is unstable.

Does the Domestic Value Added Induced by China's Exports Really Belong to China?

Since 2001, the exports of foreign-invested enterprises （FIEs） have accounted for more than 50percent of China＇s total exports. As foreign capital occupies a high proportion of the total capital of FIEs, most FIEs ＇ capital gains are foreign factor income. Although these gains are calculated as apart of China＇s GDP, they do not belong to China＇s national income. To determine the real contribution of exports to China ＂s welfare, the present paper analyses the impact of exports on China ＂s national income using a non-competitive input output model capturing processing trade. The results show that every US$1000 of China＇s exports generates US$506.8 of national income. The real contribution of exports to China ＂s welfare is much smaller than what we expected. This suggests that China should endeavor to improve the gains from international markets orfind another engine to maintain its economic growth.

Integrated lignocellulosic biorefinery:Gateway for production of second generation ethanol and value added products

An increasing demand for energy and depleting petroleum sources has elevated the need for producing alternative renewable resources.Owing to the prominence of lignocellulosic biomass as bio-renewable and the most abundant resource on Earth,this critical review provides perceptions into the potential of lignocellulosic biomass for production of second generation(2G)ethanol and value added products in a biorefinery manner.The efficient utilization of all three components of lignocellulosic biomass(i.e.,cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin)would play a significant role in the economic viability of cellulosic ethanol.The pretreatment method is the key to the success of bioconversion processes and greatly influences the economics of biorefinery process.Biotechnology tools and process engineering play pivotal roles in development of integrated processes for production of biofuels,biochemicals and biomaterials from lignocellulosic biomass.Although,lignocellulosic biorefinery has ample scopes,commercial production of biofuels and chemicals is still challenging.In this context,this review entails concept of lignocellulose biorefinery,latest developments in 2G ethanol production process,importance and market potential of 2G ethanol as renewable fuel and value added chemicals,integration of processes,challenges for integrated production of fuel together with value added chemicals and future directions.

The Effect of Natural Hazard Damage on Manufacturing Value Added and the Impact of Spatiotemporal Data Variations on the Results

This study examined the effect of natural hazards on manufacturing industry value added and the sensitivity of the results from changes to spatiotemporal resolution of the data.We measured the negative effects of hazards,rather than the net effect.Three models were developed with varying spatio temporal units for the continental United States:annual/county units;annual/state units;and quarterly/state units.Three simulations were run using each model to estimate the negative effect of damage from all natural hazards on value added across spatiotemporal scales.Finally,an investment analysis was conducted to examine the return from public investments in hazard resilience.The results do not demonstrate that,locally,natural hazards reduce value added.However,the evidence suggests that natural hazards in the upstream supply chain have statistically significant impact when modeled at the annual/county scale and at the quarterly/state scale.Neither local nor supply chain hazards have a statistically significant effect when modeled at the annual/state scale,suggesting that broader spatiotemporal units may obscure the true downstream effects of natural hazards.The investment analysis,utilizing model results,suggests that an investment of USD 100 billion or less is economical if it results in a reduction in losses of 10% or more.

Is Bilateral Value Added in Trade between China and EU Countries Efficient?

By applying stochastic frontier analysis,and replacing total export with value added in exports as a more accurate measure of domestic content embodied in exports,we estimate the trade efficiency between China and EU countries and analyze the determinant factors.The results show that the value added in trade between China and EU countries is running at a low level of efficiency,and the trade efficiency has an obvious imbalance between export and import.Our calculation of unexplored trade potential indicates that western EU countries,such as France,Germany,Italy,and Spain together are China 5 top trading partner with the highest unexploited trade potential.Based on the principal component analysis of 14 trading-related variables,trade efficiency determinant results show that the tangible trade infrastructures of both exporter and importer matters most,including airports,container shipping,Internet,and broadband infrastructures.Meanwhile,intangible trade infrastructures,including customs procedures and domestic business environments,has a significant,but smaller influence on trade efficiency.Our important findings shed light on practical trade policymaking to encourage Sino-EU trade collaboration.

Value-Added Trade and Evolution of China's Comparative Advantages

Based on heterogeneity in firm's sales destinations and trade patterns, this paper estimates China's ratio of value-added exports(RVAE) using value-added trade accounting, and discusses the evolution of China's comparative advantages from the perspective of value-added trade. Our research findings suggest that without taking into account heterogeneity in firm's sales destinations and trade patterns,China's RVAE will be overestimated. Conventional gross trade accounting underestimates the export competitiveness of China's labor-intensive and capital intensive sectors, but overestimates the export competitiveness of China's technology-intensive sectors,which leads to a significant reversal of comparative advantages. Conventional gross trade accounting method overestimates the trade surplus of China's manufacturing and technology-intensive sectors with the US by about 60% and 85% respectively.

Photoelectrocatalysis for high‐value‐added chemicals production

Photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)is a promising approach that can convert renewable solar energy into chemical energy,while most concern is concentrated on PEC water splitting to obtain high‐value‐added fuel—hydrogen.In practice,more economic benefits can be produced based on PEC technique,such as H_(2)O oxidative H_(2)O_(2) synthesis,organic selective oxidation,organic pollutants degradation and CO_(2) reduction.Although there are plenty of excellent reviews focusing on the PEC water splitting system,the production of various high‐value‐added chemicals in PEC systems has not been discussed synthetically.This Account will focus on the production process of various high‐value‐added chemicals through PEC technology.The photoelectrode design,reaction environment and working mechanisms of PEC systems are also discussed in detail.We believe that this comprehensive Account of the expanded application of photoelectrocatalysis can add an inestimable impetus to the follow‐up development of this technology.

Effect of corporate social responsibility on creation of added value

In the process of financial management and operation, a firm should not only aim to maximize its shareholders' benefits, but also consider the interests of all stakeholders. Bearing social responsibility to each stakeholder to a certain extent and pursuing harmonious social development are fully consistent with the concept of China's building a harmonious socialist society. Furthermore, added value also reflects the idea of social responsibility Based on the relational contract theory, the paper divides stakeholders into staff and shareholders under relational contracts, creditors, suppliers and consumers under transactional contracts and governments and communities under special contracts. The paper details the effect mechanism of a firm's bearing social responsibilities to each stakeholder on the creation of added value respectively, and considers that corporate social responsibilities should be included in the system for creating added value to theoretically support firm managers to fulfill social responsibilities.

CNPC Added Value Tops 100-billion Yuan in 1995

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Does the EVA valuation model explain the market value of equity better under changing required return than constant required return?

Through the Economic-Value-Added(EVA)valuation model,the expected market value of equity can be determined by adding the book value of equity with the present value of expected EVAs under the assumption of constant required return and constant return on equity.The equation of EVA valuation model has taken its shape under the assumption of constant required return and constant return on equity.However,a large body of empirical evidence indicates that required rate of return never remain constant.The EVA-valuation model formulated under constant required return cannot be implemented under the scenario of changing required return.In this study,we explored whether the EVA valuation model could be implemented under changing required return by making any changes in the model and found that it could be implemented under the scenario of changing required return by replacing the book value of the equity of the existing model with the present value of required earnings or normal market earnings.We further examined whether the explanatory ability of the EVA valuation model under the assumption of changing required return is better than that of the valuation model under the assumption of constant required return.Relative information content analyses were conducted by considering sample of the intrinsic value of equities determined by valuation models and the market value of equities of 69 large-cap,88 mid-cap,and 79 small-cap companies.The results showed that the EVA-based valuation model with changing normal market return outperformed the EVA-based valuation model with constant required return.

Growth and Interactions of Multi-Source Perturbations in Convection-Allowing Ensemble Forecasts

This study investigated the growth of forecast errors stemming from initial conditions(ICs),lateral boundary conditions(LBCs),and model(MO)perturbations,as well as their interactions,by conducting seven 36 h convectionallowing ensemble forecast(CAEF)experiments.Two cases,one with strong-forcing(SF)and the other with weak-forcing(WF),occurred over the Yangtze-Huai River basin(YHRB)in East China,were selected to examine the sources of uncertainties associated with perturbation growth under varying forcing backgrounds and the influence of these backgrounds on growth.The perturbations exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of temporal evolution,spatial propagation,and vertical distribution under different forcing backgrounds,indicating a dependence between perturbation growth and forcing background.A comparison of the perturbation growth in different precipitation areas revealed that IC and LBC perturbations were significantly influenced by the location of precipitation in the SF case,while MO perturbations were more responsive to convection triggering and dominated in the WF case.The vertical distribution of perturbations showed that the sources of uncertainties and the performance of perturbations varied between SF and WF cases,with LBC perturbations displaying notable case dependence.Furthermore,the interactions between perturbations were considered by exploring the added values of different source perturbations.For the SF case,the added values of IC,LBC,and MO perturbations were reflected in different forecast periods and different source uncertainties,suggesting that the combination of multi-source perturbations can yield positive interactions.In the WF case,MO perturbations provided a more accurate estimation of uncertainties downstream of the Dabie Mountain and need to be prioritized in the research on perturbation development.

Audit Committee, Value Creation Efficiency and Capital Employed Efficiency

This study contributes a number of innovative and interesting empirical findings with a view of four audit committee characteristics to predict overall value creation efficiency and capital employed efficiency using value added intellectual coefficient （VAICTM） method. Using purposive sampling, 34 property, real estate, and building construction firms listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2011 were selected. Empirical findings could not provide a significant relationship between audit committee characteristics and the overall value creation efficiency as well as capital employed efficiency. This implies that currently, the number of members, number of meetings, number of independent commissioners, and accounting or finance expertise in audit committee cannot be expected as drivers of business value creation in Indonesian context, more specifically for property, real estate, and building construction industry. The overall lack of significant relationships may potentially result from limited human capacity, lack of financial expertise, and inadequate knowledge about the role of audit committee to add value to the business.

Opportunities of Doubling Indian Farmers Income by Post Harvest Value Addition to Agricultural Produce

The governments across the developing countries are facing a challenge of steadily increasing population,maintaining balance in demand and supply of food and upliftment in socio-economic status of farming community.Among the leading developing countries,India has successfully increased agricultural crop production by fourfold,thus having at most potential for adoption of secondary agriculture practices after harvest of farm produce.Post-harvest processing of agricultural produce like milling of cereals and pulses,extraction of oil from oilseed crops,development of value added ready to eat and ready to serve food product etc.not only facilitate efficient utilization of crop produce but also check losses fetching better returns to the farmers/entrepreneurs.Post-harvest processing operations at the production catchment area helps in minimizing post harvest losses,helps in generating employment opportunities in rural areas,purity assured products in turn open window for the developed products to qualify for wider market.

Integration of Individualized Management Systems （MSs） as an Aggregating Factor of Sustainable Value for Organizations An Overview Through a Review of the Literature

Nowadays, there exist various standards for individual management systems （MSs）, at least, one for each stakeholder. New ones will be published. An integrated management system （IMS） aims to integrate some or all components of the business into one coherent and efficient MS. Maximizing integration is more and more a strategic priority in that it constitutes an opportunity to eliminate and/or reduce potential factors of destruction of value for the organizations and also to be more competitive and consequently promote its sustainable success. A preliminary investigation was conducted on a Portuguese industrial company which, over the years, has been adopting gradually, in whole or in part, individualized management system standards （MSSs）. A research, through a questionnaire, was performed with the objective to develop, in a real business environment, an adequate and efficient IMS-QES （quality, environment, and safety） model and to potentiate for the future a generic IMS model to integrate other MSSs. The strategy and research methods have taken into consideration the case study. It was obtained a set of relevant conclusions resulting from the statistical analyses of the responses to the survey. Globally, the investigation results, by themselves, justified and prioritized the conception of a model of development of the IMS-QES and consequent definition and validation of a structure of an IMS-QES model, to be implemented at the small- and medium-sized enterprise （SME） where the investigation was conducted.

Adding Value through Innovation——Woolmark's first China Australia Merino Summit

As a renewable,sustainable natural fiber to live with,Australian Merino wool has been showcased at World Expo 2010 Shanghai.

Adding Extra Value

China and Africa finding new ways to drive all aspects of mutual development A total of 210 orphans in the three states around Abuja,capital of Nigeria,went to a summer camp to celebrate the country’s Children’s Day on May 27.Huawei Technologies Co.,a leading global information and communications technology solutions provider from China,sponsored the event.

Adding Value

THE thunderous roar of water falling over Victoria Falls had to compete with a swarm of politicians who descended on Zimbabwe＇s tourist haven in mid-August 2014. Heads of state and leaders from Southern African Development Community （SADC） countries were there to attend the 34th SADC Heads of State and Government Summit. Under the theme “SADC Strategy for Economic Transformation： Leveraging the Region＇s Diverse Resources for Sustainable Economic and Social Development through Beneficiation and Value Addition.” the summit was opened by newly appointed chairman of SADC. Zimbabwe＇s President Robert Mugabe.