Preliminary Study on the Vaporization Ratio of the Slurry in the Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Disengager

The vaporization ratios of the slurry at various temperature and partial pressure were calculated with the group-contribution method,and then the phase state of the slurry in the residue fluid catalytic cracking(RFCC) disengager was determined.This research could provide some advices on how to select the technological conditions to decrease the coking in the RFCC disengager.The oil gas temperature and the slurry partial pressure had signifi- cant effects on the vaporization ratio of the slurry.Increasing the oil gas temperature and reducing the slurry partial pressure could effectively slow down the coking speed in the RFCC disengager.According to the calculation results, a correlation was established to predict the vaporization ratio of the slurry under different operating conditions.

Numerical Investigation on Effect of Vapor Split Ratio to Performance and Operability for Dividing Wall Column

Operability problem of dividing wall column (DWC) raised by vapor split was investigated by numerically analyzing four cases defined by different compositions of a three-component mixture. DWCs were firstly designed for each case by optimizing the vapor split to the two sides of the dividing wall, and then their feasibilities and total annual costs in operation were evaluated against different vapor split ratios. The analysis on the operability of the DWC for four cases was made based on two scenarios: (1) vapor split is shifted by the vapor resistance difference between the column sections in the two sides of the dividing wall and (2) the feed composition is changed. It was demonstrated that the positioning of the dividing wall and the decision on the vapor split may affect significantly the operability of a DWC.

In Vitro Study on the Vaporization Ratio of 2-μm Laser in Human Prostatic Tissue

In this study, the vaporization ratio of the 2-μm laser in the prostatic tissue with benign prostatic hyperplasia was examined in vitro, to explore a technique to estimate the clearance rate of prostatic tissue during the transurethral vaporesection of the prostate. A total of 9 fresh prostatic tissue specimens were obtained by open surgery and the wet weight of the prostatic tissue were measured immediately after the sample collection. Under the simulated conditions of transurethral vaporesection of the prostate by 2-μm laser, each prostate gland was completely vaporesected into fragments with a diameter of less than 1.0 cm in vitro tissue were collected and measured. Then After the vaporesection, the whole fragments of prostatic the lost weight of prostatic tissue, the weight of the collected prostatic tissue and the ratio of the lost weight of prostatic tissue to the wet weight of the prostate glandular organ specimen were calculated. The correlation between the weight of collected prostatic tissue and the weight of the whole glandular organ was analyzed. All the experimental procedures were carried out by one operator. Wet weight of the prostatic gland specimen and the weight of the harvested prostatic tissues after the procedure were recorded. With respect to the wet weight of prostate gland specimen, the percentage of the weight of collected prostatic tissue was （34.45±1.51） %, and the percentage of the lost weight of prostatic tissue was （65.55±1.51）%. Satisfactory linear relationship was observed between the weight of collected prostatic tissue and the wet weight of prostate gland specimen [y=3.245x=6.475 （t=15.097, P=0.000）]. It is concluded that under the simulated conditions of transurethral vaporesection of the prostate by 2-μm laser, the vaporization ratio of prostatic tissue can be calculated on the basis of the weight of collected prostatic tissue, and thereby the clearance of prostatic tissue during the formal operation by 2-μm laser could be quantitatively determined.

基于工程应用的CW-GMAW熔滴过渡形态表征

综述了涉及工程应用的冷丝熔化极气体保护焊(Cold wire gas metal arc welding,CW-GMAW)熔滴过渡形态特征。结果表明,在大电流、强规范、富氩混合气体保护下,CW-GMAW工艺的熔滴过渡形态呈喷射过渡;当电流较小、电弧电压较低时,可能为滴状过渡,甚至在弧压很低时,呈现短路过渡形态。该工艺电弧发生偏向冷丝的位移,弧长变短甚至发生短路,与冷丝送进速率比增高及冷丝在电弧中产生大量金属蒸气时弧柱电阻下降有关。在具有富氩混合保护气体的相同工艺参数下,CWGMAW转变电流比GMAW降低了4%~7%。焊接工艺参数对CW-GMAW和GMAW工艺熔滴过渡形态的影响规律大致相近,但前者因涉及冷丝送进速率比和电极焊丝送进速度,以及它们的匹配等,使焊接电流的影响更为复杂。

表面微结构的宽深比与占空比对马氏体不锈钢空化和空蚀的影响

目的探究表面微结构尺寸变化对空蚀过程的影响以及作用机制。方法根据点阵型表面微结构的截面形状,改变其宽深比和占空比,用Gambit对其建立二维平面模型。使用Fluent软件对不同尺寸下微结构模型的空蚀过程进行模拟计算,得到绝对压力、含汽率以及气泡运动速度等参数。最后根据模拟计算的结果,在样品表面加工出不同占空比的微结构,使用磁致超声振动空化设备,在与数值模拟相同环境条件下进行空蚀试验,采用失重法对模拟结果进行验证。结果数值模拟分析显示,微结构的宽深比和占空比对空蚀过程均有影响。当宽深比小于2.5时,微结构底面的含汽率降至0.1以下,沟槽内形成一层“液垫”,减缓了空蚀。相较于其他占空比,当占空比为0.91时,含汽率最小,保持在0.4以下,样品表面同样形成“液垫”,缓冲了气泡溃灭时作用在材料表面的冲击力。此外,随着占空比的增大,微结构表面的绝对压力与液体的饱和蒸汽压差距增大,降低了空化程度,同样起到了减缓空蚀的作用。不同占空比下的微结构样品和光滑样品的空蚀试验结果表明,微结构样品的空蚀质量损失均小于光滑样品的空蚀质量损失,且当占空比为0.91时,空蚀质量损失最小,为5.95 mg,远小于占空比为0.71和0.38时,微结构样品。同样证明了表面微结构占空比越大,材料的耐空蚀性能越好。结论微结构宽深比主要影响微结构底面的含汽率,而占空比影响样品表面的绝对压力和微结构顶面的含汽率。相较于光滑表面,微结构样品可以有效减缓马氏体不锈钢的空蚀损伤。当宽深比较小、占空比较大时,材料表面的含汽率保持在较低的水平,有利于减缓空蚀损伤。

机械蒸汽再压缩耦合中空纤维真空膜蒸馏系统试验

为了解决工业废水处理过程中分离效率低、运行能耗高的问题,设计搭建了一套新型的机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)耦合中空纤维真空膜蒸馏系统,考察了耦合系统的运行特性,并开展了不同进料条件及长时间运行下系统对氯化铵溶液蒸发的试验研究。结果表明,当进料液氯化铵质量分数、进料液温度、进料液流量和真空侧压力分别为5%、75℃、10 m^(3)/h和24 kPa时,产水速率和产水电导率基本稳定在45.9 kg/h和11.9μS/cm,分离效率为99.9%,单位加热能耗(SHEC)为118.5 kW·h/t。随着进料液氯化铵质量分数的增加,产水速率减小,SHEC增加;而随着进料液温度和进料液流量增加,产水速率增加,SHEC减小。经过240 h运行试验,膜污染并未明显影响产水水质,但降低了产水速率,经膜清洗后,产水速率可恢复至原来的96.1%,该系统能够高效分离氯化铵溶液,回收能源,应用前景非常广阔。

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COPOLYMERS OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL ACRYLATE WITH STYRENE:SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND REACTIVITY RATIOS

Some copolymers of 2,4-dichlorophenyl acrylate (2,4-DCPA) with styrene (St) of different teed compositions were prepared by tree radical polymerization technique using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator,and the copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy.The copolymer composition obtained by UV-spectra led to determination of reactivity ratio by employing Fineman-Ross (F-R) and Kelen-Tudos (K-T) methods.Average molecular weight,as well as intrinsic viscosity,was obtained by vapor pressu...

Carbon isotopic fractionation during vaporization of low molecular weight hydrocarbons(C6–C12)

Three series of laboratory vaporization experiments were conducted to investigate the carbon isotope fractionation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons（LMWHs）during their progressive vaporization.In addition to the analysis of a synthetic oil mixture,individual compounds were also studied either as pure single phases or mixed with soil.This allowed influences of mixing effects and diffusion though soil on the fractionation to be elucidated.The LMWHs volatilized in two broad behavior patterns that depended on their molecular weight and boiling point.Vaporization significantly enriched the ^13C present in the remaining components of the C6–C9 fraction,indicating that the vaporization is mainly kinetically controlled;the observed variations could be described with a Rayleigh fractionation model.In contrast,the heavier compounds（n-C10–n-C12）showed less mass loss and almost no significant isotopic fractionation during vaporization,indicating that the isotope characteristics remained sufficiently constant for these hydrocarbons to be used to identify the source of an oil sample,e.g.,the specific oil field or the origin of a spill.Furthermore,comparative studies suggested that matrix effects should be considered when the carbon isotope ratios of hydrocarbons are applied in the field.

Effects of V/Ⅲ ratio on a-plane GaN epilayers with an InGaN interlayer

The effects of V/Ill growth flux ratio on a-plane GaN films grown on r-plane sapphire substrates with an InGaN interlayer are investigated. The surface morphology, crystalline quality, strain states, and density of basal stacking faults were found to depend heavily upon the V/III ratio. With decreasing V/III ratio, the surface morphology and crystal quality first improved and then deteriorated, and the density of the basal-plane stacking faults also first decreased and then increased. The optimal V/III ratio growth condition for the best surface morphology and crystalline quality and the smallest basal-plane stacking fault density of a-GaN films are found. We also found that the formation of basal-plane stacking faults is an effective way to release strain.

探测气溶胶-水汽的拉曼-米散射激光雷达系统

设计和构建了发射波长为355 nm和532 nm的户外型全天时激光雷达系统,用于探测大气气溶胶和水汽。运用355 nm和532 nm的米散射、532 nm的偏振、氮气和水汽分子的拉曼激光雷达技术,用于对边界层结构、对流层气溶胶和云光学特性及其形态、水汽混合比进行连续探测研究。该系统结构紧凑,运输方便,具备远程操作、数据传输、一键式启动等功能。利用该系统对大气气溶胶和水汽进行探测,探测结果表明:在大气气溶胶的探测过程中,在重污染条件下混合层高度较干净天低,在0.5 km以下,而干净天在1 km左右;通过对消光系数、Angstrom指数和退偏振比分析可知,重污染条件下,底层大气气溶胶以球形粗粒子污染物为主,干净天底层大气气溶胶以球形细粒子污染物为主;在云层中,Angstrom指数明显减小,且出现负值,说明云粒子半径较大。在水汽探测过程中,采用自标定方法获得系统的标定常数为121,与已标定的激光雷达系统对比,误差在±0.3 g/kg以内;连续探测结果表明可对夜晚5 km及白天混合层以内进行探测。该系统满足产品化的需求,可广泛运用于大气环境的监测领域中。

宽温耐硫变换催化剂应用

介绍了CO变换催化剂的种类和特性,宽温耐硫催化剂的特点、类型以及目前在煤化工生产中的使用现状,介绍了变换装置的反应原理,影响变换反应的因素和处理方法及催化剂的更换周期。描述了目前宽温耐硫催化剂在不同时段的保护方法和注意事项,重点强调了日常生产操作过程中,可能被忽视却直接影响催化剂寿命的原因。表明了催化剂在整个装置中所起到的作用,以及通过哪些方法可以有效地延长催化剂的使用寿命,总结了催化剂活性下降的过程和稳定操作的重要性。

固定床液态熔渣气化炉渣池液位控制方法探究

固定床液态熔渣气化炉采用固定床加压气化、液态排渣技术,液态熔渣气化炉与其他固定床工艺相比具有气化温度、气化效率、有效气含量均高以及蒸汽使用量少、废水产量低等优点。液态熔渣控制是熔渣气化炉稳定运行的重中之重,研究熔渣气化炉渣池液位控制方法具有重要意义。为保证固定床熔渣气化炉液态熔渣的顺利排出,通过研究原料煤品质、助熔剂配比、汽氧比、烧嘴火焰温度、排渣控制参数设置及操作经验等因素对气化炉排渣的影响,提出液态熔渣排渣控制方法。结果表明:CaO含量控制在35%~40%则可降低液态渣的灰熔融温度,通过调整石灰石配比将液渣黏度控制在1~3 Pa·s,可保证液态渣的流动性;烧嘴火焰温度影响排渣口处液渣的温度,将其控制在1700~1750℃时其液渣流动性最佳;汽氧比对渣温同样具有重要影响,汽氧比低会使燃烧反应加剧、气化炉反应温度升高,可通过熔渣颜色判断汽氧比状况,汽氧比控制在0.88~0.92 kg/Nm^(3)最佳;气化炉稳定运行时,下渣时间控制为禁止排渣时间(T_(1))为120~200 s,允许排渣时间(T_(2))为100 s,下渣时间(T_(3))为30~40 s,激活排渣压差为45 kPa,使渣池压差控制在47~49 kPa。总结工业生产实践经验并对液态熔渣的影响因素、液态熔渣的控制途径以及控制方法等进行阐述,可优化液态熔渣气化炉排渣控制,为实现气化炉的运行提供理论和操作依据。

补碳技术在焦炉煤气制甲醇工艺中的应用

为解决焦炉煤气制备甲醇工艺实施过程中氢气利用率低、原料单一的问题,在对焦炉煤气制备甲醇工艺现阶段存在问题进行综合分析的基础上提出了补碳的改造目标和原则;确定了补碳方式,并重点对纯二氧化碳和闪蒸气两种补碳技术和工艺以及最终的效果进行综合评估,最终确定采用闪蒸气的补碳方式为最佳。

油气回收型加油枪的故障分析和维护建议

以上海市宝山区为例,分析区内加油站油气回收型加油枪气液比异常数据,并且结合在线数据平台的预警和报警记录,发现油气回收设备的故障和老化、气路进油、强迫注油、油枪和机动车油箱油管不适配,以及机动车车载加油蒸气回收系统都会影响加油站二级油气回收的效果。

Application of Exergy for Research on Increasing the Usefulness of Solar Radiation by Dispersing It into Monochromatic Beams

Energy determines the ability of matter to work. However, in the given environment, the real usefulness to perform work is determined by exergy. This study covers not only solar, but also any monochromatic thermal radiation. The value of such radiation was determined by its exergy and the ratio of its exergy-to-energy. A novelty in this work is to demonstrate by means of exergy that the usefulness of thermal polychromatic radiation can be increased by its dispersion to monochromatic radiation. This effect is the greater, the lower the temperature of the radiation. Analogies of this effect to the exergetic effect of gas separation have been indicated. The effect of the increase in exergy in the process of radiation dispersion was interpreted by means of a cylinder-piston system that explains this effect with the influence of environmental radiation. The concept of quasi-monochromatic and cumulated radiation was introduced into dispersion considerations and the change in the energetic, entropic and environmental components of the exergy of radiation beams was analyzed. Considerations were illustrated with appropriate examples of calculations considering dispersion of high-temperature radiation, such as extraterrestrial solar radiation and dispersion of low-temperature radiation from water vapor.

油循环率对蒸发器内传热与工质流动的影响

在VCR(蒸气压缩制冷)系统中,压缩机润滑油会发生泄漏,混入制冷剂后对制冷剂的流动性和传热产生负面影响。本文基于使用R1234yf的直线压缩机,建立蒸发器的数值模型。通过无油直线压缩机驱动的VCR系统进行实验测试获得系统制冷量与换热器压降,以此对无油工况下的数值模型进行实验验证,预测压降和制冷量的MAPE(平均绝对百分比误差)分别为3.9%和8.2%。结果表明:在冷凝温度为50℃,蒸发温度为2℃时,无油工况与OCR为2%和6%时系统制冷量相差可达4%和22%,OCR(油循环率)的增大降低了蒸发器内传热速率;在冷凝温度为50℃,蒸发温度为-11℃时,无油和OCR为4%时压降分别为6.17 kPa和9.92 kPa,含油制冷系统比无油制冷系统的压降高5%~82%,换热器压降随OCR的增大而增大。

可变压比压缩机-制冷剂泵复合空调性能试验研究

为充分利用自然冷源,分析可变压比压缩机-制冷剂泵复合空调的3种运行模式,并对其性能进行试验研究,确定各模式适合的温度范围。结果表明:与蒸气压缩模式相比,室外温度为25℃,20℃和15℃时,气体增压模式下空调能效比分别提高13.41%,21.94%和23.46%;与气体增压模式和蒸气压缩模式相比,室外温度为5℃时,制冷剂泵模式下空调能效比分别提高92.04%和162.75%;根据室外温度切换到合适的模式,复合空调全年能效比较常规机房空调高115.71%。

基于全空化模型的柱塞泵内空化流动数值模拟

针对典型斜盘式轴向柱塞泵工作时出现的空化现象,以某高压柱塞泵为例,建立了柱塞泵配流过程中,气液混合相的连续性控制方程和运动控制方程,推导了基于气液两相流的质量输运控制方程,并对柱塞泵进行了空化流动的数值模拟。仿真结果表明,不同的转速、压差和配流盘结构对柱塞腔内部、配流盘表面以及缸体与配流盘接触处的空化存在影响,且仿真结果与实验检测数据结果是吻合的。

低温容器无损贮存规律

编制了计算低温容器无损贮存规律的程序。就６５ ｍ ３ 目标低温容器， 计算出了初始充满率与无损贮存时间、容器内压力上升速度、日蒸发率与无损贮存及容器的工作压力与无损贮存时间关系， 对低温容器的实际使用有指导意义。

重油催化裂化沉降器油气相态计算

为了确定重油催化裂化沉降器中液相组分的数量及其对结焦的贡献,以工业重油催化裂化装置的沉降器为研究对象,按照正构烷烃模型分子法确定基团组成的方法,利用已编写的气化率计算程序,求取了沉降器内反应油气的重组分———油浆馏分的气化率,确定反应油气的气、液相比例。计算结果表明,在实际工业操作条件下,重油催化裂化沉降器内的油浆馏分以气、液两相状态存在,其露点温度为488.8℃,露点温度直接取决于油浆终馏分的沸程,而且油浆分压对其泡点和露点温度也有较大影响。