Boron isotopic variations in tourmaline from metacarbonates and associated calc-silicate rocks from the Bohemian Massif: Constraints on boron recycling in the Variscan orogen

Various metacarbonate and associated calc-silicate rocks form minor but genetically significant components of the lithological units in the Bohemian Massif of the Variscan orogen in Central Europe.These rocks vary in terms of their lithostratigraphy,chemical composition and mineral assemblage(dolomite/calcite ratio,silicate abundance).Tourmaline is present in five paragenetic settings within the metacarbonate and calc-silicate units.TypeⅠcomprises individual,euhedral,prismatic grains and grain aggregates in a carbonate-dominant(calcite±dolomite)matrix poor in silicates.TypeⅡis characterized by euhedral to subhedral grains and coarse-to fine-grained aggregates in silicate-rich layers/nests within metacarbonate bodies whereas typeⅢoccurs as prismatic grains and aggregates at the contact zones between carbonate and associated silicate host rocks.TypeⅣis in veins crosscutting metacarbonate bodies,and typeⅣtourmaline occurs at the exocontacts of elbaite-subtype granitic pegmatite.Tourmaline from the different settings shows distinctive compositional features.Typical for typeⅠare Mg-rich compositions,with fluor-uvite>dravite>>magnesio-lucchesiite.Tourmalines from typeⅡsilicate-rich layers/nests are highly variable,corresponding to oxy-schorl,magnesio-foitite,Al-rich dravite and fluor-uvite.Typical for typeⅢtourmalines are Ca,Ti-bearing oxy-dravite compositions.The typeⅣveins feature dravite and fluor-uvite tourmaline compositions whereas typeⅤtourmaline is Li,F-rich dravite.Tourmaline is the only Bbearing phase in paragenetic typesⅠ-Ⅳ,where it is characterised by two principal ranges of B-isotope composition(δ^11B=-13‰to-9‰and-18‰to-14‰).These ranges correspond to regionally different units of the Moldanubian Zone.Thus,the Svratka Unit(Moldanubian Zone s.l.)contains only isotopically lighter tourmaline(δ^11B=-18‰to-14‰),whereas metacarbonates in the Poli?ka unit(Teplá-Barrandian Zone)and Olesnice unit(Moravicum of the Moravo-Silesian Zone)has exclusively isotopically heavier tourmaline(δ^11B=-9‰to-13‰).Tourmalines from metacarbonates in the Variegated Unit cover both ranges of isotope composition.The isotopically light end of the B isotope range may indicate the presence of continental evaporites within individual investigated areas.On the other hand,variations in the range of~8δ-units is consistent with the reported shift in B isotopic composition of metasedimentary rocks of the Bohemian Massif due to the prograde metamorphism from very-low grade to eclogite facies.In contrast to the metacarbonate-hosted settings,tourmaline of paragenetic type V from the exocontact of granitic pegmatites displays a significantly heavier range ofδ^11B(as low as-7.7‰to-0.6‰),which is attributed to partitioning of 10 B to cogenetic axinite and/or different B-signature of the source pegmatite containing tourmaline with heavyδ^11B signature.

The Variscan Deformation Front (VDF) in Northwest Germany and Its Relation to a Network of Geological Features Including the Ore-Rich Harz Mountains and the European Alpine Belt

The crustal basement of Northwest Germany can be interpreted as an “Avalonian Terrane Assemblage” subdivided by a roughly NW-SE (Hercynian) and SW-NE (Rhenish) running horst and graben system. In Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous times, this assemblage was flooded by the sea and mainly marine carbonates were deposited on the horsts and Stillwater shales in the grabens, as interpretable through magnetotelluric measurements. During the Late Carboniferous Variscan Orogeny, this terrain became the coal-rich foreland of the colliding Rhenohercynian belt. The shale-filled grabens reacted through folding and thrusting with different anticlinal patterns, the main carbonate covered horst in a still unknown way. This horst was the location of the Late Carboniferous basin center and of the inverted oil-rich Mesozoic Lower Saxony Basin (southwestern sector), respectively, with the so-called Bramsche Massif therein. It probably acted as an indenter for the evolution of the Variscan ore-rich Harz Mountains and forced the approaching Rhenohercynian orogen to stack the appropriate tectonic nappes by horizontal shortening to very high altitudes and the root into large depths. Based on seismic evidence this root is still an uncompleted crust/mantle transition zone with a deep reflection seismic and petrological Moho and a shallower hardly reflecting refraction seismic velocity Moho. The alternative, partly unsolved location of the Variscan Deformation Front in Northwest Germany may represent the new findings. The results may be supported by a comparison with features of the northern Alpine deformation belt.

How many subductions in the Variscan orogeny?Insights from numerical models

We developed a 2 D numerical model to simulate the evolution of two superposed ocean-continent-ocean subduction cycles with opposite vergence,both followed by continental collision,aiming to better understand the evolution of the Variscan belt.Three models with different velocities of the first oceanic subduction have been implemented.Striking differences in the thermo-mechanical evolution between the first subduction,which activates in an unperturbed system,and the second subduction,characterised by an opposite vergence,have been enlighten,in particular regarding the temperature in the mantle wedge and in the interior of the slab.Pressure and temperature(P-T) conditions predicted by one cycle and two cycles models have been compared with natural P-T estimates of the Variscan metamorphism from the Alps and from the French Massif Central(FMC).The comparative analysis supports that a slow and hot subduction well reproduces the P-T conditions compatible with data from the FMC,while P-T conditions compatible with data of Variscan metamorphism from the Alps can be reproduced by either a cold or hot oceanic subduction models.Analysing the agreement of both double and single subduction models with natural P-T estimates,we observed that polycyclic models better describe the evolution of the Variscan orogeny.

Reconstruction of the mid-Devonian HP-HT metamorphic event in the Bohemian Massif(European Variscan belt)

Mid-Devonian high-pressure(HP)and high-temperature(HT)metamorphism represents an enigmatic early phase in the evolution of the Variscan Orogeny.Within the Bohemian Massif this metamorphism is recorded mostly in allochthonous complexes with uncertain relationship to the major tectonic units.In this regard,the MariánskéLázně Complex(MLC)is unique in its position at the base of its original upper plate(Teplá-Barrandian Zone).The MLC is composed of diverse,but predominantly mafic,magmatic-metamorphic rocks with late Ediacaran to mid-Devonian protolith ages.Mid-Devonian HP eclogite-facies metamorphism was swiftly followed by a HT granulite-facies overprint contemporaneous with the emplacement of magmatic rocks with apparent supra-subduction affinity.New Hf in zircon isotopic measurements combined with a review of whole-rock isotopic and geochemical data reveals that the magmatic protoliths of the MLC,as well as in the upper plate Teplá-Barrandian Zone,developed above a relatively unaltered Neoproterozoic lithospheric mantle.They remained coupled with this lithospheric mantle throughout a geological timeframe that encompasses separate Ediacaran and Cambrian age arc magmatism,protracted early Paleozoic rifting,and the earliest phases of the Variscan Orogeny.These results are presented in the context of reconstructing the original architecture of the Variscan terranes up to and including the mid-Devonian HP-HT event.

Polymetamorphism of the Variscan Basement of the Moldanubian Black Forest (Germany) Documented in Zircon and Garnet Minerals from Gneisses

t Tübingen Wilhelmstrasse 56,72074 Tübingen, Germany)2) (Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China) Abstract: High-grade metamorphic Variscan basement is exposed in the Moldanubian zone of the Black Forest (BF), being the internal zone of the European Variscan belt. Zircon grains from K-rich felsic orthogneisses and an anatectic paragneiss in the Moldanubian Black Forest demonstrate a multi-stage crystallization at ～600 Ma, ～480 Ma, ～400-380 Ma, and \{～350\} Ma. The last three stages of crystallization probably represent metamorphic overprint during pre-Variscan and Variscan metamorphism. Using stepwise leaching procedures, garnet minerals from felsic orthogneisses as well as paragneisses in the Moldanubian Black Forest yielded Early Carboniferous Sm-Nd ages (～330-340 Ma), which are consistent with the well-constrained Variscan HT metamorphic event, and Early Palaeozoic (～480 Ma) to Devonian (～400-370 Ma) Pb-Pb ages. The coincidence of growth time for zircon and garnet minerals at Early Palaeozoic is interpreted as dating a metamorphic event. These garnet data demonstrate that the Moldanubian BF basement underwent at least two metamorphic events during the Early Palaeozoic and Early Carboniferous. During the Variscan HT metamorphism, the Sm-Nd system of garnet was disturbed, but not the U-Pb system, implying the peak metamorphic temperature was lower than ～800℃.

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating and Geochemical Characteristics of Late Variscan Granites of the Daitongshan Copper Deposit and Lamahanshan Polymetallic-Silver Deposit, Southern Daxing'anling, China

Daxing＇anling （大兴安岭） area is one of the regions that Phanerozoic granites are extremely developed in NW China. At present, the Hercynian granitoid research lags behind the Mesozoic granitoid research. In this article, we have taken systematic petrochemistry and geochronology researches on the Hercynian granitoids in Daitongshan （代铜山） copper deposit and Lamahanshan （喇嘛罕山） silver poly- metallic deposit, which were located at southern section of Daxing＇anling metallogenic belt. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating results show that, the granite aplites in Daitongshan and the gneissic granites inLamahanshan were formed at （265±5）-（268±9） Ma and （252±2）-（252.6±3.4） Ma, respectively, which were both the products of late Herynian tectonic-magmatic events. Samples from Lama- hanshan are characterized by high SiO2 （69.72 wt.%-74.65 wt.%）, high potassium （3.53 wt.%-4.55 wt.%） and low P205 （0.03 wt.%0.12 wt.%）, aluminum saturation index （A/CNK） range from 0.95 to 0.98, Rb, Nd and K are en- riched, whereas the elements such as Nb, Ta, P and Ti are depleted, which belong to I-type grani- toids. Characteristics of samples from Daitong- shan are similar to H-type granitoids. The magmasource may be mostly originated from the lithospheric mantle component which were transformated or affected by the subduction components, and its formation may be closely related with the subduction and orogenesis of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.

Variscan terrane of deep-crustal granulite facies in Yushugou area, southern Tianshan

The Yushugou terrane of deep-crustal granulite facies in southern Tianshan consists of two parts, granulite and metaperidotite. The whole terrane is a metamorphism of (high-pressure) granulite facies, and typical mineral associations are: Gt-Cpx-Pl-Tit-Ilm (±Qz) (silica-saturated and oversaturated mafic rocks), Gt-Ky (pseudomorph)-Pl-Ru-Ilm±Qz (metapelitic rocks) and Spi-Opx-Cpx-Ol (meta-ultramafic rocks). The peak-stage P-T conditions are 795—964℃, 0.97—1.42 GPa, which are obtained with mineral chemistry, assemblage analyses and P-T estimation. The Sm-Nd isochron age of peak-stage metamorphic minerals is (315±3.62) Ma. All of these indicate that the terrane is a deep-crustal body, which subduets to the depth of 40—50 km in the middle late-Paleozoic, undergoing metamorphism of (high-pressure) granulite facies, and exhumed again to the surface by tectonic uplifting.

Garnet Sm-Nd and U-Pb systems: A case study of a granulite from the European Variscan belt

This study presents zircon and garnet ages of a mafic granulite from the high-grade Variscan basement of the Black Forest, Germany and discuss isotope closure temperature of garnet Sm-Nd and U-Pb systems. Zircon grains yield 207Pb/206Pb ages between -340 and -414 Ma by the U-Pb and evaporation methods. In contract, garnet dating gives Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb isochron ages of (398±3) Ma and (411±14) Ma, respectively, which are older than most of zircon ages. These data imply that most of zircons lost radiogenic Pb, probably due to metamictization or recrystallisa-tion during the granulite-facies metamorphism (-800°C) at -340 Ma. Garnet Sm-Nd and U-Pb systems preserve chronological information of pro-grade metamorphism, probably profiting from a fluid-absence metamorphic environment. These results demonstrate that garnet mineral can be a better candidate than zircon mineral to date high-grade metamorphism by the U-Pb and Sm-Nd methods in some cases.

Metamorphic Evolution of Chloritoid-Bearing Micaschist from the Variscan Elstergebirge: Evidences for Stacking of High-Pressure Rocks in the Saxothuringian Zone of Central Europe

A chloritoid-garnet-bearing micaschist from the southern part of the Elstergebirge was studied to better understand the Variscan orogenic evolution in the Saxothuringian zone of the northwestern Bohemian Massif.Based on the textural relations and compositions of minerals,especially of zoned garnet and potassic white mica,a P-T path was reconstructed using contoured P-T pseudosections.The U-Th-Pb dating of monazite in the micaschist was undertaken with the electron microprobe.The micaschist experienced P-T conditions along a clockwise path between 16 kbar at 510℃and 5 kbar at 555℃followed by isobaric heating to about 600℃.Monazite ages range between 315 and 480 Ma with the most prominent maxima and side maxima at 346.0±1.1(2σ),357.3±2.3,and 368.3±1.7 Ma.Ages older than 380 Ma were related to detrital monazite pointing to a Devonian sedimentary protolith.Other ages around 325 Ma were assigned to the isobaric heating by nearby post-tectonic granites.The high-pressure event,being the result of the collision of Laurussia and Gondwana after closure of the Rheic Ocean,occurred in the Late Devonian.The exhumation to 15-20 km(5 kbar)ended probably in the Early Carboniferous.The high-pressure micaschists from the Fichtelgebirge to the Erzgebirge crystalline complexes are suggested to represent a single nappe within a metamorphic nappe pile.This nappe is composed of metasedimentary slices,which experienced different peak pressures rather than representing a coherent crustal section.

中亚-蒙古造山带东段的锡林郭勒杂岩:早华力西期造山作用的产物而非古老陆块?——锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学证据

锡林郭勒杂岩是华北板块北缘古生代褶皱带内出露面积最大的变质岩系,以前多被当着前寒武纪的古老地块。本文通过对该杂岩中副片麻岩和正片麻岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究发现,副片麻岩中的锆石多为岩浆锆石,其^(206)Pb/^(238)U加权平均年龄为406±7Ma,指示它们的原岩主要是由近同期(略早些)的岩浆岩风化后就近沉积的产物,该年龄应代表源区(岛弧型?)花岗岩的形成时间,同时也是副片麻岩原岩沉积的下限年龄。正片麻岩中岩浆锆石的^(206)Pb/^(238)U加权平均年龄为382±2Ma,代表花岗片麻岩原岩的侵位年龄。岩石中锆石的变质增生边的形成年龄为337±6Ma,代表锡林郭勒杂岩发生变质和变形的时间,该变质事件可能与贺根山缝合带内所发生的一次主要的碰撞造山作用有关。这些年龄资料充分说明,锡林郭勒杂岩并非古老地块,而是华力西早期岩浆作用、沉积作用和变质作用事件的产物.整个事件是在较短的时间范围内(～70Ma)完成的,推测该杂岩发育在碰撞造山带的弧前环境。中亚-蒙古造山带东南部(内蒙古的中、东部)碰撞前的构造格局可能不是典型的多岛洋体制,由于缺少古老的陆块,造山过程更多的表现为大洋的大陆化过程,即洋内俯冲形成岛弧,岛弧在被动大陆边缘拼贴聚合转化为新的大陆。

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区华力西期花岗岩地质地球化学特征

通过对祁漫塔格地区华力西期花岗岩类型、空间分布、地质地球化学特征的研究表明 ,该区花岗岩分布最广的是华力西中、晚期花岗岩。华力西中期花岗岩岩石组合为钾长花岗岩、花岗岩、二长花岗岩 ,为高钾钙碱性系列 ,稀土元素含量较低 ,属轻稀土富集型 ,铕亏损较小 ,LILE中的Cs、Rb、Ba、K等含量相对富集 ,而LILE中的Sr、HFSE中Nb、Ti和P相对亏损 ,形成于碰撞后或造山晚期 ;华力西晚期花岗岩岩石组合为钾长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩、花岗斑岩 ,为高钾钙碱性系列 ,稀土元素含量高于华力西中期花岗岩的稀土元素含量 ,铕亏损较为明显 ,微量元素以Sr、Ti和P更为亏损为特征 。

河北滦平球状闪长岩年代学及其地质意义

河北滦平球状闪长岩球中锆石的 U - Pb年龄为 2 84± 8Ma,代表了球体的形成年龄。球间基质中角闪石的 K- Ar法年龄为 2 91± 4 Ma,代表了岩体形成年龄 ;主岩中角闪石和白云母的 K- Ar法年龄分别为 2 79± 4Ma和 2 70± 4 Ma ,可能受到了岩浆期后热液的影响。上述年龄确定了滦平岩体为华力西期岩浆活动的产物 。

青海滩间山金矿床地质特征和控矿因素分析

滩间山金矿床产于中元古界万洞沟群碳质糜棱片岩和华力西晚期侵入岩中。矿床是在热水沉积、区域变质和热变质的预富集基础上，与区域进变质型绿片岩相韧性剪切带的退化演化同步，经历了脆韧性、韧脆性和脆性剪切变形成矿阶段的演化，并遭受华力西晚期侵入岩浆活动相伴的热液成矿作用的叠加改造形成的。不同时期、不同成矿作用的叠加和多种有利因素的结合控制了滩间山金矿床的形成。经生产实践证实。

阿拉克湖幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

将东昆仑造山带划分为东昆北古老基底单元、东昆中早古生代构造混杂岩带、东昆南早古生代构造混杂岩带、马尔争-布青山晚古生代构造混杂岩带和巴颜喀拉山三叠纪浊积盆地5个次级构造单元,重新厘定了东昆仑不同构造混杂岩带的组成、结构、性质和时代,恢复了古海盆的演化历史。通过成分分析和颗粒裂变径迹年龄分析,确定了测区巴颜喀拉山群物源来自北部,基底性质可与马尔争-布青山带相对比,恢复了巴颜喀拉山群经历的构造热历史。运用构造年代学分析方法限定了测区经历的几次重大地质历史转折事件。确定了测区浆混花岗岩的存在。通过构造地貌和第四纪沉积分析,揭示了测区第四纪成山作用过程、水系变迁过程和古环境古气候演变过程。新发现一中型砂岩型铜矿。

中天山北缘华力西期造山作用——变质岩锆石U-Pb年代学限定

笔者对中天山微陆块北缘托克逊干沟地区角闪岩相变质岩中的锆石进行了U-Pb年代学研究,结果证明变质沉积岩中的碎屑锆石记录了从太古宙至元古宙(3320～530 Ma)的源区岩浆热事件,变质火成岩中的岩浆锆石记录了新元古代晚期(550 Ma)的岩浆作用,而变质锆石记录了晚泥盆纪(385～360 Ma)的变质作用。这一定年结果表明,中天山微陆块北缘的造山作用很可能发生在华力西期,中天山微陆块形成于新元古代以前,但并没有经历前寒武纪变质作用,具有与塔里木克拉通明显不同的前寒武纪构造演化历史。因此,中天山微陆块很可能是一个独立的块体,并不支持其是从塔里木板块分离出来的观点。

穆龙套-萨瓦亚尔顿-库姆托尔金矿带典型矿床的对比研究

南天山金矿带是世界上一个重要的金矿资源地,产出数个超大型金矿。这些矿床有许多共同点:如大地构造背景、构造环境、含矿岩系、容矿岩石、控矿构造、矿体形态、矿石类型、主要金属矿物、载金矿物、围岩蚀变、成矿时代和成矿方式等相似。但是,进一步分析可以发现他们之间也存在一定差异。例如,在构造位置、物质成分、围岩蚀变等方面存在差异。对本区一些基本的成矿特征进行分析后,认为矿带的形成与南天山造山带的形成和演化关系密切,华力西期与花岗岩活动有关的热液成矿作用应是主要的成矿作用。因此,该矿带应属于细脉浸染型金矿较为合适。南天山尚有寻找此类金矿的远景。

内蒙古阿拉善地区朱拉扎嘎金矿的成矿时代

内蒙古阿拉善地区朱拉扎嘎金矿是新近发现的特大型层控改造型金矿床,该矿床以产于中元古界地层中和具有巨大的找矿潜力而引人注目。容矿岩石主要为钙质粉砂岩、粉砂质板岩。采用颗粒锆石U-Pb法和40Ar/39Ar法对成矿期花岗斑岩、成矿后期闪长玢岩和含金石英-硫化物矿体进行了年龄测定,获得成矿期花岗斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(304±5)Ma,成矿后闪长玢岩为(259±6)Ma,朱拉扎嘎金矿体中石英的40Ar/39Ar年龄为(282.3±0.9)Ma。这一结果揭示,朱拉扎嘎金矿是华力西晚期形成的,这与前人采用Rb-Sr法测得矿石的等时线年龄(275±6)Ma是一致的。结合阿拉善地区的呼伦西白金矿和欧布拉格铜金矿都是华力西晚期形成的,表明华力西晚期是中国西部最重要的金(铜)矿化期。

内蒙古西部额济纳旗祥探8井华力西期风化壳原油地球化学特征

根据对祥探8井华力西末期风化壳原油地球化学特征的分析,原油具有饱和烃含量高,芳烃、非烃、沥青质含量低和全油C同位素轻的特点,生物标志化合物藿烷系列具有C30藿烷含量高,伽马蜡烷含量相对较高等特点,指示生烃母质类型好,沉积环境为高含盐的还原环境,烃源岩演化程度较高。与祥探9井烃源岩生物标志化合物特征一致,指示与石炭系烃源岩具有良好的亲缘关系。

内蒙古查干诺尔铜矿区矿石特征及成因探讨

查干诺尔铜矿床产在西伯利亚板块和华北板块汇聚带附近,华力西晚期构造岩浆带内。成矿与早二叠世洋盆闭合,后碰撞高钾钙碱性花岗岩类岩浆演化晚期的钾质花岗岩有关。铜矿(化)体呈细脉浸染状产在钾质花岗岩的内外接触带内。铜矿石的主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿等;化学组分以铜、钼、金、银、铅、锌为主。主要的矿化发生在热液期,围岩蚀变明显,有钾长石化、绢英岩化、高岭土化、青盘岩化等。铜矿形成在华力西晚期,属斑岩型铜矿床。

新疆富蕴扎河坝地区蛇绿岩带基本特征及大地构造意义

扎河坝地区蛇绿岩带属扎河坝—阿尔曼太蛇绿岩带之组成部分，主要由无序的蛇纹岩、变辉长岩、变辉绿岩及少量变质基性火山岩、硅质岩构成其主体。常见外来混杂岩块。据其组合特征可分为蛇绿岩、混杂岩两亚带。经初步研究认为：蛇绿岩为残留洋壳的一部分，其形成时代为奥陶纪—志留纪。加里东晚期洋壳发生转化，至泥盆纪发育一套中基性海相沟弧型火山岩组合。因此，该带及其北部至额尔齐斯带南缘地区，应为西伯利亚板块华力西增生带。