Salvage anastomosis in free PAP-flap breast reconstruction:What about free flap neovascularization?

Since the emergence of microsurgery in reconstructive surgery, free flaps have become a key tool in the management of patients with breast cancer. One such flap is the profunda artery perforator(PAP) flap. To date,there is no scientific consensus on whether voluminous free flaps remain dependent on their vascular pedicle throughout their lifespan. Therefore, the pedicle should always be carefully protected during revision surgery.In this article, we review the case of a middle-aged woman who suffered a pedicle transection needing reanastomosis during revision surgery six months after free-flap breast reconstruction. A 52-year-old woman who noticed a firm nodule in her right breast and armpit was referred to our department for surgical management. The Caucasian woman presented with no significant medical history or symptoms at the first consultation. Ultrasound-guided biopsy confirmed an invasive grade Ⅲ lobular carcinoma. Following staging,the patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy before a right mastectomy with a complete homolateral axillary lymph node dissection and postoperative radiotherapy. One year after completing radiotherapy, free flap reconstruction with a PAP flap was performed, and six months later, revision surgery was required to enhance the volume of the reconstructed breast with a tissue expander and later an implant. Unfortunately,pedicle transection occurred during revision surgery, causing complete devascularization of the flap, which was confirmed by intraoperative Indocyanine Green imaging. The authors elected to perform salvage reanastomosis during the surgery. In keeping with the author’s 23-year experience with free flaps, the vascular pedicle should always be preserved in voluminous free flaps, as neovascularization alone may not ensure whole flap survival. The authors suggest always attempting re-anastomosis if vessels are compromised during revision surgery.

Scalp and Dura Matter Complex Reconstruction Using Free Anterolateral Thigh Flap with Vascularized Fascia

The reconstruction of large scalp and dural defects is difficult. Anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is now widely used because of its reliable blood supply to the skin paddle. Additionally, ALT can be harvested with a large skin paddle and large, well-vascularized fascia. We have successfully treated eight scalp and dural composite defect cases (five male and three female) using ALT with vascularized fascia. The patients’ mean age was 59.1 ± 20.4 years ranging from 31 to 83 years. The mean dural defect size was 73 ± 21 cm2, ranging from 50 to 120 cm2. There were no postoperative infections, bleeding, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, or meningitis. Further discussion about the usefulness of vascularized fascia may be required and we believe that plastic surgeons, head and neck surgeons, and neurosurgeons should report on the results of dural reconstruction.

Salvage of vascular graft infections via vacuum sealing drainage and rectus femoris muscle flap transposition: A case report

BACKGROUND The management of vascular graft infections continues to be a significant challenge in a clinical situation.The aim of this report is to illustrate the novel vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)technique and rectus femoris muscle flap transposition for vascular graft infections,and to evaluate the prospective of future testing of this surgical procedure.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 32-year-old male patient,who presented a severe infected groin wound with biological vascular graft Acinetobacter baumannii infection resulting in extensive graft exposure.Using the VSD and muscle flap transposition,the groin wound and vascular graft infection were finally treated successfully.CONCLUSION Our case report highlights that VSD technique and rectus femoris muscle flap transposition could be considered in patients presenting with a severe infected groin wound with biological vascular graft Acinetobacter baumannii infection resulting in extensive graft exposure,especially in consideration of treatable conditions.

Nursing care of vascular crisis in a child with neck skin contracture and skin flap transplantation after burn:A case report

In this report,we aimed to summarize the nursing points of fasciocutaneous flap transplantation due to scar contracture caused by a large area of head and face scald.A 4-year-old girl suffered from wound bleeding,respiratory tract edema,and vascular crisis and was transferred to the intensive care unit after flap transplantation.The child’s scar recovered well before she was discharged,and the follow-up results were satisfactory.After recovery,she had fewer complications under careful and scientific nursing care.The nursing points were to provide a stable treatment environment through regular wound observation and strict aseptic operation;ensure the nutrition of the child;give the child personalized sedative and analgesic care;and perform anticoagulation,antispasm,and dressing change and provide warmth for vascular crisis.Dressing changes by plastic surgery specialists combined with sedation and analgesia can alleviate children’s pain,enable them to better cooperate with surgical site observation and dressing care,increase the survival rate of the skin in the surgical area,and help improve the prognosis of the child.

A new method for intraoral tissue defect repair:diepithelialized tissue flap with vascular anastomosis

Diepithelialized tissue flap(DTF)with vascular anastomosis was de-signed in August 1987,and was used for the repair of 12 cases of large intraoraltissue defect.All the operations were successful.The clinical data were reportedand the procedure to incise and transplant a DTF described.When the healingprocess and changes of DTF after transplantation were observed,it was foundthat a layer of new smooth epidermis was formed on the surface of the DTF.Theorigin of this new epidermis was discussed.Ten out of the 12 cases have been fol-lowed up for from half a year to 2 and a half years,and the results weresatisfactory.The new epidermis showed no hair growth and the patients did nothave any rough feeling,which usually occurred after ordinary skin grafting.It isbelieved that DTF transplantation is likely an ideal method for the repair andreconstruction of intraoral soft tissue defect.Its disadvantage was that the DTFcontracted severely after healing.Finally the authors put forward the problemsconcerning the transplantation of DTF,which should be investigated further.

Tongue Reconstruction with Free Forearm Radial or Ulnar Flap and Vascular Anastomosis:A Clinical Study of 21 Cases

Surgical treatment of tongue tumors usually results in a tongue defect half or more thanhalf of its original size which not only interferes with speech, swallow and mastication functions butalso creates contour deformity and induces mental suffering In order to restore the contour and func-tions of the tongue 21 cases of tongue defects were repaired and reconstructed with forearm radialor ulnar cutaneous or myocutaneous flaps All the transplanted flaps survived and the restored con-tour and functions were satisfactory. The surgical procedure of tongue reconstruction was intro-duced and how to have a satisfactory recovery of the tongue functions and raise the rate of successof the operation were discussed.

Adipo Fascio Cutaneous Perforator Based, Shape Modified Radial Forearm Flap: Vascular Analysis of Perforators &Its Clinical Applications in Head &Neck Reconstruction

Resume of the study & Background: Radial forearm free flap with all its present day modifications is the workhorse of soft tissue reconstruction. Although there are several advantages, it requires sacrifice of a major artery of forearm. Several modifications are described in harvesting a forearm flap. In order to achieve a reliable, safe flap harvest & design one must have a very clear understanding of radial artery perforators, relative to its distribution, territory & flow. The purpose of this study is to determine the location, size & vascular territory of the radial artery cutaneous perforators & to demonstrate application of shape modification of radial forearm free flap based on its distal & proximal perforators in various head & neck defects. Materials & Methods: Anatomical Study: 12 fresh human cadavers & 24 cadaveric forearms were dissected to determine the number, location, size & vascular territory of radial artery perforator. The cutaneous territory of distally dominant perforators was analyzed using methylene blue injections & three-dimensional computed tomographic angiogram to determine the vascular network. Clinical Study: 15 patients with various head neck defects following oncological resections were reconstructed with shape modified adipo-fascio cutaneous free forearm flap. All these patients were prospectively followed for donor site healing, motor & sensory nerve deficit, function & quality of life questioner for donor site assessment. Results: 12 fresh human cadavers & 24 cadaveric forearms were dissected, and a total of 222 perforators were dissected for an average of 18.5 perforators per forearm. 118 were smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter (53.15%) & were not clinically significant. 104 perforators were greater than 0.5 mm in diameter (46.84%) & were clinically significant. 127 perforators (57.20%) were radially distributed & 95 perforators (42.79%) had ulnar distribution. 90 perforators (40.54%) were identified on distal side (Radial styloid) & 132 perforators (59.45%) were identified on proximal side (Lateral epicondyle). Mean number of perforators, on radial side was 10.6 & 7.9 on ulnar side;comparison of both using student t paired test gives a P value of 0.006, which is significant. Comparison of mean number of perforators on the distal side was 7.5 & proximal side was 11.0;Student Paired t test gives a P value of 0.003, which was statistically significant. Comparison of mean diameter of perforators on Distal side (1.11) & Proximal side (0.86), side using Student Paired t test gives a P value of 0.01 which was statistically significant. A chi square test was done to compare mean diameter of perforators on distal side, which was more than 1 mm (80%) & less than 1 mm (20%) & on proximal side more than 1 mm (35.6%) & less than 1 mm (64.4%). Chi square value of 42.406 was obtained, degree of freedom value was 1 & P value of Conclusion: Increase in knowledge of vascular territory of radial artery perforators with regards to numbers, size, location, & cutaneous territory can lead to expanded use of radial forearm flap based on either distal or proximal perforator alone. Shape modified technique for harvesting radial forearm flap allows primary closure of donor site. Donor site is better healed and shows a predicted pattern, which is functionally and aesthetically good.

Biomaterial Scaffolds for Improving Vascularization During Skin Flap Regeneration

Over the past few decades,biomaterials have made rapid advances in tissue engineering.In particular,there have been several studies on vascularization during skin flap regeneration for plastic surgery.From the perspective of function,the biomaterials used to improve the vascularization of skin flaps are primarily classified into two types:(1)electrospun nanofibrous membranes as porous scaffolds,and(2)hydrogels as cell or cytokine carriers.Based on their source,various natural,synthetic,and semi-synthetic biomaterials have been developed with respective characteristics.For the ischemic environment of the flap tissue,the therapeutic effect of the combination of biomaterials was better than that of drugs,cytokines,and cells alone.Biomaterials could improve cell migration,prolong the efficacy of cytokines,and provide an advantageous survival environment to transplanted cells.

One-stage urethroplasty with circumferential vascular pedicle preputial island flap for perineal hypospadias

Objective To report the treatment of perineal hypospadias with one - stage urethroplaty with circumferential vascular pedicle preputial island flap. Methods A circumferential incision was made proximal to the cprona and the urethral plate to correct chordee. A U - shaped skin incision was then made surrounding the meatus。

Vascular anatomy of fascia skin flap in leg

The fascial vessels of skin flap in leg were studied systematically and quantitatively so as to find out the survival mechanism of fasciocutaneous flap and provide morphological basis for clinical application. Methods: Thirteen legs from adultcadavers were observed and measured by dissection under operating and biological microscopes, tissue clearing, slice and imageanalysis. Results: There were four types of source artery in fascia of leg and the intermuscular septal cutaneous artery was predominant and often anstomosed as a chain. The source arteries had supra- and subfascial branches in deep fascia and the former wasmore in number and larger in diameter. In the same way, the vascular network was thicker in the suprafascial level than in the subfascial. Aa% of the deep fascia was larger than that of the superficial fascia. Conclusion: The deep fascial vasculature is the basis of the blood supply of fasciocutaneous flap in leg and the suprafascial vascular network is especially important. It is suggestedthat the fascial pedicle should be selected wilers the arterial chain exists.

颈部无痕的舌癌颈淋巴清扫与游离皮瓣修复技术

颈淋巴清扫和修复重建是口腔癌治疗的两大重要内容。颈淋巴清扫和修复重建手术方法多种多样,但都是在开放手术下完成。该文报道一种经耳后发际入路完全腔镜下的颈淋巴清扫术;同期口内肿瘤根治性切除和经口原位血管吻合的旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复。颈淋巴清扫切口位于发际内,隐匿不可见,术后颈部无暴露性手术疤痕。现就这一术式作以介绍,并对其优缺点进行讨论。

血管化骨瓣重建颌骨种植体周软组织病理学特点

目的:分析血管化骨瓣重建颌骨区域种植体周软组织结构特点,以及游离龈移植术后种植体周软组织结构改变,为临床治疗提供指导。方法:共纳入2020年10月至2022年12月就诊于北京大学口腔医院牙周科的患者20例,其中5例作为健康对照,全身及牙周健康,行牙冠延长术,收集牙冠延长术中切除的部分健康天然角化龈;15例在颌骨重建区域行游离龈移植术,有10例为腓骨瓣重建,5例为髂骨瓣重建,均在术前采集嵴顶软组织,其中5例患者(3例为腓骨瓣重建,2例为髂骨瓣重建)在术后8周时再次采集种植体周软组织。所有软组织采用苏木精-伊红染色观察组织结构特点,测量上皮钉突处基底层底端至颗粒层顶端的厚度及角化层厚度,采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测白细胞介素-1(interlukin-1,IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(interlukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的分布和表达水平。结果:与健康天然角化龈相比,颌骨重建患者种植体周黏膜缺乏正常复层鳞状上皮的组织结构,上皮钉突处基底层底端至颗粒层顶端的厚度及角化层厚度更小[0.36(0.35,0.47)mm vs.0.27(0.20,0.30)mm,P<0.05;26.37(24.12,31.53)μm vs.16.49(14.90,23.37)μm,P<0.05]。游离龈移植术后,上皮钉突处基底层底端至颗粒层顶端的厚度较治疗前呈现增加的趋势[0.38(0.25,0.39)mm vs.0.19(0.16,0.25)mm,P=0.059],角化层厚度较治疗前增加,差异有统计学意义[28.57(27.16,29.14)μm vs.16.42(14.16,22.35)μm,P<0.05],形成了与健康天然角化龈类似的上皮结构;IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α的阳性细胞个数较术前更多,差异有统计学意义[11.00(9.16,18.00)vs.0.67(0.17,8.93),P<0.05;21.89(15.00,28.12)vs.13.00(8.50,14.14),P<0.05;2.83(1.68,5.00)vs.0.22(0.04,0.63),P<0.05];术后平均光密度值升高,差异有统计学意义[0.18(0.17,0.21)vs.0.15(0.14,0.17),P<0.05;0.36(0.33,0.37)vs.0.28(0.26,0.33),P<0.05;0.30(0.28,0.42)vs.0.23(0.22,0.29),P<0.05],且与健康天然角化龈之间的差异无统计学意义。结论:颌骨重建区域种植体周角化黏膜缺失或不足的患者,通过游离龈移植行角化黏膜增量有利于改善种植体周黏膜的组织结构,维护种植体周黏膜的稳定性。

双侧游离股前外侧肌皮瓣联合移植修复巨大胸壁缺损

目的总结双侧游离股前外侧肌皮瓣联合移植修复肿瘤根治术后遗留大面积胸壁全层缺损的疗效和经验。方法自2011年1月至2018年12月使用双侧游离股前外侧肌皮瓣联合钛合金支架或骨水泥重建完成22例胸壁全层重建术,患者胸壁缺损面积为300~700 cm^(2)(中位面积360 cm^(2)),共设计切取44块肌皮瓣,其中皮肤面积(173.55±67.78)cm^(2),肌瓣面积(158.68±94.93)cm^(2)。将皮瓣转移至胸壁缺损处,动脉行端-端吻合,根据可用受区动脉数量,采取外增压或内增压的方式重建2块肌皮瓣动脉血运。吻合静脉时,根据血管蒂及受区静脉数量与形态,采取不同的吻合策略。结果肌皮瓣全部存活,其中1块肌皮瓣远端部分坏死,清创后创面愈合。双侧大腿供区伤口全部顺利愈合,遗留线性瘢痕。术后随访6~36月,平均(18.27±8.62)月,所有患者未见局部复发,1例乳腺癌患者出现骨转移。重建胸壁质地良好,患者呼吸无明显异常,双下肢肌力、关节活动正常,患者满意度高。结论双侧游离股前外侧肌皮瓣联合移植能很好地覆盖胸壁缺损,根据不同的血管解剖特点切取肌皮瓣能最大程度保护供区功能,是行胸壁重建术的可靠方法。

口内血管吻合髂骨瓣修复颌骨缺损的临床应用

目的:介绍数字外科引导下利用口内血管吻合技术联合血管化游离髂骨瓣移植在颌骨重建中的临床操作与优势,探讨口内血管吻合技术的临床应用。方法:选取2022年武汉大学口腔医学口腔颌面外科3例因颌骨良性肿瘤需行颌骨切除并同期修复的患者,术前对患者进行颌骨及髂骨CT扫描,制定虚拟手术计划,设计、制作取骨截骨导板,手术切除肿瘤,其中2例为口内入路切除,1例为口外入路切除。截取髂嵴部带血管蒂骨瓣,以面动静脉为受区吻合血管与髂骨瓣血管蒂进行吻合,从而完成髂骨瓣对颌面部缺损的重建修复。随访患者术后恢复情况并进行评估。结果:3例手术均成功完成,其中2例患者无口外切口,1例患者仅有一处原发灶切除为口外切口。术后患者恢复良好,颌面部结构基本对称且美观。结论:口内血管吻合技术与髂骨瓣及虚拟手术计划相结合可以取得良好的术后结果。口内吻合技术不仅可以完成口内颌骨病灶切除后重建,对于需经口外入路切除病灶的病例也有一定优势。

显微外科护士对皮瓣移植手术患者血管危象识别与护理体验的质性研究

目的 深入了解显微外科护士在识别皮瓣移植手术患者血管危象与对已发生血管危象患者护理过程中的真实体验以提高护士对皮瓣移植手术患者的专科护理能力。方法 采用现象学研究方法,于2022年1-5月运用目的抽样法,选取湖南省某三甲医院15名显微外科护士进行半结构式深入访谈,并采用Colaizzi 7步分析法分析访谈资料,提炼主题。结果 显微外科护士对皮瓣移植手术患者血管危象识别与护理体验可归纳为4个主题及15个亚主题:多重情感体验(紧张感、无助感、自责感、职业认同感和成就感)、核心能力特征要素(责任心与观察能力、理论知识与实践操作能力、工具运用与创新思考能力、亲和力与沟通能力)、血管危象识别与护理阻力因素(工作难度增大、内在支持系统不足、缺乏理解)、寻求组织支持(接受相关教育和培训、改善现有皮瓣血管危象处理流程及记录工具、制定皮瓣情况交接规范、增强皮瓣血管危象早期识别技术支持)。结论 在识别与护理皮瓣血管危象患者过程中,需要重视显微外科护士心理健康,强化护士针对皮瓣血管危象的相关专科护理能力,加强医护协作及患者参与,发展皮瓣血循环监测技术并进行持续质量改进,优化皮瓣移植手术围术期管理。

手外科血管危象预防护理质量评价指标的构建及应用

目的构建手外科血管危象预防护理质量评价指标,并评价应用效果。方法以三维质量结构模式为理论框架,通过文献分析、半结构访谈及专家函询构建手外科血管危象预防护理质量评价指标。将200例单指断指再植或皮瓣移植患者按照入院时间分为对照组和观察组各100例,对照组给予常规护理,观察组根据构建的手外科血管危象预防护理质量评价指标进行护理。结果构建的手外科血管危象预防护理质量评价指标体系包含结构质量、过程质量、结果质量3项一级指标,10项二级指标及47项三级指标。质量评价指标应用后,观察组血管危象及时发现率、断指再植或移植皮瓣成活率及患者满意度评分显著高于对照组,患者血管危象发生率显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论构建并应用手外科血管危象预防护理质量指标有利于及时发现血管危象,降低血管危象发生率,提高再植手指或移植皮瓣成活率及患者满意度。

带血管蒂髂骨瓣移植在早期股骨头坏死患者临床治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨带血管蒂髂骨瓣移植在早期股骨头坏死患者临床治疗中的应用价值。方法将2019年8月~2022年8月南阳市中心医院收治的98例早期股骨头坏死患者,随机分为髂骨瓣组与髂骨块组各49例。髂骨块组患者采用髂骨块移植,髂骨瓣组患者采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣移植。手术前后,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、Harris髋关节功能评价量表(HHS)、X线检查评估两组患者疼痛程度、髋关节功能和髋关节功能优良率、影像学指标评分。手术后,采用自制调查问卷评估两组患者治疗满意度。结果手术后,髂骨瓣组患者VAS评分、影像学指标评分均低于髂骨块组,HHS评分、髋关节功能优良率、治疗总满意度均高于髂骨块组(P<0.05或0.01)。结论带血管蒂髂骨瓣移植应用于早期股骨头坏死患者效果较好,可临床推广。

带腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣在足背创面修复中的应用

目的探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足背创面的临床治疗效果。方法选择腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足背创面缺损患者15例,男8例,女7例,年龄43~66岁,平均年龄(50.40±6.59)岁,创面均为足背缺损,缺损面积3 cm×5 cm~6 cm×7 cm,所有患者均一期行清创VSD覆盖创面,二期行皮瓣覆盖创面的方法治疗,皮瓣的供区缝合张力小的选择直接缝合,对于缝合张力过高可能出现皮肤坏死的选取同侧大腿皮肤游离植皮修复。所有患者均采取上门、电话、微信拍照或者视频随访。定期随访患者患肢皮瓣外形、功能、供区及受区愈合情况和患者满意度。结果术后15例患者均获得随访,1例皮瓣出现远端部分表皮坏死,对创面加强换药后局部瘢痕愈合。随访13~22个月,平均(16.55±2.60)个月,在随访期间,患者的皮瓣呈现出正常的色泽、温度和毛细血管反应,未发现任何异常,皮瓣外形不臃肿,质地柔软,患足行走功能不受限。随访患者满意度评分在80分以上的为12例,评分在60~80分为2例,评分在60分以下为1例。结论腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复术,应用腓动脉在外踝后肌间隙穿出与腓肠神经营养血管吻合成网的优势,使皮瓣成活更可靠,血运更加理想,是修复足背侧创面缺损的理想方法。

腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣与足底内侧皮瓣修复足跟部软组织缺损疗效对比

目的:探讨并对比腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣与足底内侧皮瓣修复足跟部软组织缺损的效果。方法:前瞻性选取笔者医院2018年8月-2022年3月收治的89例足跟部软组织缺损患者,按随机数字表法分为A组(n=45)与B组(n=44),A组采用腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣修复,B组采用足底内侧皮瓣修复。对比两组手术情况、患足功能和感觉的恢复情况及皮瓣外观满意度。结果:B组的皮瓣切取移植时间短于A组、术中出血量少于A组(P<0.05),B组皮瓣完全成活率高于A组(P<0.05)。术后3个月时,两组美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝-后足评分均较术前明显升高,且B组患者的AOFAS踝-后足评分较A组高(P<0.05);两组皮瓣完全成活患者的英国医学研究会(BMRC)感觉功能分级均在S2级及以上,且B组的BMRC感觉功能分级均优于A组(P<0.05);A组皮瓣外观满意度评分低于B组(P<0.05)。结论:针对创面长径≤8.0 cm的足跟部软组织缺损,足底内侧皮瓣修复较腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣移植修复效果更好,不仅皮瓣成活率更高,且患者患足的关节功能及感觉恢复更好,手术时间更短,术中出血量更少。

改良带蒂股前外侧肌皮瓣修复手部难愈性创面

目的 探讨改良带蒂股前外侧肌皮瓣修复手部难愈性创面的临床疗效。方法 对2019年1月-2023年7月收治的手部难愈性创面8例,均合并创面感染,且因血管损伤等原因不具备游离皮瓣移植条件,采用改良带蒂股前外侧肌皮瓣移植修复。皮瓣供区直接缝合或者植皮修复,二期行皮瓣断蒂术。结果 术后所有皮瓣均顺利成活,质地柔软,未发生血管危象,肩关节活动无僵硬,患者均保肢成功。结论 改良带蒂股前外侧肌皮瓣血供可靠,抗感染效果良好,舒适性佳,是修复手部难愈性创面的有效临床疗法。