Prevention and Nursing of Adverse Reactions of Novel Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccine (Vero Cells)

Objective:To discuss and analyze the causes of adverse reactions caused by the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells),and to propose methods of prevention and care.Methods:A questionnaire was used to randomly select 229 adults who were vaccinated with the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells)at Xi’an People’s Hospital(Xi’an Fourth Hospital).The adverse reactions were statistically analyzed.Results:Among the 229 adults vaccinated with the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells),30 experienced vaccination reactions.The main reaction was local induration at the inoculation site,and dizziness was the primary systemic symptom.Conclusion:To reduce the incidence of adverse reactions to the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells),it is necessary to effectively evaluate the health status of adults before vaccination,select the correct vaccination site,and strictly implement the rules of 3-inspections,7-checks,and 1-verification.Standardizing the operation process and providing thorough health education after vaccination can effectively reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions.

Screening of a High Growth Influenza B Virus Strain in Vero Cells

Due to the insufficient supply of embryonated chicken eggs,the preparation of large quantities of inactivated influenza vaccines will require an alternative virus culture system after the emergence or reemergence of a pandemic influenza virus.The Vero cell is one of the ideal options since it was used for producing many kinds of human vaccines.However,most of the influenza viruses can not grow well in Vero cells.To develop a new influenza vaccine with Vero cells as a substrate,the virus needs to adapt to this cell substrate to maintain high growth characteristics.By serial passages in Vero cells,the B/Yunnan/2/2005va(B)strain was successfully adapted to Vero cells,with the hemagglutination titer(HAT)of the virus reaching 1:512.The high growth characteristic of this strain is stable up to 21 passages.The strain was identified by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI)test and sequencing respectively;the HA1 gene sequence of the virus was cloned and analyzed.The screening and establishment of high growth B virus provides an important tool for influenza vaccine production in Vero cells.

Canine Distemper Virus Utilizes Different Receptors to Infect Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts and Vero cells

Inducing animal viruses to adapt to chicken embryos or chicken embryo fibroblasts(CEF) is a common method to develop attenuated live vaccines with full security.Canine distemper virus(CDV) also does this,but the mechanisms and particular receptors remain unclear.Virus overlay protein blot assays were carried out on CEF membrane proteins,which were extracted respectively with a Mem-PER TM kit,a radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer or a modified co-immunoprecipitation method,and revealed a common 57 kDa positive band that differed from the 42-kDa positive band in Vero cells and also from those receptors reported in lymphocytes and 293 cells,indicating a receptor diversity of CDV and the possibility of the 57-kDa protein acting as a receptor that is involved in adaptive infection of CDV Kunming strain to CEF.

Inhibition of Curcumin-Treated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 in Vero Cells

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin-treated Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) virions in cultured Vero cells. Previous studies have indicated that curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from the plant Curcuma longa, has demonstrated antiviral properties against a variety of viruses. After establishing the maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations of curcumin on Vero cells, HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions were treated with varying concentrations of curcumin. The effect on infectivity was determined by antiviral assays, using WST-1, plaque assays, adsorption and penetration assays. Treating HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses with curcumin, at a concentration of 30 μM, reduces the production of infectious HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions in cultured Vero cells by interfering with the adsorption process. These results support the potential of curcumin to be used as a therapeutic agent to reduce the transmission of HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Neurturin gene cloning and expression in Vero cells

BACKGROUND： Transplantation of cell lines expressing neurturin （NTN） has been used to treat animal models of Parkinson＇s disease. However, gone homology between humans and rats varies greatly, so experimental results are not entirely suitable for understanding cellular transplantation in humans. OBJECTIVE： To explore expression of NTN in African green monkey kidney cells （Vero cells）; to obtain a stably NTN expressing cell line. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An observation study of gone engineering and cellular biology was performed at the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College between 2005 and 2008. MATERIALS： Human embryonic hepatic tissues, expression vector pcDNA3, and Vero cells were prepared in this laboratory. Primers were synthesized by TaKaRa Biotechnology, Dalian, China; RNA extraction kit and plasmid extraction kit were purchased from Shanghai Watson Bioengineering, China; G418 and MTT were purchased through Sigma, USA; Lipofectamine2000 was a product of Invitrogen, USA; mice anti-human NTN antibody and fluorescent labeling goat anti-mouse IgG antibody were provided by Jingmei Biotech, China. METHODS： Total RNA was harvested from human embryonic hepatic tissues, and NTN cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR method, followed by subcloning into the pcDNA3 eukaryotic expression vector. The obtained pcDNA3/hNTN was stably transfected into Vero cells using Lipofectamine 2000, and stably expressing clones were selected using G418. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： NTN mRNA and protein expressions were respectively identified by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The morphology of transfected cells was observed under inverted microscopy, and the growth characteristics of those cells were determined using MTT method. RESULTS： A clonal cell line, stably expressing human NTN mRNA and protein, was obtained through stable transfection of pcDNA3/hNTN into Vero cells. The transfected Veto cells exhibited irregular morphology, rather than a spindle shape. The growth retardation phase was prolonged, but the number of cells was identical to non-transfected cells. CONCLUSION： Vero cell lines, which stably expressed human NTN protein, were obtained, and expression patterns of these cell lines were acceptable.

Sensitivity of Different Cytotoxic Responses of Vero Cells Exposed to Organic Chemical Pollutants and their Reliability in the Bio-toxicity Test of Trace Chemical Pollutants

Objective To find a sensitive cytotoxic response to reflect the bio-toxicity of trace organic pollutants, the sensitivity and reliability of morphological change and proliferation inhibition of Vero cells exposed to 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol （TCP） and the leachate from products related to drinking water （PRDW） were compared, and the mechanism of the morphological change in Vero cells exposed to chemical pollutants was studied. Methods Vero cells were treated by different concentration of TCP and the leachate from PRDW. Methylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay was carried out for proliferation inhibition. Bioluminescence method was carried out as another method to test the toxicity of TCP. Flow Cytometry assay was used to test cell Apoptosis and damage of cell-membrane. Results 0.25 mg/L TCP had an effect on cell morphology, and the proportion of morphologically changed cells increased with increasing TCP concentration. At low TCP concentrations, inhibition of cell proliferation did not seem to correlate to TCP concentration, and was negative when TCP concentration was 〈1.0 mg/L. After exposure to leachate from PRDW extracted at different temperatures, the percentage of morphologically changed cells increased with extracting temperature, but the inhibition of cell proliferation failed to reflect the correlation between extracting temperature and proliferation inhibition of Vero cells. Although the Sensitivity of bioluminescence method seems to be similar to morphological change in Veto cells, the bacterial in this method is not homologous enough with human body cells to reflect the toxicity to human body. These imply cell morphological change is a more sensitive and reliable method to reflect bio-toxicity of organic pollutants than proliferation inhibition. Flow cytometry analysis and cell rejuvenation experiments indicated cell membrane damage, which results in cell morphological change, was an early and sensitive cytotoxic response comparing with necrosis. Conelusion These results indicated that the cell membrane toxicity represented by morphological changes is a more sensitive and reliable method to indicate the composite bio-toxicity of trace chemicals than proliferation inhibition, inhibition on bioluminescence and necrosis. Nevertheless, the quantification of morphological change should be studied further.

Study on Propagation of Chicken Infectious Bursal Disease Virus on Vero Cells Using Microcarriers in Fermentor

It was in flask optimization tests proved that 2% serum, pH 7.0, 5:10 000 inoculation concentration of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and 108 hours cultivation for IBDV harvest after its inoculation were the optimal conditions when IBDV was propagated on Vero cells. 250 ml self-made spinner bottle and 5 L stirring fermentor tests proved that IBDV could maintain higher liters for a long time and the highest liters of IBDV in a spinner bottle and a fermentor were 8.875 and 8.58 ( - lgTCID50/0.1 ml) respectively when IBDV was proliferated on Vero cells using 2 g/L microcarriers in a spinner bottle and a fermentor and was cultivated under the optimum conditions obtained from flask tests after Vero cells had developed a confluent monolayer on microcarriers, which were at least one titer higher than the highest titer in the traditional rolling bottle. All these results suggested that this technology could be applied to large scale production for IBDV.

Agranulocytosis following injection of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine(Vero cell):A case report

BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),a mosquito borne flavivirus,is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia,in terms of frequency and severity.JEV infection is thought to confer lifelong immunity.With the near eradication of poliomyelitis,JEV is now the continent’s leading cause of childhood viral neurologic infection and disability.The most common clinical manifestation of JEV infection is acute encephalitis,and currently there is no specific antiviral therapy.Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine(JE-VC)is an effective prevention measure,including JE-VC,Live(JE-MB),and Inactivated JE-VC.CASE SUMMARY A 9-mo-old girl received injection of Inactivated JE-VC(Vero cell)(Liaoning Chengda,batch number 201611B17)on August 31,2017.On that night,she developed a fever with the body temperature up to 38.5°C,for which Ibuprofen Suspension Drops 1.25 mL was given as antipyretic treatment.On September 1,the patient developed apocleisis,and her parents noticed herpes in her oral cavity.The patient was sent to our hospital on September 3.Physical examination led to a diagnosis of herpetic stomatitis,for which Stomatitis Spray 1 puff,tid,Kangfuxin Liquid 2 mL,tid,and vitamin B20.5 tablet,tid,were prescribed.Routine blood tests for low fever on September 6,2017 revealed an absolute neutrophil count(ANC)of 0.62×109/L,hemoglobin(Hb)of 109 g/L,and platelet count(PLT)of 308×10^(12)/L,and the tests were monitored regularly thereafter.The patient was followed until July 26,2020,when routine blood tests revealed ANC 1.72×109/L,Hb 138 g/L,and PLT 309×1012/L,indicating that the neutropenia count had normalized.CONCLUSION This report attempts to bring to clinical attention that Inactivated JE-VC(Vero cell)might cause prolonged granulocytopenia or even agranulocytosis.

Using the SELDI ProteinChip System to Detect Changes in Protein Expression in Vero Cells after Infection

人的疱疹单一的病毒(HSV-1 ) 1 引起美容，眼睛，并且 encephalitic 疾病并且与潜伏的感染和癌症被联系。这里，我们开发了由使用 SELDI 蛋白质薄片在在 vitro 有教养的 Vero 房间检测蛋白质表示的变化在蛋白质水平学习 HSV-1 感染的致病的一个工具。在有为 12， 24 或 48 h 的 HSV-1 和文化的感染以后，房间被收获并且 lysed。IMAC3 数组被用于 SELDI-TOF-MS 在感染前后检测 proteomic 差别。薄片检测了一系列差别表示蛋白质山峰。有趣地，在 16 912 Da 的山峰和 17 581 Da 与 ISG15 的分子的团精确相应，它可以在感染的过程期间参予抗病毒的活动。因此，我们获得了的结果能用作一个基础学习在病毒和它的主人之间的 HSV-1 和相互作用的致病。另外，他们能为 HSV-1 感染的治疗在新治疗学的目标的发现帮助。关键词 SELDI 蛋白质薄片 - Vero 房间 - HSV-1 - 蛋白质表达式 CLC 数字 R373 基础项目：中国(30540075 ) 的国家自然科学基础；

Pilot-Scale Production of Lyophilized Inactivated Rabies Vaccine Candidate in Vero Cells under Fully Animal Component-Free Conditions Using Microcarrier Technology and Laboratory Animal Trials

The upstream process was carried out in an animal component-free medium on Cytodex 1 microcarriers. Recombinant trypsin is a non-animal derived protease used as an alternative to animal-derived trypsin. To inactivate recombinant trypsin, a soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) should be added to the medium. A protocol was first tested in T-flasks and then passaged to 500 mL and 3 L spinner flasks. Cell detachment was completed in 10 - 12 min, and 0.4 g/L STI was added to a 3L spinner, and cells were transferred into a 30 L stirred tank bioreactor. On day 5, the cell density had reached its maximum (around 1.8 × 106 cells/mL). At an MOI of 0.3 with serum-free medium conditions, cell infection yielded a maximal rabies virus titer of 1.82 × 107 FFU/mL at 5 days. All cell culture conditions and virus growth kinetics in serum-free media were investigated. In conclusion, Vero cells were grown on Cytodex 1 with serum-free media and a high amount of rabies virus was obtained. A mouse challenge was used to determine the immune response to an inactivated rabies virus vaccine candidate. Also, we evaluated inactive rabies vaccine candidate safety, and immunogenicity in mice, sheep, horses, and cattle. We found that no horses, sheep, or cattle who were given vaccine IM at 3.2 IU/dose exhibited any clinical sign of disease and all developed high VNA titers (up to 10.03 IU/mL) by 3 - 4 WPI. After the accelerated stability studies, the lyophilized inactivated rabies vaccine candidate showed enough antigenic potency (2.6 IU/mL) in the mouse challenge test. Also, 18-month long-term stability studies showed enough immune response (1.93 IU/mL) on day 14. The activity of the vaccine candidate showed a good immune response and safety criteria that meet WHO requirements. This is the first pilot-scale mammalian cell-based viral rabies vaccine production study in Türkiye that used microcarriers.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Inactivated Hydro-Pericardium Syndrome Vaccines Prepared from Infected Liver and Vero Cell Line Adapted Adeno Type 4 Virus

Hydro-Pericardium Syndrome (HPS) is viral problem of commercial poultry caused by aviadeno virus type-4. In Pakistan the problems have been controlled by administering inactivated infected liver homogenate vaccine (ILHV). The use of liver based HPS vaccines remained potential threat for having hypersensitivity reactions in poultry. The current study was carried out to compare the serological potency of HPS ILHV to vero cell line adopted vaccine in term of anti HPS-ELISA antibody titers. 14 HPS virus vaccines were prepared based on different concentration of antigen, type of adjuvants and source of virus substrate. Total of 160 birds were divided into 16 groups each containing 10 birds. At day of 14th age each bird of every group was injected with 0.3 ml dose of respective vaccine. It was observed that HPS infected liver based vaccine having 1 × 105.6, 1 × 105.6 and 1 × 103.6 bird lethal dose 50 induced 1092.10, 875.25 and 702.2 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer respectively. The 20, 25 and 30 doses/gm HPS infected liver vaccine induced 110.4, 1071.9 and 1037.8 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer respectively. Montanide based tissue culture HPS vaccine showed significantly higher 1148.45 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer to aluminium hydroxide based vaccine (137.2) (P 5.6 TCID50 is serological potent against field infection. The vaccines based on such formulation could be prepared in future for effective immuno-prophylaxis against HPS virus.

The Growth Study of Vero Cells in Different Type of Microcarrier

The fact of microcarrier (MC) culture introduces new possibilities and makes possible the practical high-yield culture of anchorage-dependent cells has generated a considerable focus in this study. The objective of this research was to study the comparison of Vero cell growth on different types of commercial microcarriers;Cytodex-1, Cytodex-3, Hil-lex? II and Plastic Plus in spinner vessel and two liters bioreactor cultured for 96 hours. Biological performance of the microcarrier in RPMI media showed the preference of Vero cell grew on Cytodex 3 microcarriers with highest maximum viable cell number (2.4 × 105 cells/ml) followed by Cytodex 1, Hillex and Plustic Plus. Vero cell on Cyto-dex-3 data in spinner flask was compared in bioreactor and result showed higher viable cell number in biorector. Thus, this dextran-crosslink gelatin microcarrier (Cytodex 3) provided the best surface for cell attachment and fast proliferation. At the end of this cell growth improvement will be used for virus transfection producing a vaccine in bioreactor.

Study on the Purification of OPV Produced on Vero Cells with Q-Sepharose F.F.

Q Sepharose Fast Flow(Q Sepharose F.F.) was adopted to purify the suspensions of type Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ oral poliovaccine (OPV), which is prepared from Vero cells. After clarification and concentration by ultrafiltration,the recovery of virus infected titre may attain above 85%.Using column chromatography on Q Sepharose F.F. to purify the concentrated virus suspensions,the purified viruses attain 100% recovery of virus infectivity. Dot membrane hybrization was used to detect DNA with the probe of Vero cell genome DNA which was labeled with α P 32 dATP,the contents of residual substrate DNA was less than 100 Pg/dose. The process of downstream had no significant influence on some biological characters of purified viruses,such as virus morphology ,tumorigenicity, rct/40 character and capsid protein.This downstream reseach indicates that Q Sepharose F.F. is an ideal chromatography material for purifying OPV prepared from Vero cells.

Analysis of Vero cell growth behavior on microcarrier by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy

By using environmental scanning electron microscopy, the morphological changes of Vero cells attached to and grown on the microcarrier Cytodex-3 were observed, and their behavior of adhesion, spreading and proliferation was analyzed. The effect of exogenous fibronectin/ laminin on adhesion and spreading of MCC/Vero cell was studied. The images of ESEM showed that expansion of cell growth was directed toward vacancy space. The growth curve and cell concentration change during the whole culture process were obtained from the statistical counting method based on ESEM images and the crystal violet method. The growth rate of Vero cells increases with increasing the concentration of cell inoculation, that is, the specific growth rate increases quickly with increasing the concentration of cell inoculation. When serum concentration in medium #199 ranged from 5% to 10%, experimental results indicated that serum concentration is one of the important factors influencing cell growth, particularly in the cell adhesion and spreading stage.

1株悬浮培养的Vero细胞驯化及其生物学特性研究

目的 将贴壁培养的Vero细胞驯化成悬浮培养细胞,并对其生物学特性进行研究。方法 采用无血清培养和“摇床适应法”对细胞进行培养优化,对其进行成瘤性、短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat,STR)分析、透射电子显微镜形态,以及对流感病毒敏感性检测。结果 成功建立悬浮细胞系Vero-S,Vero-S细胞生长期在24~72 h,平台期在108~144h之间,衰退期在144h以后,细胞PDT为36 h,细胞密度在14.01~14.88×10^(8)个/L之间,细胞平均圆度在0.73~0.75之间,细胞直径在12.12~14.44μm之间。Vero-S细胞在裸鼠皮下形成肿瘤,而悬浮培养前的Vero细胞不具有成瘤性;STR显示为猴源细胞系;电镜下细胞结构完整;Vero-S细胞对流感病毒感染不敏感。结论 悬浮细胞系Vero-S细胞的生长经历与贴壁细胞类似的生长期、平台期、衰退期,且细胞大小均一,建立的悬浮培养基能够支持Vero-S细胞高密度生长。STR结果表明悬浮Vero细胞具有完全的遗传稳定性,透射电镜下与贴壁Vero细胞无明显区别。为细胞悬浮驯化培养技术提供参考价值,并可用于细胞致肿瘤的机理研究。

新型冠状病毒灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)内毒素检查方法比较

目的为新型冠状病毒(简称新冠病毒)灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)的细菌内毒素检查和质量控制提供技术支持和理论基础。方法利用凝胶法、光度测定法[包括动态浊度(TKA)法、微量动态显色(mKCA)法]测定并比较新冠病毒灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)原液和成品中内毒素浓度。结果3种方法测得的供试品内毒素浓度均符合规定(原液为不超过5 EU/600 SU,成品为每剂≤5 EU),且后2种方法既能用于定性检测也能用于定量检测,特别是mKCA法下鲎试剂用量更少。结论mKCA法是检查该疫苗内毒素浓度的最适宜方法,具有灵敏度高、稳定性强、鲎试剂用量少、数据完整和可追溯、人为操作误差较小的特点。

微载体高密度培养Vero细胞的研究

微载体是动物细胞高密度培养的有效手段。首先在硅化的方瓶中对Ｃｙｔｏｄｅｘ１、Ｃｙｔｏｄｅｘ３、Ｂｉｏｓｉｌｏｎ、Ｂｅｌｌｃｏ Ｇｌａｓｓ Ｍｉｃｒｏｃａｒｒｉｅｒ、ＣＴ－１、ＣＴ－３、ＭＣ－１、ＣＴ－２８种国产和进口微载体进行了比较和筛选。确定以Ｂｉｏｓｉｌｏｎ作为Ｖｅｒｏ细胞高密度培养的首选微载体。用５００ｍｌ Ｗｈｅａｔｏｎ搅拌瓶探索影响Ｖｅｒｏ细胞高密度培养的条件。

Vero细胞微载体技术规模化培养轮状病毒

目的利用Vero细胞微载体技术规模化培养轮状病毒。方法利用5 L生物反应器进行Vero细胞的微载体培养,待细胞密度达1.5×106个/ml时,以0.05 MOI接种轮状病毒P[2]G3株,于37℃连续培养6 d后收获病毒,期间每天取样观察细胞病变(CPE),并检测病毒感染性滴度。结果在轮状病毒规模化培养的初期,其病毒滴度逐渐升高,至48 h达到最高。在上清中,病毒的滴度为5.5CCID50/ml;在细胞裂解产物中,病毒的滴度为3.75CCID50/ml。结论Vero细胞微载体规模化培养轮状病毒可提高病毒的滴度。

应用生物反应器和微载体培养Vero细胞生产猪流行性腹泻病毒的研究

对应用生物反应器系统和微载体培养Vero细胞生产PEDV进行了实验研究,通过分析和比较批培养及换液培养过程中细胞生长、代谢和病毒增殖的相互关系,发现PEDV随着细胞的生长而不断在胞内增殖和积累,72h后Vero细胞需经过一个短暂的停止生长阶段,再继续呈指数生长。反应器换液培养的单位培养基细胞产量比批培养提高了28%,比方瓶培养提高了138%,疫苗生产效率显著提高。当接种密度为1 23×105cells/ml时,换液培养至96h时获得了1 74×106cells/ml的高细胞密度,细胞扩增了14 3倍,且单位细胞的病毒产量并不低于静态培养。