Emitter discharge characteristics of vertical tube irrigation affected by various factors

To examine the working principle of vertical tube irrigation, variations in vertical tube emitter discharge and their causes were analyzed in the laboratory experiment. The effects of the pressure head, initial soil water content, and tube diameter on the emitter discharge of the vertical tube were studied. The results show that quantitative relationship between the time and cumulative infiltration and emitter discharge of the vertical tube is obtained, and R 2 is more than 0.98. Emitter discharge exhibits a positive and negative correlation with the pressure head and soil water content, respectively. Tube dia- meter has a nonsignificant effect on the emitter discharge. Changes of the soil water content around the emitter water outlet are the main causes of emitter discharge variations. In the experiments, the range of vertical tube emitter discharge is 0.056-1.102 L/h. The emitter of vertical tube irrigation automatically adjusts the soil water content and maintains the root zone soil water content within an appropriate range, which achieves continuous irrigation, and further achieves the effect of water-saving.

An Improved Heat Transfer Correlation for Supercritical Aviation Kerosene Flowing Upward and Downward in Vertical Tubes

Correlations are crucial to the design of cooling channels employed in regenerative cooling systems for scramjets.In this paper,correlations for the aviation kerosene flowing upward and downward in vertical tubes are studied and discussed.Four existing correlations are assessed against the available experimental data.To further improve the prediction accuracy of the heat transfer behaviors of the supercritical aviation kerosene,a new dimensionless parameter(Qi)relevant to the heat flux is proposed and introduced into the construction of a new correlation.Verification shows that the new correlation is more accurate than existing correlations.

Flow and Heat Transfer Instability of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in a Vertical Heated Tube

Supercritical carbon dioxide(S-CO_(2))is one of the most promising working fluids in energy conversion systems.However,the instability of the flow and heat transfer has caused great harm to the security of energy conversion systems.In this work,a transient model based on the Finite Volume Method is set up to investigate the flow and heat transfer instability of CO_(2) changing from a subcritical state to a supercritical state in a vertical heated circular tube.The instability occurs when the wall heat flux is higher than a critical value,which makes the density and mass flow rate variations large enough.A large variation of the density triggers self-sustained oscillations in the flow.The critical heat flux heightens with the higher inlet pressure and pressure drop,larger tube diameter,and lower inlet temperature,but it reduces with the lengthening of the tube.To reflect the density-variation degree for the corresponding heat flux,a dimensionless number N_(tpc)=qπDL/Mβ_(pc)(p)/C_(p,pc)(p)(trans-pseudocritical number)is introduced.The critical trans-pseudocritical number Ntpc,c first goes up and down with the increase of the inlet pressure and the reduction of the inlet temperature.The rise of the mass flow rate,the shortening of the tube length,and the enlargement of the tube diameter all induce the temperature difference along the radial direction to become large.These tendencies make the critical Ntpc,c small.Consequently,the stability boundary N_(tpc,c)=48.47(N_(psc))^(1.048)(Δp∗)^(0.359)(D/L)^(−0.026)(G∗)^(−0.335)(ρ∗)^(2.666) is obtained to distinguish the regions of the flow and heat transfer stability and instability.

Frictional resistance of supercritical pressure RP-3 flowing in a vertically downward tube at constant heat fluxes

Based on the demands of compact heat exchangers and micro cooling channels applied for aviation thermal protection, the flow resistance characteristics of aviation kerosene RP-3 were experimentally studied in a vertically downward circular miniature tube with an inner diameter of 1.86 mm at supercritical pressures and constant heat fluxes. A long and short tube method was used to accurately calculate the frictional pressure drop, and experimental conditions are supercritical pressures of 4 MPa, mass flow rates of 2–4 g/s(i.e., mass fluxes of 736–1472 kg/(m^(2)·s)), heat fluxes of 100–500 kW/m^(2), and inlet temperatures of 373–673 K. Results show that the sharp variations of thermophysical properties, especially density, have significant influences on frictional resistances.Generally, the frictional pressure drop and the friction factor increase with increasing inlet temperatures, and this trend speeds up in the relatively high-temperature region. However, the friction factor has a sudden decline when the fuel outlet temperature exceeds the pseudo-critical temperature.The frictional pressure drop and the friction factor basically remain unchanged with increasing heat flux when the inlet temperature is relatively low, but increase quickly when the inlet temperature is relatively high. Besides, a larger mass flux yields a higher pressure drop but does not necessarily yield a higher friction factor. Finally, an empirical friction factor correlation is proposed and shows better predictive performance than those of previous models.