Nonlinear Relationship and Its Evolutionary Trace between Average Degree and Average Path Length of Edge Vertices of China Aviation Network Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network,the relationship between the average degree and the average path length of edge vertices of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 was studied.According to the theory and method of complex network,the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the airline as the edge of the network.On the basis of the statistical data,the average degree and average path length of edge vertices of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 were calculated.Through regression analysis,it was found that the average degree had a logarithmic relationship with the average path length of edge vertices and the two parameters of the logarithmic relationship had linear evolutionary trace.

Probability Distribution of China Aviation Network Average Degree of Edge Vertices and Its Evolutionary Trace Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network, the probability distribution and evolution trace of average degree of edge vertices of China aviation network were studied based on the statistics data of China civil aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015. According to the theory and method of complex network, the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the route between cities as the edge of the network. Based on the statistical data, the average degrees of edge vertices in China aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015 were calculated. Using the probability statistical analysis method and regression analysis approach, it was found that the average degree of edge vertices had the probability distribution of normal function and the position parameters and scale parameters of the probability distribution had linear evolution trace.

Probability Distribution of Ratio of China Aviation Network Edge Vertices Degree and Its Evolutionary Trace Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network, the probability distribution and evolution trace of ratio of China aviation network edge vertices degree were studied based on the statistics data of China civil aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015. According to the theory and method of complex network, the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the route between cities as the edge of the network. Based on the statistical data, the ratio of edge vertices degree in China aviation network in 1988, 1994, 2001, 2008 and 2015 were calculated. Using the probability statistical analysis method and regression analysis approach, it was found that the ratio of edge vertices degree had linear probability distribution and the two parameters of the probability distribution had linear evolution trace.

Probability Distribution of Arithmetic Average of China Aviation Network Edge Vertices Nearest Neighbor Average Degree Value and Its Evolutionary Trace Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network,the probability distribution and evolution trace of arithmetic average of edge vertices nearest neighbor average degree values of China aviation network were studied based on the statistics data of China civil aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015.According to the theory and method of complex network,the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the route between cities as the edge of the network.Based on the statistical data,the arithmetic averages of edge vertices nearest neighbor average degree values of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 were calculated.Using the probability statistical analysis method,it was found that the arithmetic average of edge vertices nearest neighbor average degree values had the probability distribution of normal function and the position parameters and scale parameters of the probability distribution had linear evolution trace.

Lightweight design of 45000r/min spindle using full factorial design and extreme vertices design methods

Factors for determining the spindle size are the shaft diameter, positions of bearing and motor, and entire length of the spindle. Then, it is important to find the assembling of the optimal design variables, which satisfy the stiffimss and rotational speed required to the spindle. A general full factorial design method was used to verify some factors that affect the natural frequency of a spindle. It is verified that the shorter shaft length and bearing span length represent the higher natural frequency, and there are some effects according to the change in the levels of factors. The detailed spindle dimension is determined by applying an EVD method, which can define the optimal bearing position through considering the limiting condition. Based on the estimated regression model, the optimal spindle size and bearing distance that can improve the primary natural frequency are obtained, and the influence of design factors on the natural frequency is also analyzed.

Similar Vertices and Isomorphism Detection for Planar Kinematic Chains Based on Ameliorated Multi-Order Adjacent Vertex Assignment Sequence

Isomorphism detection is fundamental to the synthesis and innovative design of kinematic chains(KCs).The detection can be performed accurately by using the similarity of KCs.However,there are very few works on isomorphism detection based on the properties of similar vertices.In this paper,an ameliorated multi-order adjacent vertex assignment sequence(AMAVS)method is proposed to seek out similar vertices and identify the isomorphism of the planar KCs.First,the specific definition of AMAVS is described.Through the calculation of the AMAVS,the adjacent vertex value sequence reflecting the uniqueness of the topology features is established.Based on the value sequence,all possible similar vertices,corresponding relations,and isomorphism discrimination can be realized.By checking the topological graph of KCs with a different number of links,the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method are verified.Finally,the method is employed to implement the similar vertices and isomorphism detection of all the 9-link 2-D0F(degree of freedom)planar KCs.

Quantum search of many vertices on the joined complete graph

The quantum search on the graph is a very important topic.In this work,we develop a theoretic method on searching of single vertex on the graph[Phys.Rev.Lett.114110503(2015)],and systematically study the search of many vertices on one low-connectivity graph,the joined complete graph.Our results reveal that,with the optimal jumping rate obtained from the theoretical method,we can find such target vertices at the time O(√N),where N is the number of total vertices.Therefore,the search of many vertices on the joined complete graph possessing quantum advantage has been achieved.

Graphs with Pendant Vertices and <i>r</i>(<i>G</i>) &#8804;7

Let G be a graph of order n with vertex set V(G) = {v1, v2,…, vn}. the adjacency matrix of G is an n × n matrix A(G) = (aij)n×n, where aij is the number edges joining vi and vj in G. The eigenvalues λ1, λ2, λ3,…, λn, of A(G) are said to be the eigenvalues of the graph G and to form the spectrum of this graph. The number of nonzero eigenvalues and zero eigenvalues in the spectrum of G are called rank and nullity of the graph G, and are denoted by r(G) and η(G), respectively. It follows from the definitions that r(G) + η(G) = n. In this paper, by using the operation of multiplication of vertices, a characterization for graph G with pendant vertices and r(G) = 7 is shown, and then a characterization for graph G with pendant vertices and r(G) less than or equal to 7 is shown.

Chemical Potential Dependence of Vertices

Based on the rainbow-ladder approximation of the Dyson-Schwinger equations and the assumption of the analyticity of the fermion-boson vertex in the neighborhood of zero chemical potential （μ = 0） and neglecting the #-dependence of the dressed gluon propagator, we apply the method in [Phys. Rev. C 71 （2005） 015205] of studying the dressed quark propagator at finite chemical potential to prove that the general fermion-boson vertex at finite μ can also be obtained from the one at μ = 0 by a simple shift of variables. Using this result we extend the results of [Phys. Lett. B 420 （1998） 267] to the situation of finite chemical potential and show that under the approximations we have taken, the Gell-Mann Oakes-Renner relation also holds at finite chemical potential

Reciprocal Distance Laplacian Eigenvalue Distribution Based on Graph Parameters

Let G be a connected graph of order n and m_(RD)^(L)_(G)I denote the number of reciprocal distance Laplacian eigenvaluesof G in an interval I.For a given interval I,we mainly present several bounds on m_(RD)^(L)_(G)I in terms of various structuralparameters of the graph G,including vertex-connectivity,independence number and pendant vertices.

Low profile cavity-embedded ultra-wideband UHF array antenna with end-fire beams

A low-profile,vertically polarized,ultra-wideband array antenna with end-fire beams operating in an ultra-high frequency(UHF)band is developed in this paper.The array antenna consists of 1×16 log-periodic top-hat loaded monopole antenna arrays and is feasible to embed into a shallow cavity to further reduce the array height.Capacitance is introduced in the proposed antenna element to reduce profile height and the rectangular top hats are carefully designed to minimize the transverse dimension.Simulated results show that when the antenna array operates in a frequency range of 300 MHz-900 MHz,the end-fire radiation pattern achieves±45°scanning range in the horizontal plane.Then prototypes of the proposed end-fire antenna element and a uniformly spaced linear array(1×2)are fabricated and validated.The end-fire antenna array should be suitable for airborne applications where low-profile and conformal scanning phased antenna arrays with end-fire radiations are required.This design is attractive for airborne platform applications that are used to search,discover,identify,and scout the aerial target with vertically polarized beams.

Study on the vertical deformations induced by terrestrial water storage changes in Huang-Huai-Hai river basin

Terrestrial water storage(TWs)variations are associated with water mass movements,which may cause the deformation displacements of the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)stations.This study investigates the spatio-temporal Tws variations and addresses the relationship between deformation variations observed in the Huang-Huai-Hai River Basin(HHHRB)and local hydrological features.Results indicate that the vertical velocities at the GNSS stations induced by TWS changes are relatively small,and the impacts of the terrestrial water storage changes are mainly reflected in the changes of seasonal characteristics.Although there is a downward TWS trend from 2011 to 2022 in most HHHRB areas,velocities from the vertical displacements of both Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)and GRACE Follow-On(GFO)and the GNSS reflect that the HHHRB is undergoing an uplift process,while the magnitude of the GRACE/GFO derived velocities is much smaller than that of the GNSS solutions.Common hydrological deformations estimated from GRACE/GFO and GNSS measurements reveal that the TWS-derived displacements can explain 54.5%of the GNSS seasonal variations,with the phases of terrestrial water storage advancing by about one month relative to GNss common signal phases.Moreover,the decrease of the groundwater storage in the HHHRB has been accelerating since 2008.After reaching its lowest level around mid-2020,it began to rise rapidly,which might be closely related to the implementation of the South-North Water Transfer Central Project.

Detection and analysis of landslide geomorphology based on UAV vertical photogrammetry

High-resolution landslide images are required for detailed geomorphological analysis in complex topographic environment with steep and vertical landslide distribution.This study proposed a vertical route planning method for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),which could achieve rapid image collection based on strictly calculated route parameters.The effectiveness of this method was verified using a DJI Mavic 2 Pro,obtaining high-resolution landslide images within the Dongchuan debris flow gully,in the Xiaojiang River Basin,Dongchuan District,Yunnan,China.A three-dimensional(3D)model was constructed by the structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo(SfM-MVS).Micro-geomorphic features were analyzed through visual interpretation,geographic information system(GIS),spatial analysis,and mathematical statistics methods.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could obtain comprehensive vertical information on landslides while improving measurement accuracy.The 3D model was constructed using the vertically oriented flight route to achieve centimeter-level accuracy(horizontal accuracy better than 6 cm,elevation accuracy better than 3 cm,and relative accuracy better than 3.5 cm).The UAV technology could further help understand the micro internal spatial and structural characteristics of landslides,facilitating intuitive acquisition of surface details.The slope of landslide clusters ranged from 36°to 72°,with the majority of the slope facing east and southeast.Upper elevation levels were relatively consistent while middle to lower elevation levels gradually decreased from left to right with significant variations in lower elevation levels.During the rainy season,surface runoff was abundant,and steep topography exacerbated changes in surface features.This route method is suitable for unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)landslide surveys in complex mountainous environments.The geomorphological analysis methods used will provide references for identifying and describing topographic features.

Pumping-induced Well Hydraulics and Groundwater Budget in a Leaky Aquifer System with Vertical Heterogeneity in Aquitard Hydraulic Properties

In groundwater hydrology,aquitard heterogeneity is often less considered compared to aquifers,despite its significant impact on groundwater hydraulics and groundwater resources evaluation.A semi-analytical solution is derived for pumping-induced well hydraulics and groundwater budget with consideration of vertical heterogeneity in aquitard hydraulic conductivity(K)and specific storage(S_(s)).The proposed new solution is innovative in its partitioning of the aquitard into multiple homogeneous sub-layers to enable consideration of various forms of vertically heterogeneous K or S_(s).Two scenarios of analytical investigations are explored:one is the presence of aquitard interlayers with distinct K or S_(s) values,a common field-scale occurrence;another is an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard S_(s),a regional-scale phenomenon supported by statistical analysis.Analytical investigations reveal that a low-K interlayer can significantly increase aquifer drawdown and enhance aquifer/aquitard depletion;a high-S_(s) interlayer can noticeably reduce aquifer drawdown and increase aquitard depletion.Locations of low-K or high-S_(s) interlayers also significantly impact well hydraulics and groundwater budget.In the context of an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard S_(s),a larger decay exponent can enhance aquifer drawdown.When using current models with a vertically homogeneous aquitard,half the sum of the geometric and harmonic means of exponentially depth-decaying aquitard S_(s) should be used to calculate aquitard depletion and unconfined aquifer leakage.

SSA-over-array(SSoA):A stacked DRAM architecture for nearmemory computing

Aiming to enhance the bandwidth in near-memory computing,this paper proposes a SSA-over-array(SSoA)architecture.By relocating the secondary sense amplifier(SSA)from dynamic random access memory(DRAM)to the logic die and repositioning the DRAM-to-logic stacking interface closer to the DRAM core,the SSoA overcomes the layout and area limitations of SSA and master DQ(MDQ),leading to improvements in DRAM data-width density and frequency,significantly enhancing bandwidth density.The quantitative evaluation results show a 70.18 times improvement in bandwidth per unit area over the baseline,with a maximum bandwidth of 168.296 Tbps/Gb.We believe the SSoA is poised to redefine near-memory computing development strategies.

Circulation Background and Genesis Mechanism of a Cold Vortex over the Tibetan Plateau during Late April 2018

A cold vortex occurred over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP)on 27 April 2018 and subsequently brought excessive rainfall to the spring farming area in southern China when moving eastward.This study investigates the genesis mechanism of the cold TP vortex(TPV)by diagnosing reanalysis data and conducting numerical experiments.Results demonstrate that the cold TPV was generated in a highly baroclinic environment with significant contributions of positive potential vorticity(PV)forcing from the tropopause and diurnal thermodynamic impact from the surface.As a positive PV anomaly in the lower stratosphere moved towards the TP,the PV forcing at the tropopause pushed the tropospheric isentropic surfaces upward,forming isentropic-isplacement ascent and reducing static stability over the TP.The descent of the tropopause over the TP also produced a tropopause folding over the northeastern TP associated with a narrow high-PV column intruding downwards over the TPV genesis site,resulting in ascending air in the free atmosphere.This,in conjunction with the descending air in the valley area during the night,produced air stretching just at the TPV genesis site.Because the surface cooling at night increased the surface static stability,the aforementioned vertical air-stretching thus converted the produced static stability to vertical vorticity.Consequently,the cold TPV was generated over the valley at night.

A Novel Fractional Dengue Transmission Model in the Presence of Wolbachia Using Stochastic Based Artificial Neural Network

The purpose of this research work is to investigate the numerical solutions of the fractional dengue transmission model(FDTM)in the presence of Wolbachia using the stochastic-based Levenberg-Marquardt neural network(LM-NN)technique.The fractional dengue transmission model(FDTM)consists of 12 compartments.The human population is divided into four compartments;susceptible humans(S_(h)),exposed humans(E_(h)),infectious humans(I_(h)),and recovered humans(R_(h)).Wolbachia-infected and Wolbachia-uninfected mosquito population is also divided into four compartments:aquatic(eggs,larvae,pupae),susceptible,exposed,and infectious.We investigated three different cases of vertical transmission probability(η),namely when Wolbachia-free mosquitoes persist only(η=0.6),when both types of mosquitoes persist(η=0.8),and when Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes persist only(η=1).The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Wolbachia in reducing dengue and presenting the numerical results by using the stochastic structure LM-NN approach with 10 hidden layers of neurons for three different cases of the fractional order derivatives(α=0.4,0.6,0.8).LM-NN approach includes a training,validation,and testing procedure to minimize the mean square error(MSE)values using the reference dataset(obtained by solving the model using the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method(ABM).The distribution of data is 80% data for training,10% for validation,and,10% for testing purpose)results.A comprehensive investigation is accessible to observe the competence,precision,capacity,and efficiency of the suggested LM-NN approach by executing the MSE,state transitions findings,and regression analysis.The effectiveness of the LM-NN approach for solving the FDTM is demonstrated by the overlap of the findings with trustworthy measures,which achieves a precision of up to 10^(-4).

Experimental Investigation on Vertical Hydraulic Transport of Ores in Deepsea Mining

Deepsea mining has been proposed since the 1960s to alleviate the lack of resources on land.Vertical hydraulic transport of collected ores from the seabed to the sea surface is considered the most promising method for industrial applications.In the present study,an indoor model test of the vertical hydraulic transport of particles was conducted.A noncontact optical method has been proposed to measure the local characteristics of the particles inside a vertical pipe,including the local concentration and particle velocity.The hydraulic gradient of ore transport was evaluated with various particle size distributions,particle densities,feeding concentrations and mixture flow velocities.During transport,the local concentration is larger than the feeding concentration,whereas the particle velocity is less than the mixture velocity.The qualitative effects of the local concentration and local fluid velocity on the particle velocity and slip velocity were investigated.The local fluid velocity contributes significantly to particle velocity and slip velocity,whereas the effect of the local concentration is marginal.A higher feeding concentration and mixture flow velocity result in an increased hydraulic gradient.The effect of the particle size gradation is slight,whereas the particle density plays a crucial role in the transport.

Performance characteristics of the airlift pump under vertical solid-water-gas flow conditions for conveying centimetric-sized coal particles

In this study,the installation of an airlift pump with inner diameter of 102 mm and length of 5.64 m was utilized to consider the conveying process of non-spherical coal particles with density of 1340 kg/m3 and graining 25-44.5 mm.The test results revealed that the magnitude of increase in the solid transport rate due to the changes in the three tested parameters between compressed air velocity,submergence ratio,and feeding coal possibility was not the same,which are stand in range of 20%,75%,and 40%,respectively.Hence,creating the optimal airlift pump performance is highly dependent on submergence ratio.More importantly,we measured the solid volume fraction using the method of one-way valves in order to minimize the disadvantages of conventional devices,such as fast speed camera and conductivity ring sensor.The results confirmed that the volume fraction of the solid phase in the transfer process was always less than 12%.To validate present experimental data,the existing empirical correlations together with the theoretical equations related to the multiphase flow was used.The overall agreement between the theory and experimental solid delivery results was particularly good instead of the first stage of conveying process.This drawback can be corrected by omitting the role of friction and shear stress at low air income velocity.It was also found that the model developed by Kalenik failed to predict the performance of our airlift operation in terms of the mass flow rate of the coal particles.

Modelling smear effect of vertical drains using a diameter reduction method

Vertical drains are used to accelerate consolidation of clays in ground improvement projects.Smear zones exist around these drains,where permeability is reduced due to soil disturbance caused by the installation process.Hansbo solution is widely used in practice to consider the effects of drain discharge capacity and smear on the consolidation process.In this study,a computationally efficient diameter reduction method(DRM)obtained from the Hansbo solution is proposed to consider the smear effect without the need to model the smear zone physically.Validated by analytical and numerical results,a diameter reduction factor is analytically derived to reduce the diameter of the drain,while achieving similar solutions of pore pressure dissipation profile as the classical full model of the smear zone and drain.With the DRM,the excess pore pressure u obtained from the reduced drain in the original un-disturbed soil zone is accurate enough for practical applications in numerical models.Such performance of DRM is independent of soil material property.Results also show equally accurate performance of DRM under conditions of multi-layered soils and coupled radial-vertical groundwater flow.