Calculation of all-time apparent resistivity of large loop transient electromagnetic method with very fast simulated annealing

In large loop transient electromagnetic method(TEM),the late time apparent resistivity formula cannot truly reflect the geoelectric model,thus it needs to define the all-time apparent resistivity with the position information of measuring point.Utilizing very fast simulated annealing(VFSA) to fit the theoretical electromagnetic force(EMF) and measured EMF could obtain the all-time apparent resistivity of the measuring points in rectangular transmitting loop.The selective cope of initial model of VFSA could be confirmed by taking the late time apparent resistivity of transient electromagnetic method as the prior information.For verifying the correctness,the all-time apparent resistivities of the geoelectric models were calculated by VFSA and dichotomy,respectively.The results indicate that the relative differences of apparent resistivities calculated by these two methods are within 3%.The change of measuring point position has little influence on the tracing pattern of all-time apparent resistivity.The first branch of the curve of all-time apparent resistivity is close to the resistivity of the first layer medium and the last branch is close to the resistivity of the last layer medium,which proves the correctness of the arithmetics proposed.

Fast-transient techniques for high-frequency DC–DC converters

A 30 MHz voltage-mode controlled buck converter with fast transient responses is presented.An improved differential difference amplifier(DDA)-based Type-III compensator is proposed to reduce the settling times of the converter during load transients,and to achieve near-optimal transient responses with simple PWM control only.Moreover,a hybrid scheme using a digital linear regulator with automatic transient detection and seamless loop transition is proposed to further improve the transient responses.By monitoring the output voltage of the compensator instead of the output voltage of the converter,the proposed hybrid scheme can reduce undershoot and overshoot effectively with good noise immunity and without interrupting the PWM loop.The converter was fabricated in a 0.13μm standard CMOS process using 3.3 V devices.With an input voltage of 3.3 V,the measured peak efficiencies at the output voltages of 2.4,1.8,and 1.2 V are 90.7%,88%,and 83.6%,respectively.With a load step of 1.25 A and rise and fall times of 2 ns,the measured 1%settling times were 220 and 230 ns,with undershoot and overshoot with PWM control of 72 and 76 mV,respectively.They were further reduced to 36 and 38 mV by using the proposed hybrid scheme,and 1%settling times were also reduced to 125 ns.

Influence of Series Choke on Damping of Switching Transients in Distribution Transformers

Distribution transformers operating in modern system grids or in industrial networks are subjected to many switching transients,which may occur due to routine operations,network reconfigurations or as reaction on protection signals.Depending on the network configuration and parameters,such events may lead to external overvoltages and result in additional stresses on the insulation system.This paper presents the influence of a series choke on damping of switching transients in distribution transformers.The impact of the choke is assessed by both amplitude and rise time reduction.The suppression of the transient rise time is shown for a test configuration involving distribution transformers connected to low loss cable lines and a medium voltage breaker.Such phenomena are especially typical for industrial networks where switching operations are very frequent.Both simulation and experiment results are given.Simulation results as well as measurement results confirmed that switching events can lead to high dU/dt and in consequence,can have adverse impacts on insulation system.Voltage escalation during switching event is strongly related with system conditions.The results obtained for presented mitigation method are promising and indicate significant dU/dt reduction as well as number of ignitions and voltage peak value.The protection of distribution transformers with a series choke is a new approach dedicated to environments prone to the occurrence of transients with high steepness.Experimental results show that the application of serial choke with suitable parameters realizes the reduction of dU/dt at the machines terminal from 24 kV/μs to 5 kV/μs,as well as the reduction of voltage peak value from 10 kV to 5 kV.The number of ignitions is also reduced.

Analysis on conducted coupling of electrical fast transient burst in mines

Under the inflammable or explosive environment, the direct measurement methods by opening up the explo- sion-proof shell of electrical installations were not adopted. So, it＇s impossible to have a quantitative analysis on the limit of conducted disturbance for electrical fast transient burst （EFT/B） in such dangerous environments. Transient conducted coupling model, which using EFT/B as its excitation source, can be built based on circuit and electromagnetic field theory. Furthermore, numerical analysis was performed. The results indicate that the capacitive coupling voltage is the same polarity as EFT/B, and is the main disturbance form of conducted coupling in mines. The inductive coupling voltage is reversed polarity with the ca- pacitive coupling voltage, and both peaks appear only in the rising time of EFT/B, which increase with the rising of load resistance. Moreover, the cable coupling voltage on the side of disturbance source is higher than the one on the other side in tunnel. To reduce the common resistance can suppress the resistive coupling disturbance.

Thermal conductivity characterization of ultra-thin silicon film using the ultra-fast transient hot strip method

Thermal conductivity is an important material parameter of silicon when studying the performance and reliability of devices or for guiding circuit design when considering heat dissipation, especially when the self-heating effect becomes prominent in ultra-scaled MOSFETs.The cross-plane thermal conductivity of a thin silicon film is lacking due to the difficulty in sensing high thermal conductivity in the vertical direction.In this paper, a feasible method that utilizes an ultra-fast electrical pulse within 20 μs combined with the hot strip technique is adopted.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that shows how to extract the cross-plane thermal conductivity of sub-50 nm(30 nm, 17 nm, and 10 nm)silicon films on buried oxide.The ratio of the extracted cross-plane thermal conductivity of the silicon films over the bulk value is only about 6.9%, 4.3%, and 3.8% at 300 K, respectively.As the thickness of the films is smaller than the phonon mean free path, the classical heat transport theory fails to predict the heat dissipation in nanoscale transistors.Thus, in this study, a ballistic model, derived from the heat transport equation based on extended-irreversible-hydrodynamics(EIT), is used for further investigation, and the simulation results exhibit good consistence with the experimental data.The extracted effective thermal data could provide a good reference for precise device simulations and thermoelectric applications.

基于子循环自适应串行交错时间匹配算法的油浸式变压器绕组瞬态温升计算

针对传统算法存在的步长调整及耦合点选择问题,该文提出基于子循环自适应串行交错(SCAS)的时间匹配算法。首先,在步长调整方面,通过加入自适应(ATS)-启发式(HTS)混合变步长算法,解决步长无法实时调整的问题;然后,针对耦合点选择问题,该文在传统常规串行交错(CSS)时间匹配算法及现有改进方案子循环常规串行交错(SCSS)的基础上,提出SCAS时间匹配算法,采用自适应方案确定计算时间窗及预定耦合点,并引入指数平滑法对其精度进行保证;最后,该文基于110 kV油浸式电力变压器建立二维瞬态单分区分匝绕组模型,并将所提算法与其他传统方法进行对比分析。结果表明:在精度方面,与传统CSS算法相比SCAS算法的流场及温度场最大平均相对误差均不超过0.45%,在可接受误差范围内;在效率方面,SCAS算法总体计算效率较CSS算法提高了近20倍。同时,为了说明所提算法的工程价值,该文搭建基于110 kV变压器绕组模型的温升实验平台,将SCAS时间匹配算法应用于该模型中,实验结果表明:在精度方面,SCAS算法与实验达到稳态时最大绝对误差为2.7 K;在计算效率上,本文所提算法的计算效率较传统算法提升约46倍,计算步数约为传统的1/47,减少了计算冗余。

Mayr电弧模型下GIS中快速暂态过电压的仿真分析

SF6气体绝缘封闭组合开关(GIS)中隔离开关进行分合母线时,产生快速暂态过电压(VFTO),幅值高且上升速率极快,威胁GIS及相邻设备的绝缘。选取某800 kV GIS隔离开关分合母线的试验电路为研究对象,采用电磁暂态程序(EMTP/ATP)进行建模仿真,隔离开关燃弧时采用Mayr电弧模型,分析其对VFTO的影响,得出考虑Mayr电弧模型时操作隔离开关、断路器侧隔离开关及变压器侧隔离开关的电压波形,并与考虑时变电阻模型的VFTO进行对比。对VFTO波形进行离散傅里叶分析,得到过电压频率、幅值的变化特征,研究结果为GIS绝缘设计提供参考。

电快速瞬变脉冲群串扰耦合分析及防护措施研究

EFT产生的瞬态脉冲干扰可通过电缆耦合进入电子系统的内部,损伤电子设备。为降低瞬态脉冲对电缆串扰耦合的影响,首先利用电磁仿真软件CST建立平行电缆耦合仿真模型,当电压等级为4 kV时,测试电缆的近端串扰电压达到71.2 V,远高于部分敏感器件的阈值;然后通过分析电快速瞬变脉冲群的频谱特性,瞬态脉冲的干扰能量主要集中在1~10 MHz的范围内;最后利用仿真软件Filter Solution设计合理的防护电路。结果表明,防护电路能有效降低瞬态脉冲对电路的影响。

基于POD-αATS的油浸变压器瞬态温升降阶自适应变步长计算方法

针对油浸式电力变压器瞬态温升计算效率过低的问题,该文提出本征正交分解-αATS(proper orthogonal decomposition-adaptive time stepping based onαfactor,POD-αATS)降阶自适应变步长瞬态计算方法。首先,推导变压器绕组瞬态温升计算的有限元离散方程;其次,采用POD降阶算法改善传统瞬态计算中存在的条件数过大及方程阶数过高的问题;同时对于瞬态计算中的时间步长选择问题,提出适用于非线性问题的αATS变步长策略;然后,为验证方法的有效性,基于110 kV油浸式电力变压器绕组的基本结构建立二维八分区数值计算模型,同时将计算结果与基于110 kV绕组的温升实验结果进行对比。数值计算及实验结果表明,所提算法与全阶定步长算法在流场和温度场中的精度几乎相同,且流场计算效率提升约45倍,温度场计算效率提升约38倍,计算速度得到显著提高。这一点在温升实验中同样得到验证,说明该文所提算法的准确性、高效性及一定的工程实用性。

100 Mbps以太网端口的电快速瞬变脉冲群抑制装置

为了解决智能网联产品以太网端口的通信性能在电快速瞬变脉冲群试验中出现的非预期降级问题,研制了一款用于100 Mbps以太网端口的瞬态脉冲抑制装置。该装置的应用解决了以太网端口在±4 kV的电快速瞬变脉冲群干扰试验中出现的连接中断问题,并将±4 kV的电快速瞬变脉冲群干扰电压抑制至38.8 V,且不会引起以太网链路通信性能的明显下降。该研究为智能网联产品以太网端口的电快速瞬变脉冲群敏感度的准确判定提供了理论和技术支撑。

一种双控制模式的同步降压型DC/DC转换器

为突破转换器在输出电容选型上的局限性,保证转换器快速的负载瞬态响应,基于自适应恒定导通时间控制的两种控制模式,提出一种可根据输出电容类型选择控制模式的同步降压型DC/DC转换器。在D-CAP模式下,支持具有适当等效串联电阻的电容等作为输出电容;在电流模式下,支持等效串联电阻较低的陶瓷电容作为输出电容。基于0.35μm BCD工艺,使用Cadence软件对转换器进行瞬态仿真。结果表明,该设计在两种模式下都具有快速的瞬态响应。

基于软注意力GRU模型的堆芯瞬态热工水力参数预测方法研究

反应堆在各种工况下堆芯瞬态热工水力参数预测的准确性,直接影响到反应堆的安全性。质量流量和温度作为堆芯热工水力的重要参数,二者常被建模为时间序列预测问题。研究旨在解决瞬时条件下堆芯热工水力参数连续预测的精度问题,检验基于注意力机制的门控循环单元在核心参数预测中的可行性。本文采用1/2中国实验快堆(China Experimental Fast Reactor,CEFR)为研究对象,使用快堆子通道程序SUBCHANFLOW生成瞬态堆芯热工水力参数的时间序列,采用基于软注意力的门控循环单元(Gated Recurrent Unit,GRU)模型预测堆芯的质量流量和温度时间序列。结果表明:相较于自适应径向基(Radial Basis Function,RBF)神经网络,本文使用的软注意力的GRU网络模型预测结果更好,温度在步长为3的情况下平均相对误差不超过0.5%,在15 s内预测效果较好;质量流量在步长为10的情况下平均相对误差不超过5%,且在后续12 s内预测效果较好。本文构建的模型不仅在连续预测过程中表现出更高的预测精度,且能捕捉到动态时间序列中的趋势特点,这对维护反应堆安全,有效防止核电厂事故有极大的用处。基于软注意力的GRU模型能在瞬态反应堆工况下提供一段时间的连续预测,在工程应用中和提高反应堆安全性上具有一定的参考价值。

巨型射电望远镜(FAST)反射面支承结构日照温度场效应分析

研究分析500m口径球冠状巨型射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope,简称FAST)反射面支承结构的日照温度场效应。借助ANSYS热分析模块,建立FAST反射面结构和实测周边地形的整体参数化有限元模型,计算最不利气候之一即夏季晴天无云天气各时刻的空气对流换热、太阳辐射、周围环境的长波辐射换热以及阴影遮挡等各种边界条件,在较为合理的结构初始温度场下,进行连续多天的时程分析,直至结构的任一点温度收敛于24h前的结果,并据此结果计算反射面结构温度变形和温度应力,给出日照下反射面形状拟合精度随时间的变化规律、结构应力的变化范围和分布规律。结果表明在日照下结构的温度场较不均匀,局部温差最高达到了11℃,较大地影响了反射面形状精度,为将来结构的设计、施工、监测以及控制提供了参考信息。

An NMOS output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator with dynamic-strength event-driven charge pump

In this paper,an NMOS output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator(OCL-LDO)featuring dual-loop regulation has been proposed,achieving fast transient response with low power consumption.An event-driven charge pump(CP)loop with the dynamic strength control(DSC),is proposed in this paper,which overcomes trade-offs inherent in conventional structures.The presented design addresses and resolves the large signal stability issue,which has been previously overlooked in the event-driven charge pump structure.This breakthrough allows for the full exploitation of the charge-pump structure's poten-tial,particularly in enhancing transient recovery.Moreover,a dynamic error amplifier is utilized to attain precise regulation of the steady-state output voltage,leading to favorable static characteristics.A prototype chip has been fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology.The measurement results show that the proposed OCL-LDO achieves a 410 nA low quiescent current(IQ)and can recover within 30 ns under 200 mA/10 ns loading change.

基于监督下降法的短偏移距瞬变电磁快速反演研究

短偏移距瞬变电磁法(简称SOTEM)通常采用传统式基于物理建模的反演方法,反演效率较低,不易灵活融入先验信息,而基于数据驱动的反演方法能够提高反演精度与效率,泛化能力却难以保证。为了提高SOTEM数据反演的精度和效率,并兼顾可靠的泛化能力,本文探索了一种融合物理建模与数据驱动的反演方法,将机器学习中监督下降法应用于SOTEM数据反演中。基于监督下降法的SOTEM数据反演分为线下训练和线上预测,线下训练时通过合理的训练集灵活融入先验信息,获得隐含模型特征的平均下降方向,线上预测时借助物理建模函数和训练所得下降方向,在传统反演框架下完成模型参数重建。文中利用层状大地模型构建训练集和测试集,实现了基于监督下降法的SOTEM数据一维反演,并与传统Occam算法进行了对比。结果表明:基于监督下降法的SOTEM反演效率大幅提升,反演精度较高,具有良好的泛化能力。

基于前馈补偿的快速响应无片外电容LDO设计

无片外电容低压差线性稳压器(LDO)可以为高度集成的片上系统(SoC)提供低噪声、低纹波的电源电压。针对无片外电容LDO瞬态响应速度较慢、稳定性较差的问题,采用有源前馈补偿技术加快功率管的充放电速率,提高LDO的瞬态响应速度;且引入左半平面零点,改善系统的稳定性。同时,前馈补偿电路可以使LDO在轻载和重载之间变化时,自适应地在二级级联放大器和三级级联放大器结构之间切换,确保LDO在全负载范围内保持稳定。采用TSMC 0.18μm CMOS工艺进行电路的设计。仿真结果表明,在片上负载电容为20 pF且负载电流在0~200 mA变化时,设计的无片外电容LDO能够工作在1.7~2.8 V的输入电源电压下,稳定输出1.5 V的供电电压,系统在全负载范围内的相位裕度大于45°。当负载电流在1μs内,在0 mA和200 mA之间跳变时,过冲和下冲电压小于100 mV,恢复时间低于0.6μs。设计的LDO在高稳定性、快速瞬态响应和宽负载范围方面取得了较好的性能。

一种基于冲激响应的瞬态噪声近似预报方法

为了提高水下结构瞬态噪声的计算效率和准确性,提出一种基于冲激响应的瞬态噪声近似预报方法。该方法适用于已知结构表面法向振速时的瞬态辐射噪声预报,它通过时域快速算法求解与辐射问题相互易的脉冲点源散射问题获取结构表面各单元的冲激响应,再将各冲激响应与该处相应的法向振速信号作卷积,最后以单元面积为权重对卷积结果进行加权求和便可计算出最终的瞬态噪声场。利用2种典型的解析模型,通过与时域解析解的对比验证了该方法的正确性。针对镶嵌于圆形障板的管阵列结构,利用该近似预报方法对已确定法向振速边界条件下的瞬态辐射噪声进行计算,并结合该模型几何结构分析了考察场点处辐射噪声信号的时间特征及声能量空间指向性。

一种双环快速瞬态响应无片外电容LDO

针对传统低压差线性稳压器(LDO)需要离片大电容的不足,基于180 nm CMOS工艺设计了一款双环快速瞬态响应的无片外电容LDO。该LDO采用极点分裂技术,以保证在不同负载电流情况下的稳定性,并通过瞬态增强电路检测输出电压的波动来为功率管栅极提供额外充、放电电路,以减小系统的过冲电压。同时,在传统模拟环路的基础上增加了数字辅助环路,以提升LDO的最大负载电流。仿真结果表明,当电源电压为1.8 V,输出电压为1.5 V,该LDO负载电流最大值为275 mA,空载静态电流为39μA。负载电流1~250 mA在1μs的时间跳变时,上冲电压为66 mV,下冲电压为77 mV。结果表明LDO的带载能力、瞬态响应性能在双环路加持下得到显著提升。

一种应用于探测的可预测电流模式FSBB电路

探测器的能源供给离不开DC-DC变换器,先进的控制方法能提高工作效率。预测电流模式控制相比于传统的PI控制具有动态响应快、易于进行过流保护等优点,因此被广泛应用到电力电子控制领域。由于控制回路的问题,不能通过计算开环增益的方式对负载波动与输出电压变化的闭环传递函数进行有效地设计。因此,提出了一种在不加前馈控制的情况下,基于预测电流模式控制四开关Buck-Boost(four-switch Buck-Boost,FSBB)变换器补偿器的设计方案,该方法能提升负载动态响应,通过实验数据,证明了该方法的有效性。

基于双温度磁流体电弧仿真改进Mayr电弧模型的特快速暂态过电压仿真方法

特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)仿真研究中,传统电弧黑盒模型因电弧时间常数和散热功率常取经验值会引起VFTO计算结果出现较大误差。对此,该文提出了一种基于双温度磁流体电弧仿真的改进Mayr电弧模型建立方法。首先,建立了双温度磁流体电弧模型,并通过该仿真研究了上述关键参数与电弧电导的关系,建立了改进Mayr电弧模型;其次,搭建了VFTO仿真模型,采用改进Mayr电弧模型和多种传统电弧数学模型计算了特高压GIS隔离开关切合空载短母线过程的VFTO波形;最后,对比分析了各电弧模型的仿真结果与实测结果波形特征的相对误差。结果表明,改进Mayr电弧模型的VFTO仿真结果与实测结果的相对误差较小,计算准确度较高。