Underground coal fires are one of the most common and serious geohazards in most coal producing countries in the world. Monitoring their spatio-temporal changes plays an important role in controlling and preventing th...Underground coal fires are one of the most common and serious geohazards in most coal producing countries in the world. Monitoring their spatio-temporal changes plays an important role in controlling and preventing the effects of coal fires, and their environmental impact. In this study, the spatio-temporal changes of underground coal fires in Khanh Hoa coal field(North-East of Viet Nam) were analyzed using Landsat time-series data during the 2008-2016 period. Based on land surface temperatures retrieved from Landsat thermal data, underground coal fires related to thermal anomalies were identified using the MEDIAN+1.5×IQR(IQR: Interquartile range) threshold technique. The locations of underground coal fires were validated using a coal fire map produced by the field survey data and cross-validated using the daytime ASTER thermal infrared imagery. Based on the fires extracted from seven Landsat thermal imageries, the spatiotemporal changes of underground coal fire areas were analyzed. The results showed that the thermalanomalous zones have been correlated with known coal fires. Cross-validation of coal fires using ASTER TIR data showed a high consistency of 79.3%. The largest coal fire area of 184.6 hectares was detected in 2010, followed by 2014(181.1 hectares) and 2016(178.5 hectares). The smaller coal fire areas were extracted with areas of 133.6 and 152.5 hectares in 2011 and 2009 respectively. Underground coal fires were mainly detected in the northern and southern part, and tend to spread to north-west of the coal field.展开更多
Background In Viet Nam,tuberculosis(TB)represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag,partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector care.Thus,persons with TB may see...Background In Viet Nam,tuberculosis(TB)represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag,partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector care.Thus,persons with TB may seek care in the private sector for its flexibility,convenience,and privacy.Our study aimed to measure income changes,costs and catastrophic cost incurrence among TB-affected households in the public and private sector.Methods Between October 2020 and March 2022,we conducted 110 longitudinal patient cost interviews,among 50 patients privately treated for TB and 60 TB patients treated by the National TB Program(NTP)in Ha Noi,Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam.Using a local adaptation of the WHO TB patient cost survey tool,participants were interviewed during the intensive phase,continuation phase and post-treatment.We compared income levels,direct and indirect treatment costs,catastrophic costs using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests and associated risk factors between the two cohorts using multivariate regression.Results The pre-treatment median monthly household income was significantly higher in the private sector versus NTP cohort(USD 868 vs USD 578;P=0.010).However,private sector treatment was also significantly costlier(USD 2075 vs USD 1313;P=0.005),driven by direct medical costs which were 4.6 times higher than costs reported by NTP participants(USD 754 vs USD 164;P<0.001).This resulted in no significant difference in catastrophic costs between the two cohorts(Private:55%vs NTP:52%;P=0.675).Factors associated with catastrophic cost included being a single-person household[adjusted odds ratio[(a OR=13.71;95%confidence interval(CI):1.36-138.14;P=0.026)],unemployment during treatment(a OR=10.86;95%CI:2.64-44.60;P<0.001)and experiencing TB-related stigma(a OR=37.90;95%CI:1.72-831.73;P=0.021)].Conclusions Persons with TB in Viet Nam face similarly high risk of catastrophic costs whether treated in the public or private sector.Patient costs could be reduced through expanded insurance reimbursement to minimize direct medical costs in the private sector,use of remote monitoring and multi-week/month dosing strategies to avert economic costs in the public sector and greater access to social protection mechanism in general.展开更多
Background: In order to end tuberculosis(TB),it is necessary to expand coverage of TB care services,including systematic screening initiatives.However,more evidence is needed for groups among whom systematic screening...Background: In order to end tuberculosis(TB),it is necessary to expand coverage of TB care services,including systematic screening initiatives.However,more evidence is needed for groups among whom systematic screening is only conditionally recommended by the World Health Organization.This study evaluated concurrent screening in multiple target groups using community health workers(CHW).Methods:: In our two-year intervention study lasting from October 2017 to September 2019,CHWs in six districts of Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam verbally screened three urban priority groups:(1)household TB contacts;(2)close TB contacts;and(3)residents of urban priority areas without clear documented exposure to TB including hotspots,boarding homes and urban slums.Eligible persons were referred for further screening with chest radiography and follow-on testing with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay.Symptomatic individuals with normal or without radiography results were tested on smear microscopy.We described the TB care cascade and characteristics for each priority group,and calculated yield and number needed to screen.Subsequently,we fitted a mixed-effect logistic regression to identify the association of these target groups and secondary patient covariates with TB treatment initiation.Results: We verbally screened 321020 people including 24232 household contacts,3182 social and close contacts and 293606 residents of urban priority areas.This resulted in 1138 persons treated for TB,of whom 85 were household contacts,39 were close contacts and 1014 belonged to urban priority area residents.The yield of active TB in these groups was 351,1226 and 345 per 100000,respectively,corresponding to numbers needed to screen of 285,82 and 290.The fitted model showed that close contacts[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=2.07;95%CI:1.38–3.11;P<0.001]and urban priority area residents(aOR=2.18;95%CI:1.69–2.79;P<0.001)had a greater risk of active TB than household contacts.Conclusions: The study detected a large number of unreached persons with TB,but most of them were not among persons in contact with an index patient.Therefore,while programs should continue to optimize screening in contacts,to close the detection gap in high TB burden settings such as Viet Nam,coverage must be expanded to persons without documented exposure such as residents in hotspots,boarding homes and urban slums.展开更多
Amid growing pains, a Chongqing company finds Viet Nam good for breeding its motorcycles Back in 1998, Yin Mingshan found his company was between a rock and a hard place with seemingly nowhere to scooter through. As C...Amid growing pains, a Chongqing company finds Viet Nam good for breeding its motorcycles Back in 1998, Yin Mingshan found his company was between a rock and a hard place with seemingly nowhere to scooter through. As Chairman of the Board of Chongqing Lifan Industry Co. Ltd., China's largest motorcycle manufacturer, Vm was seeing his domestic market dry up while export volume also was shrinking.展开更多
The Viet Nam National Hospital of Acupuncture （VNHA） was founded on April 24, 1982. After 25 years of development, VNHA now has 450 hospital beds, including 300 hospital beds for inpatients and 150 for outpatients, ...The Viet Nam National Hospital of Acupuncture （VNHA） was founded on April 24, 1982. After 25 years of development, VNHA now has 450 hospital beds, including 300 hospital beds for inpatients and 150 for outpatients, and 19 departments, all of which strive to detect and cure diseases for patients in the whole country. VNHA has 350 employees, including one professor of acupuncture （acup）, 7 PhoDs of acup, 24 Masters of acup, 42 doctors specialized grade Ⅰ, 2 doctors specialized grade Ⅱ, 5 university-degree pharmacists, 60 doctors of acup, engineers and 5 university graduates from other areas of expertise, and 60 technicians and nurses, etc.展开更多
China opposes Viet Nam’s exploring oil and gas in China’s jurisdictional area ofthe South China Sea,Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu said on May 28."China’s stance on the South China Sea is clear and cons...China opposes Viet Nam’s exploring oil and gas in China’s jurisdictional area ofthe South China Sea,Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu said on May 28."China’s stance on the South China Sea is clear and consistent.展开更多
基金funded by the Ministry-level Scientific and Technological Key Programs of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Viet Nam "Application of thermal infrared remote sensing and GIS for mapping underground coal fires in Quang Ninh coal basin" (Grant No. TNMT.2017.08.06)
文摘Underground coal fires are one of the most common and serious geohazards in most coal producing countries in the world. Monitoring their spatio-temporal changes plays an important role in controlling and preventing the effects of coal fires, and their environmental impact. In this study, the spatio-temporal changes of underground coal fires in Khanh Hoa coal field(North-East of Viet Nam) were analyzed using Landsat time-series data during the 2008-2016 period. Based on land surface temperatures retrieved from Landsat thermal data, underground coal fires related to thermal anomalies were identified using the MEDIAN+1.5×IQR(IQR: Interquartile range) threshold technique. The locations of underground coal fires were validated using a coal fire map produced by the field survey data and cross-validated using the daytime ASTER thermal infrared imagery. Based on the fires extracted from seven Landsat thermal imageries, the spatiotemporal changes of underground coal fire areas were analyzed. The results showed that the thermalanomalous zones have been correlated with known coal fires. Cross-validation of coal fires using ASTER TIR data showed a high consistency of 79.3%. The largest coal fire area of 184.6 hectares was detected in 2010, followed by 2014(181.1 hectares) and 2016(178.5 hectares). The smaller coal fire areas were extracted with areas of 133.6 and 152.5 hectares in 2011 and 2009 respectively. Underground coal fires were mainly detected in the northern and southern part, and tend to spread to north-west of the coal field.
基金Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institutefunded by the Stop TB Partnership’s TB REACH initiative through Grant agreement STBP/TRREACH/GSA/W7-7001 and associated amendments.
文摘Background In Viet Nam,tuberculosis(TB)represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag,partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector care.Thus,persons with TB may seek care in the private sector for its flexibility,convenience,and privacy.Our study aimed to measure income changes,costs and catastrophic cost incurrence among TB-affected households in the public and private sector.Methods Between October 2020 and March 2022,we conducted 110 longitudinal patient cost interviews,among 50 patients privately treated for TB and 60 TB patients treated by the National TB Program(NTP)in Ha Noi,Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam.Using a local adaptation of the WHO TB patient cost survey tool,participants were interviewed during the intensive phase,continuation phase and post-treatment.We compared income levels,direct and indirect treatment costs,catastrophic costs using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests and associated risk factors between the two cohorts using multivariate regression.Results The pre-treatment median monthly household income was significantly higher in the private sector versus NTP cohort(USD 868 vs USD 578;P=0.010).However,private sector treatment was also significantly costlier(USD 2075 vs USD 1313;P=0.005),driven by direct medical costs which were 4.6 times higher than costs reported by NTP participants(USD 754 vs USD 164;P<0.001).This resulted in no significant difference in catastrophic costs between the two cohorts(Private:55%vs NTP:52%;P=0.675).Factors associated with catastrophic cost included being a single-person household[adjusted odds ratio[(a OR=13.71;95%confidence interval(CI):1.36-138.14;P=0.026)],unemployment during treatment(a OR=10.86;95%CI:2.64-44.60;P<0.001)and experiencing TB-related stigma(a OR=37.90;95%CI:1.72-831.73;P=0.021)].Conclusions Persons with TB in Viet Nam face similarly high risk of catastrophic costs whether treated in the public or private sector.Patient costs could be reduced through expanded insurance reimbursement to minimize direct medical costs in the private sector,use of remote monitoring and multi-week/month dosing strategies to avert economic costs in the public sector and greater access to social protection mechanism in general.
基金The IMPACT-TB study and LNQV,AJC,RJF,NTN,TNV,GTL,JL,SBS,KL and MC were supported by the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement number 733174.We received additional support from the Stop TB Partnership’s TB REACH initiative with funding from the Government of Canada.These funding bodies had no role in the design of the study,in collection,analysis,and interpretation of data,or in writing the manuscript.
文摘Background: In order to end tuberculosis(TB),it is necessary to expand coverage of TB care services,including systematic screening initiatives.However,more evidence is needed for groups among whom systematic screening is only conditionally recommended by the World Health Organization.This study evaluated concurrent screening in multiple target groups using community health workers(CHW).Methods:: In our two-year intervention study lasting from October 2017 to September 2019,CHWs in six districts of Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam verbally screened three urban priority groups:(1)household TB contacts;(2)close TB contacts;and(3)residents of urban priority areas without clear documented exposure to TB including hotspots,boarding homes and urban slums.Eligible persons were referred for further screening with chest radiography and follow-on testing with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay.Symptomatic individuals with normal or without radiography results were tested on smear microscopy.We described the TB care cascade and characteristics for each priority group,and calculated yield and number needed to screen.Subsequently,we fitted a mixed-effect logistic regression to identify the association of these target groups and secondary patient covariates with TB treatment initiation.Results: We verbally screened 321020 people including 24232 household contacts,3182 social and close contacts and 293606 residents of urban priority areas.This resulted in 1138 persons treated for TB,of whom 85 were household contacts,39 were close contacts and 1014 belonged to urban priority area residents.The yield of active TB in these groups was 351,1226 and 345 per 100000,respectively,corresponding to numbers needed to screen of 285,82 and 290.The fitted model showed that close contacts[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=2.07;95%CI:1.38–3.11;P<0.001]and urban priority area residents(aOR=2.18;95%CI:1.69–2.79;P<0.001)had a greater risk of active TB than household contacts.Conclusions: The study detected a large number of unreached persons with TB,but most of them were not among persons in contact with an index patient.Therefore,while programs should continue to optimize screening in contacts,to close the detection gap in high TB burden settings such as Viet Nam,coverage must be expanded to persons without documented exposure such as residents in hotspots,boarding homes and urban slums.
文摘Amid growing pains, a Chongqing company finds Viet Nam good for breeding its motorcycles Back in 1998, Yin Mingshan found his company was between a rock and a hard place with seemingly nowhere to scooter through. As Chairman of the Board of Chongqing Lifan Industry Co. Ltd., China's largest motorcycle manufacturer, Vm was seeing his domestic market dry up while export volume also was shrinking.
文摘The Viet Nam National Hospital of Acupuncture （VNHA） was founded on April 24, 1982. After 25 years of development, VNHA now has 450 hospital beds, including 300 hospital beds for inpatients and 150 for outpatients, and 19 departments, all of which strive to detect and cure diseases for patients in the whole country. VNHA has 350 employees, including one professor of acupuncture （acup）, 7 PhoDs of acup, 24 Masters of acup, 42 doctors specialized grade Ⅰ, 2 doctors specialized grade Ⅱ, 5 university-degree pharmacists, 60 doctors of acup, engineers and 5 university graduates from other areas of expertise, and 60 technicians and nurses, etc.
文摘China opposes Viet Nam’s exploring oil and gas in China’s jurisdictional area ofthe South China Sea,Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu said on May 28."China’s stance on the South China Sea is clear and consistent.
