Deformation Calculation of Cross-section Based on Virtual Force in Thin-walled Tube Bending Process

Cross-section deformation is one of important factors affecting the quality of tube formation, and the tube＇s capability of transporting liquid and gas will be reduced because of the cross-section ellipse deformation due to the effect of shear load in plastic bending process. When the tube is bent, the extrados-wall bears the tension stress and the intrados-wall bears the compression stress, synchronously the cross-section is affected by the circumferential stress. According to the above, the distribution function and curve of tangential stress can be obtained according to force balance differential equations on circumferential direction and Trasca rule. Subsequently the real state and virtual state moment equations were established, a new method was presented adopting the virtual principle of deformation system to calculate the x-axis and y-axis displacement of arbitrary point on cross-section. So the major and minor axes of deformed cross-section can be calculated according to the displacements of each point, and the variety value of major and minor axes will be obtained further. Finally the theoretical calculating result is compared with NC tube rotary-bending experiment results to verify the rationality of theoretical analysis, and the cross-section deformation rule of thin-walled tube can be received.

Dynamic coverage of mobile multi-target in sensor networks based on virtual force

A distributed self-control coverage method for mobile multi-target based on virtual force(MMTVF)is proposed to monitor dynamic targets using a mobile sensor network(MSN).The dynamic coverage method is introduced to maintain network connectivity and optimize the coverage of moving targets.The method consists of two parts,one is the virtual force model which is proposed for motion control,and the other is the whale optimization algorithm which is improved to optimize node positions and achieve a steady state quickly.The virtual resultant force stretches the network towards uncovered targets using its multi-target attractive force,maintains network connectivity during network stretching using its attractive force,and prevents node collisions while nodes are moving using its repulsive force.The operating mechanism of the multi-target attractive force and other forces is thoroughly analyzed.Adjustment criteria for the model in different application scenarios are also provided.The comparisons demonstrate MMTVF has significant advantages over other similar approaches.

Study on UAV Path Planning Approach Based on Fuzzy Virtual Force

This article proposes a novel fuzzy virtual force （FVF） method for unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） path planning in compli-cated environment. An integrated mathematical model of UAV path planning based on virtual force （VF） is constructed and the corresponding optimal solving method under the given indicators is presented. Specifically,a fixed step method is developed to reduce computational cost and the reachable condition of path planning is proved. The Bayesian belief network and fuzzy logic reasoning theories are applied to setting the path planning parameters adaptively,which can reflect the battlefield situation dy-namically and precisely. A new way of combining threats is proposed to solve the local minima problem completely. Simulation results prove the feasibility and usefulness of using FVF for UAV path planning. Performance comparisons between the FVF method and the A＊ search algorithm demonstrate that the proposed approach is fast enough to meet the real-time requirements of the online path planning problems.

VELOCITY ANALYSIS OF A SPATIALM ECHANISM USING THE PRINCIPLEOF VIRTUAL FORCES

A new method of both analysis and graphics is presented for solving the problem of velocity analysis of a spatial four-bar mechanism. Central to the method is how to use the principle of virtual forces equilibrium system connected with the principle of virtual velocity to solve the velocity analysis of a mechanism. The method is accurate in principle and much simpler than the conventional method. It can be applied to both planar and spatial mechanisms. For brevity an example of a spatial mechanism only is presented.

Finite-time tracking control and vibration suppression based on the concept of virtual control force for flexible two-link space robot

The dynamic modeling, finite-time trajectory tracking control and vibration suppression of a flexible two-link space robot are studied. Firstly, the dynamic model of the system is established by combining Lagrange method with assumed mode method. In order to ensure that the base attitude and the joints of space robot can reach the desired positions within a limited time, a non-singular fast terminal sliding mode(NFTSM) controller is designed, which realizes the finite-time convergence of the trajectory tracking errors. Subsequently, for the sake of suppressing the vibrations of flexible links, a hybrid trajectory based on the concept of the virtual control force is developed, which can reflect the flexible modes and the trajectory tracking errors simultaneously. By modifying the original control scheme, a NFTSM hybrid controller is proposed. The hybrid control scheme can not only realized attitude stabilization and trajectory tracking of joints in finite time, but also provide a new method of vibration suppression. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the designed hybrid control strategy.

Numerical evaluation of virtual mass force coefficient of single solid particles in acceleration

Virtual mass force is an indispensable component in the momentum balance involved with dispersed particles in a multiphase system.In this work the accelerating motion of a single solid particle is mathematically formulated and solved using the vorticity-stream function formulation in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system.The total drag coefficient was evaluated from the numerical simulation in a range of the Reynolds number(Re)from 10 to 200 and the dimensionless acceleration(A)between2.0 to 2.0.The simulation demonstrates that the total drag is heavily correlated with A,and large deceleration even drops the drag force to a negative value.It is found that the value of virtual mass force coefficient(CV)of a spherical particle is a variable in a wide range and difficult to be correlated with A and Re.However,the total drag coefficient(CDV)is successfully correlated as a function of Re and A,and it increases as A is increased.The proposed correlation of total drag coefficient may be used for simulation of solid–liquid flow with better accuracy.

FORCE FEEDBACK DATAGLOVE BASED ON PNEUMATIC ARTIFICIAL MUSCLES

An exoskeleton force feedback dataglove is developed, which uses the pneumatic artificial muscles as actuators. On the basis of the simplified hand model, the motion equation is deduced according to the theory of Denavit-Hartenberg. The model of the equivalent contact forces exerted by the object on the finger is proposed. By the principle of virtual work, the static equilibrium of finger is established. The force Jacobian matrix of finger is calculated, and then the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects are obtained. The theory and structure of the force feedback datagolve are introduced. Based on the theory of motion stabilization of four-bar linkage, the flexion angles of joints are measured. The torques on finger joints caused by the output forces of pneumatic artificial muscles are calculated. The output forces of pneumatic artificial muscle, whose values are controlled by its inner pressure, can be calculated by the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects. The arms of force, driving torques and the needed output forces of pneumatic muscle are calculated for each joint of the index finger. The criterion of output force of pneumatic muscle is given.

Designing reduced beacon trajectory for sensor localization

Localization is one of the substantial issues in wireless sensor networks. The key problem for the mobile beacon localization is how to choose the appropriate beacon trajectory. However, little research has been done on it. In this paper, firstly, we deduce the number of positions for a beacon to send a packet according to the acreage of ROI (region of interest); and next we present a novel method based on virtual force to arrange the positions in arbitrary ROI; then we apply TSP (travelling salesman problem) algorithm to the positions sequence to obtain the optimal touring path, i.e. the reduced beacon trajectory. When a mobile beacon moves along the touring path, sending RF signals at every position, the sensors in ROI can work out their position with trilateration. Experimental results demonstrate that the localization method, based on the beacon reduced path, is efficient and has flexible accuracy.

Study on a 7-DOF anthropomorphic weld arm

A kind of new obstacle space expression is proposed in this paper, in which a virtual force field (VFF) is built. Using the torque and joint optimization acted by the virtual force field on the anthropomorphic weld arm, the real-time selection of a redundant join (R-joint) is done and its equivalent virtual torque is obtained, thus the redundant joint can be controlled with whose force feedback. An inverse kinematics solution of a 6-DOF robot is applied to other six joints of the arm. Simulation experiments indicate the new inverse kinematics solution has perfect collision avoidance effect, and it is well simplified. Therefore, it can be applied to a welding task in complex operation space.

The Investigation of the Effect of Heaving and Pitching on Wave-Induced Vertical Hull Vibration of a Container Ship in Regular Waves

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of heaving and pitching of ship motion due to springing bending moment. The investigation was conducted both experimentally and validated theoretically. Series of experiment were carried out using a container model-ship of which length was 3 meter, and the possibility of the so-called nth resonant springing vibration is tested by taking n from n = 2 to n = 4. The bending moment due- to vibration is also measured. The following conclusions were obtained： （l） Occurance of the higher order resonant vibration between 2nd-4th is recognized experimentally; （2） The results indicated that heaving and pitching of ship motion influenced the springing bending moment accurately.