Influence of Limited Soil on the Root Distribution and Anchorage of Vitex negundo L.

Field pull-out and laboratory tests were applied to investigate the effect of metal bolts and wire netting on plant root distribution and anchorage characteristics of 9-year-old Vitex negundo L. growing on a weakly weathered rocky slope (38°). Root number, length and diameter were recorded and single root specimens were classified and tested for tensile strength. The results show that root anchorage is different between the two constructions by bolts and wire. Under limited soil condition, root anchorage ability is 80% lower than when there is sufficient soil due to the reduction of the diameter and number of all second-order lateral roots, as well as the reduction of the tensile strength of the embedded second-order and first-order lateral roots on limited soil. We conclude that the distribution and anchorage of Vitex negundo L. is affected by limited soil availability on rocky slopes.

In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens

Objective:To investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of Vitex negundo(V. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.Methods:Water and methanol extracts of V.negundo leaves were evaluated against enteric bacterial pathogens by using standard disc diffusion,viable bacterial cell count methods,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC).Results:Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent antibacterial activity(inhibition zone:9.9-22.6 mm,MIC: 200-3 200μg/mL.MBC:200-6 400μg/mL) against all the pathogenic enteric bacteria(Vibrio cholerae.Vibrio parahemolyticus.Vibrio mimicus.Echerichia coli,Shigella spps.,and Aeromonas spps) tested.Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent bactericidal activity both in vitro laboratory conditions(MBC,200-400μg/mL) and in the intestinal environment(Dose,1-2 mg/mL) of infant mice against pathogenic Vibrio cholerae,the major causative agent of cholera. Furthermore,assays using the mice cholera model showed that V.negundo methanol extract can protect mice from Vibrio cholerae infection and significandy decrease the mortality rate(P【0.0001). Conclusions:For the first time we showed thal medianol extract of V.negundo leaves exhibited strong vihriocidal activity both in vitro and in vivo conditions.Therefore,it will he useful to identify and isolate the active compounds of this extract that could be a good alternative of antibiotics to treat cholera.

Anti-Amnesic Activity of Vitex Negundo in Scopolamine Induced Amnesia in Rats

In the present study we investigated the anti-amnesic activity of Vitex negundo in scopolamine induced amnesia in rats. Wistar rats (180-200 g) were trained on active avoidance task. Each animal received session of 15 trials with inter trial duration of 15 s for 5 days. Scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p) was administered at different time periods on the basis of stages of memory i.e acquisition, consolidation and retention in different groups (n = 6). Effect of Vitex negundo extract was evaluated and compared to a standard drug, Donepezil. Significant (p 【0.05) increase in the avoidance response on the 5th session has been observed as compared to 1st session in control group. Scopolamine treatment significantly (p 【0.05) reduced the avoidance response compared to control. Extract treated groups shown significant (p 【0.05) increase in number of avoidance responses as compared to scopolamine treated groups. Increased oxidative stress in brain after scopolamine treatment, as observed by increase in MDA &decrease in GSH &SOD, was lowered in the groups treated with extracts. AChE activity was also improved after V. negundo treatment. Results of the study have shown that V. negundo treated groups decrease the phenomenon of amnesia by increasing learning of memory through antioxidant effect and decreasing AChE activity.

Effects of Nano-Cerium Oxide on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Vitex negundo

Cerium oxide nanoparticles(CeO_(2) NPs)are likely to have dramatic impacts on plant performances,yet the effects of CeO_(2) NPs on seed germination and seedling growth have not been fully explored.In this study,the seed germination and seedling growth of subshrub species Vitex negundo under different concentrations of CeO_(2) NPs(low-1 mg/L,medium-100 mg/L,high-500 mg/L)have been discussed.Results showed that:(1)The seed germination rate reduces by 11.25%and 2.5%under the low and medium concentrations of CeO_(2) NPs,respectively,but increased by 7.08%under the high concentration;(2)CeO_(2) NPs had significant effects on the growth traits(root length,shoot height and biomass)of seedlings,being the highest under the medium concentration and the lowest under the highest concentration;(3)The superoxide dismutase activity was the maximum(355.91 U/g),but the protein concentration was the minimum(3.85 ug/mL)under the high concentration of CeO_(2) NPs.Our results indicated that the effects of CeO_(2) NPs on seed germination and seedling growth are concentration-dependency,i.e.,low and medium concentrations inhibited while high concentration promoted seed germination,however,seedling growth showed opposite responses.Therefore,appropriate CeO_(2) NPs concentrations are beneficial to the seed germination and seedling growth of Vitex negundo and improve the physiological performance of seedlings and enhance their adaptability to environmental adversity.

Ethnobotany,phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of Vitex negundo L.(five-leaved chaste tree):An updated review

In the past two decades,a shift in paradigm has been observed in the development of new drugs from the plants for the treatment of diseases.Many scientists are focusing on the evidence based use of medicinal plants to develop pharmacotherapy for various human ailments.An important medicinal plant that has caught the attention of researchers all over the globe is Vitex negundo Linn.This plant is commonly used in various traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda,Chinese,Siddha and Unani to treat various diseases and has been the subject of extensive research studies lately.Its roots and leaves are widely used in various disorders and illnesses such as skin eczema,ringworm,liver disorders,spleen enlargement,rheumatic pain,gout,abscess,backache etc.Seeds are also used as folklore medicine in bronchitis,eye disorders,female reproductive disorders,cold,dropsy,malarial fever and as demulcent.The current article is an effort to compile an updated review to disseminate knowledge and information among the scientific fraternity covering the progress made in the pharmacology and phytochemistry of this useful medicinal plant.This review on a very important traditional medicine,Vitex negundo L.can serve as a reference to the scientific community for their future research on this plant.

Antifilarial activity of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo leaves in vitro

Objective:To evaluate the possible antifilarial effect of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo(Verhenaceae)leaves against Selaria cervi filarial parasite in vitro.Methods:In vitro screening was done by the method of motility inhibition and NTT reduction assay with concentralions of0.03 to 1.00 mg/mL for 2 to 24 h incubation periods respectively,for possible antifilarial effect by comparing with control.Results:In motility assay,complete inhibition of motility was observed and in MTT reduction assay which gave>50%reduction for concentrations 0.20,0.50and 1.00 mg/mL at 10,6 and 2 h incubation periods respectively in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05).An antifilarial effect imparted by plant extract was found to be a function of their relative concentrations.Inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))for the plant extract was found to be 0.16mg/mL.Conclusions:The present study recorded significant antifilarial effect of Vitex negundo plant extract and contributed toward the development of database for novel drug candidates for lymphatic fllariasis.

In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens

Objective:To investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of Vitex negundo(V. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.Methods:Water and methanol extracts of V.negundo leaves were evaluated against enteric bacterial pathogens by using standard disc diffusion,viable bacterial cell count methods,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC).Results:Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent antibacterial activity(inhibition zone:9.9- 22.6 mm,MIC: 200-3 200μg/mL,MBC:200-6 400μg/mL) against all the pathogenic enleric bacteria(Vibrio cholerae,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vibrio mimicus,Echerichia coli.Shigella spps.,and Aeromonas spps) tested.Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent bactericidal activity both in vitro laboratory conditions(MBC,200-400μg/mL) and in the intestinal environment(Dose,1-2 mg/mL) of infant mice against pathogenic Vibrio cholerae,the major causative agent of cholera. Furthermore,assays using the mice cholera model showed that V.negundo methanol extract can protect mice from Vibrio cholerae infection and significantly decrease the mortality rate(P【0.0001).Conclusioas:For the first time we showed that methanol extract of V.negundo leaves exhibited strong vibriocidal activity both in vitro and in vivo conditions.Therefore,it will be useful to identify and isolate the active compounds of this extract that could be a good alternative of antibiotics to treat cholera.

基于HPLC-ECD研究牡荆叶抗氧化的谱-效关系

为研究牡荆叶指纹图谱与抗氧化活性的谱-效关系,该研究首先建立了18批牡荆叶的高效液相色谱-电化学检测法(HPLC-ECD)指纹图谱,对不同来源牡荆叶药材进行聚类分析,鉴定主要酚类化合物且测定其含量,分析牡荆叶的总酚和总黄酮含量,并采用DPPH自由基清除法、ABTS自由基清除法、氧自由基吸收能力法及铁离子还原能力法考察其体外抗氧化活性,通过皮尔逊相关分析、灰度关联分析及偏最小二乘回归分析法研究牡荆叶的谱-效关系。结果表明:(1)牡荆叶的指纹图谱标定21个共有峰,共指认出10个峰,其含量顺序为绿原酸>异荭草苷>木犀草苷>异牡荆素>异绿原酸A>异绿原酸C>原儿茶酸>荭草苷>异绿原酸B>新绿原酸;不同产地样品间相似性较高,相似度结果为0.816~0.983。(2)系统聚类分析显示,样品含量对分类有一定影响,不同来源样品被分为3类,其中南北方样品存在一定差异。(3)牡荆叶中总酚和总黄酮的含量分别为15.82~61.83 mg·g^(-1)和27.85~157.65 mg·g^(-1),样品均具不同程度的抗氧化活性。(4)谱-效关系表明,牡荆叶的抗氧化活性是多种化合物协同作用的结果,峰9(异荭草苷)、峰4和峰5(绿原酸)等化合物对牡荆叶药材抗氧化活性的贡献最大。综上表明,牡荆叶具有较好的抗氧化活性,其中主要的活性指标是异荭草苷和绿原酸。该研究结果可为牡荆叶抗氧化活性成分的筛选及其质量控制提供参考依据。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探究黄荆叶抗流感活性成分及作用机制

目的探究黄荆叶抗流感的活性成分及作用机制。方法先以细胞实验证明黄荆叶提取物抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞中的复制作用,进一步通过网络药理学和分子对接分析其活性成分和作用机制。结果细胞实验显示,黄荆叶水提液和醇提液均能抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞复制;网络药理学筛选得到44种黄荆叶活性成分,对应54个潜在靶点;蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络图显示蛋白激酶B、信号转导及转录激活蛋白3、表皮生长因子细胞增殖和信号转导的受体、雌激素受体1、前列腺素内过氧化物合酶、基质金属蛋白酶9为其核心靶点;GO分析得到分子功能15条、生物过程20条、细胞组成11条;KEGG富集分析得到NF-κB、细胞凋亡、血小板活化等抗病毒相关通路;分子对接显示艾黄素、木犀草素、Vitedoin B与MMP9结合稳定,山奈酚和Negundin A与PTGS2结合稳定。结论体外细胞实验表明,黄荆叶提取物对甲型H1N1病毒具有显著抑制作用,且醇提物效果优于水提物。黄荆叶通过多成分、多靶点、多通路的方式发挥其抗流感作用,本研究为黄荆叶抗流感作用机制的深入研究提供一定的基础和依据。

蔓荆子活性成分vitexicarpin诱导K562细胞凋亡的机制

目的 探讨vitexicarpin对人癌细胞增殖的抑制活性及其抗癌机制。方法 以SRB法进行细胞毒测定,观察细胞的形态学变化并用流式细胞术分析癌细胞的凋亡率,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测凋亡细胞的DNA梯带,以Westernblotting法进行蛋白质检测。结果 Vitexicarpin对K562等 4种人癌细胞表现了较强的增殖抑制活性。处理后的K562细胞表现出典型的凋亡形态特征、出现了剂量依赖性增加的亚二倍体峰并呈现出典型的DNA梯形条带;PARP和caspase- 3被剪切、胞浆中细胞色素c增高、Bcl 2表达减少、Bax表达未见明显变化。结论 Vitexicarpin通过激活线粒体调控的凋亡通路诱导K562细胞凋亡。

HPLC法测定牡荆中牡荆素的含量

建立了牡荆中牡荆素含量的高效液相色谱测定方法,对牡荆资源进行评价,为牡荆的质量标准的建立提供参考。样品采用超声波提取法提取,色谱柱为菲罗门柱（5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm）,流动相为甲醇-水溶液（4∶6）,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为340 nm,进样量为5μL,在柱温30℃时对牡荆中牡荆素的含量进行检测。结果表明,待测组分与其他组分分离度良好,牡荆素在0.04520~0.4068μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9998;平均回收率为100.4%,RSD为1.63%。该方法简便、准确、重现性好,适用于牡荆中牡荆素的含量测定及药材质量控制。

黄荆子乙酸乙酯提取物对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞Mcl-1、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的影响

目的研究黄荆子乙酸乙酯提取物(EVn-50)对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞Mcl-1、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的作用。方法应用Wersten Bloting分析EVn-50对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞Mcl-1、Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。结果 Evn-50使Mcl-1及Bcl-2值下调,Bax值上调,促进细胞凋亡。且EVn-50中浓度组相对灰度面积比值与低浓度组比较有显著性差异(P均<0.05),EVn-50组48 h相对灰度面积比值与24 h比较有显著性差异(P均<0.05)。结论 EVn-50具有诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用,最佳浓度为3.0 mg/L,最佳作用时间为48 h。

黄荆子木脂类化合物对人宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究从黄荆子提取和分级分离的4种木脂类化合物(Comp 6、Comp 7、Comp 8和Comp 10)对体外人宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡的影响。方法 PI染色流式细胞术(FCM)分析细胞凋亡率和细胞周期累积百分率。结果 4种木脂类化合物均能有效诱导Hela细胞凋亡和细胞周期G1/G0期阻滞,Comp 8促进细胞凋亡的EC50为22.9μg/mL,与紫杉醇的EC50(31.0μg/mL)接近。结论黄荆子木脂类化合物能有效地诱导人宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡。

荆条的化学成分研究

目的:研究荆条(Vitex.negundo var.heterophylla)的化学成分。方法:采用溶剂萃取法,硅胶、ODS、Sephadex LH-20以及半制备型HPLC等多种柱色谱分离方法进行分离纯化,通过理化常数测定、波谱数据分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从荆条叶、种子的95%乙醇提取物中分离得到5个化合物,分别鉴定为5,4'-二羟基-3,6,7-三甲氧基黄酮、5,4'-二羟基-3,6,7,8-四甲氧基黄酮、对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯。结论:通过对荆条的化学成分进行研究,丰富了荆条的化学组成及其可能发挥药效的物质基础。

用HPLC法测定4种牡荆属植物中黄荆子素的含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定4种牡荆属植物（黄荆、牡荆、单叶蔓荆和蔓荆）果实中黄荆子素（VNL）的含量,比较黄荆子素的含量异同。方法：采用Zorbax Extend C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,Extend-C18保护柱（12.5 mm×4.6mm,5μm）;以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,0~18 min 14.4%乙腈,18~30 min 14.4%~17%乙腈,30~45min 17%乙腈;流速1.0ml/min;检测波长254nm;柱温30℃。结果：黄荆子素在14.2~455.0μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为96.99%。黄荆子素的含量在牡荆属4种植物中存在差异,其中以黄荆子和蔓荆子中含量较高。结论：该方法准确、快速,操作简便,精密度高,重复性好,可用于4种牡荆属植物中黄荆子素的含量测定。

布惊在广东梅州客家民俗中的应用价值述评

布惊是广东梅州客家地区的一种独特的野生灌木资源,也是当地民间特色的药用、食用资源,有极为重要的民俗价值。鉴于此,对布惊在广东梅州客家民俗中的应用方式、化学成分和药理活性等方面进行综述,并对其应用价值和推广前景进行分析,以期为该灌木的进一步开发利用提供参考。

牡荆水提物对蓖麻油腹泻小鼠的治疗作用研究

[目的]研究牡荆水提物对蓖麻油致小鼠腹泻的治疗作用,评价牡荆提取物的抗腹泻功效,为开发新型天然药物或植物提取物饲料添加剂提供理论依据。[方法]选取48只18~22 g SPF级昆明小鼠,随机分为6组:对照组、模型组、洛哌丁胺组及牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组,每组8只,雌雄各半。牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠灌胃16、8、4 g/kg BW牡荆水提物,对照组和模型组小鼠灌胃等剂量的生理盐水,洛哌丁胺组小鼠灌胃5 mg/kg BW洛哌丁胺,连续灌胃5 d。第5天给药后0.5 h,模型组、洛哌丁胺组及牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠灌胃0.5 mL蓖麻油灌胃造模,对照组灌胃等量生理盐水。造模后的小鼠单笼单只饲喂。连续4 h观察小鼠腹泻情况,4 h后小鼠采血并断颈处死,每组随机取4只小鼠的肝脏、小肠各两份,一份制作组织切片;另一份用以提取RNA,检测空肠通道蛋白和肝脏急性期蛋白mRNA表达情况。[结果]模型组小鼠腹泻评分和腹泻指数均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),说明蓖麻油腹泻模型造模成功。与模型组相比,洛哌丁胺组和牡荆水提物高剂量组小鼠腹泻评分和腹泻指数均极显著或显著降低(P<0.01;P<0.05);牡荆水提物高剂量组小鼠血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-10含量均显著或极显著降低(P<0.05;P<0.01)。肝脏组织病理结果显示,牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠肝索结构清晰,肝细胞排列紧密,仅少量肝细胞轻度肿胀,并伴少量炎性细胞浸润。肠道组织病理结果显示,牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠空肠黏膜层、肌层、浆膜层均清晰可见,黏膜层绒毛上皮内见大量空泡,但均未见明显坏死或炎症反应。与模型组相比,牡荆水提物高剂量组小鼠空肠中NHE8、NHE3、AQP3、AQP4表达量均无显著差异(P>0.05),NHE2表达量显著降低(P<0.05),急性期蛋白TRF和CRP表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。[结论]牡荆水提物对蓖麻油导致的小鼠腹泻模型具有较好的治疗作用,对肝脏和小肠黏膜具有一定的保护作用,作用机制可能与其降低血清中IL-6、IL-10含量,以及在一定程度上降低NHE2表达、抑制TRF和CRP的表达有关。

HPLC法同时测定五指柑中9种成分

目的建立HPLC法同时测定五指柑中新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、咖啡酸、异荭草苷、荭草苷、异牡荆素、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、木犀草素-3′-葡萄糖醛酸苷的含量。方法五指柑60%甲醇提取物的分析采用Welch ultimate C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm);流动相乙腈-0.5%磷酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃;检测波长340 nm。结果 9种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999 5),平均加样回收率97.21%~98.39%, RSD 1.21%~1.87%。结论该方法准确稳定,重复性好,可用于五指柑的质量控制。

NaCl胁迫下青竹复叶槭的生理反应

研究了青竹复叶槭在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下的生理反应。结果显示:随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高和时间的延长,青竹复叶槭保护酶活性变化明显,均呈先升后降的变化趋势,MDA含量增幅平稳,可溶性蛋白含量先升后降。表明青竹复叶槭在NaCl胁迫下有较强的自我保护系统,具有较强的耐盐潜力。

低温胁迫及CaCl_2处理对青竹复叶槭抗寒指标的影响

以青竹复叶槭叶片为材料,测定了不同低温处理下细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量及叶片相对电导率的变化。结果显示:随温度的降低,CaCl2处理的青竹复叶槭SOD,POD活性先升高后降低,且高于同期对照;MDA含量和相对电导率呈上升趋势,上升比率逐渐增大。胁迫解除后,两种酶活性有所回升,MDA含量和相对电导率下降至植物正常生长水平。表明青竹复叶槭在经历短暂的-24℃低温后还可以维持生长,具有较好的抗寒能力;外施CaCl2还可帮助青竹复叶槭抵御低温逆境。