Research Progress of Volatile Substances Analysis and Sensory Evaluation of Soymilk

Soybean is one of the important crops in China. Soymilk, a traditional neutral plant-based protein drink, is rich in high quality proteins. Although soybean milk is rich in nutrients, its marketing among consumers, especially those in Western countries who are used to peaceful flavor, has been limited due to the adverse flavor impact brought by its special composition. In recent years, with the increasing attention to the nutritional value of soymilk, the flavor of soymilk has become a popular research object for scholars at home and abroad. The flavor components of soymilk are mainly volatile small molecular compounds produced by enzymatic reactions catalyzed by lipoxygenase(LOX). After formation, they interact with protein macromolecules to form the overall flavor of soymilk. At present, there are many methods to control the off-odor of soymilk at home and abroad, including physical heating methods, chemical methods, biological enzymatic digestion methods, mask methods, and a variety of breeding methods. These methods effectively reduce the off-odor of soymilk, but all of them have shortcomings. Currently, the sensory characteristics of the beany odor in soymilk are evaluated mainly by traditional human sensory scoring along with the assistance of modern instrument analysis of volatile flavor substances using headspace solid phase microextraction(SPME) gas chromatography coupled with-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). This paper summarized the research results of volatile flavor substances in soymilk in recent years and the sensory evaluation methods of soymilk at home and abroad, and looked forward to the future development direction, hoping to provide some theoretical bases and reference detection methods for solving the problem of soymilk flavor in the future.

Volatile Substances in Polymer Toys Made from Butadiene and Styrene

The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-butadiene and styrene found on the Japanese market. The maximum residual level of these volatile substances was 2600 μg/g of styrene in ABS toys. In particular, the levels of known carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrylonitrile are 5.3, 2.5 and 55 μg/g, which are much lower than the EU limit of 0.1%. Furthermore, some volatile substances migrated from ABS toys into water in amounts of 3 -40 ng/mL. Thermoplastic elastomer toys and rubber toys contained these volatile substances at significantly lower levels than ABS toys.

Allelopathy of Gaseous Volatiles of Eupatorium adenophorum on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus yunanensis

[ Objective] The paper was to understand allelopathy of gaseous volatiles of Eupatorium adenophorum stems and leaves on seed germination and seedling growth of P/nus yunnanens/s. [ Method] P. yunnanens/s seeds were treated by fresh stems and leaves of E. adenophorum in translucent airtight container under high concentration （0.069 4 g/cm3 ）, middle concentration （0.023 1 g/cm3 ） and lower concentration （0. 007 7 g/cm3 ）, respectively. [ Result] Gaseous volatiles affected seed germination process; with the increasing processing concentration, the day on which seeds began to germinate and the day reaching germination peak were delayed, and the germination quantity on the day reaching germination peak was decreased ; the day on which the germination quantity began to significantly re- duce was delayed ; the process curve was developed from sudden increase and sudden decrease to gentle change, and nearly became a beeline at high concentration. The effects of gaseous volatiles on seed germination （ seed germination rate, germination potential, germination index） and seedling growth （fresh weight, dry weight, radicle length, hypceotyl length） of P. yunnanens/s were basically consistent, showing a regularity that high concentration had stronger inhibition effect and the inhibition effect became weaker with the decreasing concentration of E. adenophorum. E. adenophorum was widely distributed under P. yunnanens/s forests, and might affect natural regeneration and growth of P. yunnanens/s via allelopathy. [ Conclusion ] The paper provides reference for scientific management of P. yunnanens/s forests.

Localized Corrosion in Copper Tubes by Volatile Organic Substance

An unusual form of localized corrsion in copper tubes was detected early in service and in leakage tests after manufacturing.The morphology of this corrosion is similar to that of an ant's nest when viewed in cross section. The corrosion mechanisms, cases ofant's nest corrosion, and preventive measures are presented.

鸡肉和黄豆混合发酵过程中蛋白质、氨基酸与风味变化规律

以纯黄豆发酵为对照,分析了鸡肉与黄豆混合发酵过程中蛋白质、氨基酸态氮、蛋白酶活力、游离氨基酸和挥发性风味物质的变化规律。结果表明,发酵过程中,样品的蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,氨基酸态氮、蛋白酶活力和游离氨基酸含量则呈上升趋势。不同发酵时期,鸡肉和黄豆混合发酵组中鲜味氨基酸和总游离氨基酸含量均显著高于纯黄豆发酵(P<0.05),挥发性风味物质的积累也较纯黄豆发酵多。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)结合气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)进一步分析得出,3-甲硫基丙醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛和1-辛烯-3-醇是鸡肉与黄豆混合发酵过程中的关键差异挥发性风味物质。该研究结果为高品质豆基发酵调味品的开发和品质调控提供了理论参考。

Chemical composition and phytotoxic activity of the volatile oil of invasive Xanthium italicum Moretti from Xinjiang,China

Aerial parts of Xanthium italicum in an air tight container greatly inhibited root elongation of radish, implying that this invasive plant could release biologically active volatile organic compounds （VOCs） into the environment to affect other plants＇ growth. This phenomenon was further studied by evaluating the phytotoxic effects of X. italicum essential oil against two dicot plants, amaranth （Amaranthus mangostanus L.） and lettuce （Lectuca sativa L.）, and two monocot plants, wheat （Triticum aestivum Linn） and ryegrass （Lolium multiforum）, and analyzing the chemical composition of the oil. Among the 4 test species, amaranth was the most sensitive plant, 0.5μl/mL essential oil application resulted in a 50% reduction on root elongation, and 2.5 μl/mL essential oil almost completely inhibited its seedling growth. Wheat was the least sensitive species, whose root growth was reduced to 36% of control by 5 μl/mL essential oil. The essential oil exerted moderate inhibitory effect on both lettuce and ryegrass. Compared to a commercial herbicide-Harness, X. italicum oil exhibited stronger phytotoxicity on amaranth, lettuce and wheat, but weaker activity on ryegrass. The chemical composition of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of X. italicum Moretti was analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty two compounds were identified, representing 94.89% of total oil, which was found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons （60.71%）. The main constituents of the oil were limonene （51.61%）, germacrene B （6.98%）, 6-cadinol （5.94%）, β-pinene （5.23%）, α-caryophyllene （5.1%） and bornyl acetate （3.15%）. Bioassay revealed the dominant constituent-limonene, was unlikely the responsible phytotoxic compound due to its low biological activity; rather, there might be other oil constituent（s） that either act alone, or work together, and possibly assisted by synergistic effect, to display the phytotoxic activity. Our results suggested that X. italicum might produce allelopathic VOCs to facilitate its invasion success. This is the first report on the phytotoxic activity and the chemical composition of the essential oil of X. itaficum Moretti from China.

Effects of Diet on the Volatile Flavor and Nutritional Ingredients of Common Octopus(Octopus vulgaris)

Cephalopods are important economic shellfish that have been developed extensively in the coastal water of various countries. Octopus vulgaris is a large-scaled economic cephalopod that is mainly cultured in South China. This study explored the effect of different diets on the volatile flavor and nutritional ingredients of O. vulgaris. Four diets were tested in four groups: Group A(fish(Scomberomorus niphonius)), Group B(crab(Helice tridens tientsinensis Rathbun)), Group C(clam(Mactra veneriformis)), and Group D(squid(Loligo japonica)). Octopus muscles were sampled after 36 days of feeding, and volatile flavor substances(VFSs), fatty acids(FAs), and amino acids(AAs) were detected. Results showed that the VFSs, FAs, and AAs of octopus in the four groups were obviously different. The sum of volatile ketones and aldehydes was higher in Group B than in the other groups, which could present much more flavors. All groups were abundant in unsaturated FAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). In terms of content and variety, the FAs in Group B were more beneficial to human health than those in the other groups. The content of each AA in Group B was basically higher than those in the other groups and was significantly higher than that in Group D(P < 0.05). Comparing the VFSs, FAs, and AAs in samples fed with four kinds of diets, the results indicate that using crab to feed O. vulgaris can achieve better effects on volatile flavor and nutritional ingredients.

Role of extracellular polymeric substances in resistance to allelochemical stress on Microcystis aeruginsosa and its mechanism

Using allelochemicals to suppress cyanobacteria growth is a prospective method for its high efficiency and ecological safety.However,the suppression efficiency is affected inevitably by the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)produced by cyanobacteria,and the knowledge about the roles of EPS in resistance to allelochemical stress is scarce.For the study,two typical anti-cyanobacterial allelochemicals were adopted to investigate the role of EPS in resistance to allelochemical stress on Microcystis aeruginosa.Results show that EPS was crucial in alleviating the toxicity of allelochemicals to algae,especially in stabilizing the metabolism and photosynthetic activity of algal cells.The aggregation rate of algal cells increased with the increase of EPS secretion,which alleviated the stress of allelopathy.Tryptophan proteins and humic acids in EPS provided a binding site for allelochemicals,and the EPS-allelochemicals complex were formed by chemical bonding.This study improved our comprehension of the role of EPS in algal inhibition by allelochemicals.

两种产地藏羊肉挥发性风味物质和脂肪酸组成比较研究

为评定不同地区藏羊肉的挥发性风味物质和脂肪酸组成,选取甘肃省甘南藏族自治州和青海省海北藏族自治州的藏羊各20只,分别取背最长肌进行肉品质、脂肪酸以及挥发性成分组成、感官评价等指标的测定。结果表明,两种产地的藏羊宰后pH45min和pH24h均在正常范围内,且二者之间无显著性差异;甘南藏羊的色泽和嫩度优于海北藏羊;共检测出18种脂肪酸,其中包括7种饱和脂肪酸和11种不饱和脂肪酸。两种产地藏羊肉的脂肪酸组成和含量均存在显著差异,甘南藏羊脂肪酸组成比例更佳,ω-6/ω-3接近1∶1,显著低于海北藏羊(P<0.05)。共检测出12类70种挥发性风味物质,气味活性值(OAV)分析结果表明,甘南藏羊肉比海北藏羊肉具有更丰富的肉脂香味和果香味。综上,甘南藏羊肉的脂肪酸和挥发性成分组成都更加优异,感官评分更高。

芦笋茎叶青贮品质、微生物及挥发物质的特征分析

为了解析芦笋茎叶青贮后品质、微生物和挥发物质的特征,试验采用两种商品添加剂分别对芦笋茎叶进行青贮,50 d后测定青贮芦笋茎叶的品质、微生物、挥发性气味物质种类和含量。结果表明:加入添加剂青贮后提高了芦笋青贮料中乳酸的含量,降低了pH和氨态氮占总氮的比例。与青贮前相比,青贮后的芦笋茎叶中粗蛋白含量提高,粗纤维含量显著降低(P<0.05)。青贮后芦笋茎叶的细菌主要以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria-Chloroplast)为主;真菌主要以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主。芦笋茎叶青贮前、后分别鉴定出19种和22种挥发性物质(匹配度80%以上),青贮芦笋茎叶的主要挥发性物质是醛类,其次是烃类和酯类。青贮后芳香醛和有益烃类化合物角鲨烯含量明显增加,改善了风味及适口性。青贮后芦笋茎叶产生大量有益菌群,尤其是蓝细菌。芦笋茎叶加入添加剂青贮后改善了营养品质、微生物结构和风味物质。

植物乳杆菌和模仿葡萄球菌复配对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的影响

本研究以植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)CD101和模仿葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus simulans)NJ201作为复配发酵剂制作发酵羊肉香肠,以不接菌自然发酵香肠为空白对照。通过测定两组pH值、色差、质构等理化指标,游离氨基酸、挥发性风味物质的种类与含量,测定从香肠中提取的多肽对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)阳离子自由基、羟自由基的清除能力,探究复配发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽抗氧化能力的改善作用。结果表明,植物乳杆菌CD101和模仿葡萄球菌NJ201复配发酵能够迅速降低羊肉香肠在发酵期间的pH值,提高香肠的安全性;提高羊肉香肠的亮度与色泽、硬度和咀嚼性,改善其品质;增加游离氨基酸总量、挥发性风味物质种类,提升羊肉香肠的风味;显著提高羊肉香肠多肽对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基以及羟自由基的清除率,提升香肠多肽抗氧化活性。综上,接种发酵能对发酵羊肉香肠理化性质、风味及多肽的抗氧化能力均有明显改善。本研究能够为发酵肉制品的工业化生产提供理论依据。

连作烟草根系分泌物鉴定及潜在化感物质的筛选研究

为探索长期连作状态下烟草根系分泌物内含有的化感物质组成成分,设置石英砂栽培和连作土壤栽培2种烟草培养处理,对2种烟草不同生长时期的根系分泌物进行提取,利用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,UHPLC-MS/MS)对提取的根系分泌物进行分析,通过数据库比对、差异分析和时间聚类分析等方法筛选连作烟草根系分泌物中潜在的化感物质。结果表明,共筛选出11类潜在化感物质,分别为生物碱、萜类、胺类、有机酸、苯酸及其衍生物、脂肪酸、酚类、氨基酸和多肽、香豆素、肉桂酸及其衍生物和其他。生物碱、萜类、胺类和有机酸4类化合物相对含量占所有化合物的73.3%。L-烟碱、熊果酸、β-氨基丙腈、5-羟基吲哚乙酸、早熟素Ⅱ、单乙基己基邻苯二甲酸、己内酰胺、姜酚、L-乳酸、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-2-氧代-3-吲哚乙酸甲酯是连作烟草根系分泌物中相对含量较高的潜在化感物质。研究结果为烟草根系化感物质的化感作用研究及缓解烟草连作障碍方法研究提供理论基础。

高产乳酸耐热克鲁维酵母的筛选及其在葡萄酒中增酸潜力研究

通过比较16株耐热克鲁维酵母(Lachancea thermotolerans)的产乳酸能力及耐受性,筛选高产乳酸的优良菌株,并将其与商业酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)EC1118按1∶1配比共发酵制备霞多丽葡萄酒,评估其酿造特性。结果表明,耐热克鲁维酵母菌株LT-XJ24、LT-XJ59、LT-ZX03与LT-GS27的耐受性较好,且产乳酸能力较强,在葡萄汁中的乳酸产量分别为6.41 g/L、6.52 g/L、7.89 g/L和6.21 g/L。优选的4株耐热克鲁维酵母与商业酿酒酵母共发酵均能完成霞多丽葡萄酒的酒精发酵,且均具有良好的生物增酸能力,其中菌株LT-ZX03混合发酵的霞多丽葡萄酒中的乳酸产量最高,达6.66 g/L。尽管混合发酵组提高了葡萄酒的挥发酸含量,但仍然符合相关标准要求(≤1.2 g/L)。从霞多丽葡萄酒样品中共检出41种香气物质,包括23种酯类、11种醇类、5种酸类以及2种其他类化合物,其中13种物质的香气活度值(OAV)>1。不同耐热克鲁维酵母对霞多丽葡萄酒中挥发性香气物质的影响存在差异,其中菌株LT-GS27和LT-ZX03影响较大,能够提高葡萄酒中具有花果香气的丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和癸酸乙酯等物质含量。

五种不同的包装方式对即食香肠保鲜效果的影响

香肠是我国的传统食品,深受消费者喜爱,随着社会的发展,传统的家庭制作工艺已经逐渐减少,人们更加趋向于购买采用现代工艺制作的香肠。市场上的即食香肠种类相对较少,主要是由于香肠经过加工后,肉的品质明显遭到了破坏。在香肠的储藏过程中,一些微生物的滋长也会导致香肠腐败变质,不仅会使其营养价值和食用价值降低,而且会产生食品安全问题。该研究基于此,研究5种不同的包装方式对即食香肠的理化性质、菌落总数和挥发性物质的影响,研究结果表明,即食香肠的最佳保鲜包装方式为50%CO_(2)+40%O_(2)+10%N_(2)。

不同栽培基质对香菇营养成分及挥发性风味物质含量的影响

为了探究园林木屑和松木屑对香菇营养物质及挥发性风味物质的影响,采用6种不同配方栽培2个香菇品种,测定子实体中灰分、脂肪、蛋白质、粗纤维和粗多糖的含量,采用顶空固相微萃取法分离香气成分,以气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定可挥发性物质的含量。结果表明,松木屑基质可提高香菇子实体中蛋白质的含量,较园林木屑基质提高了3.5 g·100^(-1)·g^(-1),较常规木屑提高了1.8 g·100^(-1)·g^(-1)。香菇子实体中挥发性物质含量最多的为醛类、醇类和酮类,这3类中占比最多的物质分别为苯乙醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、3-辛酮。常规木屑基质对T2子实体中醛类物质影响最大,松木屑与常规木屑混合基质对T2子实体中醇类物质影响最大;松木屑与常规木屑混合基质对0912子实体中醛类物质影响最大,常规木屑基质对0912子实体中醇类物质影响最大,松木基质对0912子实体中酮类物质影响大。松木屑基质较园林木屑对2个香菇品种子实体中挥发性物质含量影响大。

苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮醋发酵工艺优化及品质分析

文章以苹果幼果与红薯为原料,采用单因素试验与响应面试验确定苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮醋醋酸发酵的最佳工艺;在此基础上,比较分析发酵前(苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮汁)、发酵后(苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮醋)以及市售苹果醋的抗氧化能力;采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)检测发酵前(苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮汁)、发酵后(苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮醋)以及市售苹果醋的挥发性风味物质。结果表明,醋酸发酵的最佳工艺为醋酸菌接种量10%、初始酒精度7%、发酵温度31℃。与苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮汁、市售苹果醋相比,苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮醋具有较强的抗氧化能力,挥发性风味物质更丰富,酸类、酯类物质的种类和含量显著更高。该研究可为苹果幼果-红薯复合果粮醋的开发提供数据支撑。

布拉迪酵母发酵麸皮对饼干品质及风味的影响

研究添加布拉迪酵母(Saccharomyces boulardii)发酵麸皮对面团和饼干质量的影响,进而提高益生菌发酵麸皮在食品中的应用价值。对发酵麸皮与低筋粉复配的面团质构及饼干的质构、比容、抗氧化特性、感官品质与挥发性风味物质进行分析。研究结果表明:与原麸皮(RWB)组相比,布拉迪酵母发酵麸皮(SBWB)组面团的弹性及黏聚性有所提升,其饼干的脆性、弹性、回复性及咀嚼性均有所提升,比容无显著差异;SBWB组饼干的抗氧化能力显著提升(P<0.05);SBWB组饼干的感官评分较RWB组有所提高;GC-MS检测出饼干中有44种挥发性风味物质,其中SBWB组饼干中醇类、酯类的相对含量是RWB组的3.31、2.33倍,其特征挥发性风味物质含量提升较多的主要是苯乙醇、苯甲醛、己二酸二甲酯、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪等,这些风味物质呈现玫瑰花香、水果香及坚果焙烤香气,赋予饼干浓郁风味。发酵麸皮的添加对麸皮面制品的品质改善具有较好的效果。

不同复热方式对预制烤鱼品质的影响

为探究预制菜产品复热后的品质差异,以预制烤鱼为原料,采用3种复热方式(微波复热、蒸汽复热、烘烤复热)进行热加工,通过分析剪切力、色差、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(thiobarbituric acid reaction substances,TBARS)值、水分含量及分布,以及挥发性风味物质并结合感官评价,研究不同复热方式对预制烤鱼品质的影响。结果表明,相比于蒸汽复热和烘烤复热,微波复热后烤鱼剪切力最小,嫩度最高;烘烤复热后鱼的剪切力约为微波复热3.16倍;微波复热后水分含量最高,约为烘烤复热后水分含量的1.04倍;TBARS值最高,约为蒸汽复热的1.52倍;挥发性风味物质种类多,且醛类化合物含量最高;微波复热的感官评价得分最高;在复热时长方面,微波加热时间最短。综合各项指标,微波复热是预制烤鱼较为合适的复热方式。该研究为预制菜的复热加工提供理论支持。

酱卤鸭脖的特征风味物质剖面解析

为构建酱卤鸭脖的特征风味指纹图谱,该文利用电子鼻、电子舌、气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)和高效液相色谱技术(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)结合气味活性值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)、滋味活性值(Taste Activity Value,TAV)和味精当量(Equivalent Umami Concentration,EUC),对3款市售酱卤鸭脖(W牌、J牌、H牌)的特征风味进行剖面解析。结果表明,W牌、J牌和H牌中分别鉴定出44、37、32种挥发性风味物质。其中丁香酚、芳樟醇、肉桂酸乙酯、茴香脑等因具有较高OAV和特殊香气被划定为3种鸭脖共有的特征挥发性风味物质,可贡献甜香、果香和脂香。电子鼻结果则表明3种鸭脖在含硫化合物和氮氧化合物上存在差异;谷氨酸、丙氨酸、5,-肌苷酸、5,-鸟苷酸因TAV>1被确定为3种酱卤鸭脖的特征滋味物质,对鲜味和甜味贡献突出。此外,H牌的EUC值(4.41 g MSG/100 g)显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),说明其鲜味程度优于J牌和W牌鸭脖,这也与电子舌检测结果保持一致。该研究可以为酱卤鸭脖特色风味保持及产品风味改善提供理论依据。

霉鱼源清酒乳杆菌的分离筛选及其在霉鱼发酵中的应用

从传统霉鱼中分离筛选到一株清酒乳杆菌,并命名为1-3,在MRS液体培养基中的最佳培养条件为pH 8,温度25℃。该菌可耐受0.10 g/mL NaCl,对沙雷氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和嗜麦芽窄食单孢菌具有抑制作用。为探究该菌株纯种发酵生产霉鱼的可行性,将该菌株应用于接种发酵霉鱼,其色泽和质构与自然发酵霉鱼无显著性差异。电子鼻结果表明,接种发酵比自然发酵霉鱼对硫化物响应度高,对甲基类的响应度低。自然发酵与接种发酵霉鱼中分别检出41种和54种挥发性风味物质,自然发酵霉鱼中醇类物质相对含量最高,显著高于接种发酵霉鱼;接种发酵霉鱼中挥发性物质以芳香类为主,为(35.23±0.98)%;其酯类物质更为丰富。菌株1-3接种发酵霉鱼各类风味物质较为均衡,造就霉鱼酯香、甜香等多层次风味特征,该菌株具有进一步工业化生产纯种发酵霉鱼的开发潜力。