Volcanic Activity and Thermal Excitation of Rich-silicon Iron Ore Tailing in Concrete

In order to distinguish the filling effect and volcanic activity and explore the ways motivating the activity of rich-silicon iron ore tailing（IOT）, inert quartz was brought in as the correction standard, the influences of fineness, calcination, thermal curing system and some other factors were investigated by IR, XRD, MIP, and so on microscopic methods. The experimental results show grinding and calcination can only change the amorphous state of SiO2, and IOT do not have volcanic activity in concrete cured under room temperature condition. Thermal curing systems can stimulate the activity of IOT, especially mortar cured by autoclave curing system can consume a large amount of Ca（OH）2 and hard calcium silicate and has a closer structure. When the specific surface area of IOT powder is 800 m^2/kg, and 30% cement is replaced by IOT powder, the mortar strength with IOT powder is even higher than that with cementonly.

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN TAIWAN

A group of A-Kr dating data of volcanic rocks in Taiwan Island is listed in thes paper, which clarifies the data of volcanic activity. And according to changes of plate movement in East Asia, a basic regularity of the volcanic activity in Taiwan can be obtainted, i.e. it is closely related with plate movement. The volcanic activity in Taiwan has always been moving about since Mesozoic, as the island lies in a special place of plate tectonic in East Asia, and the volcanic activity zone has changed with variations of plate motion. The paleo-Pacific plate launched a subduction toward the west in Cretaceous. Kula plate took a subduction toward the north from Cretaceous to Eogene. In Oligocene, the direction of the subduction of the Pacific plate changed from northward to westward. Taiwan Island has been the first to be affected by this change since Miocene Epoch. Therefore, volcanic activity occurs in the middle and the east of Taiwan Island. In addition, as the border of subduction moved eastward, the volcanic activity zone moves toward the east, too.Penglai movement in the period ranging from Tertiary to Quatemary is the most magnificent transformation in geological history of Taiwan. As the subduction movement of the Philippine Sea plate was replaced by the collision with Taiwan crust, the volcanic activity in the east of Taiwan Island ceased. Only the northem island and some offshore islands constitute a part of the Quatemary volcanic arc where the signs of volcanic activiy has been still displayed by now. However, the volcanic activity of the Penghu Island Group fell into the same category as that in Quatemary which was caused by the fracture activations in the eastem coast of China.

Effects of astronomical orbital cycle and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during Late Ordovician–Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area, South China

Based on field outcrop data,the effects of cyclic change of astronomical orbit and volcanic activity on organic carbon accumulation during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze area were studied using cyclostratigraphic and geochemical methods.d13 C and chemical index of alteration(CIA)were used to filter the astronomical orbit parameters recorded in sediments.It is found that the climate change driven by orbital cycle controls the fluctuations of sea level at different scales,obliquity forcing climate changes drive thermohaline circulation(THC)of the ocean,and THC-induced bottom currents transport nutrient-laden water from high latitude regions to the surface water of low-latitude area.Hence,THC is the main dynamic mechanism of organic-carbon supply.The marine productivity indexes of Ba/Al and Ni/Al indicate that volcanic activities had limited effect on marine productivity but had great influences on organic carbon preservation efficiency in late Hirnantian(E4).Paleo-ocean redox environmental indicators Th/U,V/Cr and V/(V+Ni)show that there is a significant correlation between volcanism and oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,so it is inferred that volcanisms controlled the organic carbon preservation efficiency by regulating oxygen content in Paleo-ocean,and the difference in volcanism intensity in different areas is an important factor for the differential preservation efficiency of organic carbon.The organic carbon input driven by orbital cycle and the preservation efficiency affected by volcanisms worked together to control the enrichment of organic carbon in the Middle–Upper Yangtze region.

STUDY ON THE STRUCTURE OF ARTIFICIAL SILICA FUME AND THE ACTIVITY OF VOLCANIC ASH

The present experimental technique is used to study the image, crystal phase, pore structure and microstructure of artificial silica fume, and the experimental results show that artificial silica fume is a non-crystalline and porous matter with a high specific surface area and the high activity of volcanic ash. Therefore, it is a type of ideal material which can replace silica fume. (Author abstract) 5 Refs.

Quantification of the Diminishing Earth’s Magnetic Dipole Intensity and Geomagnetic Activity as the Causal Source for Global Warming within the Oceans and Atmosphere

Quantitative analyses of actual measurements rather than modeling have shown that “global warming” has been heterogeneous over the surface of the planet and temporally non-linear. Residual regression analyses by Soares (2010) indicated increments of increased temperature precede increments of CO2 increase. The remarkably strong negative correlation (r = -0.99) between the earth’s magnetic dipole moment values and global CO2-temperature indicators over the last ~30 years is sufficient to be considered causal if contributing energies were within the same order of magnitude. Quantitative convergence between the energies lost by the diminishing averaged geomagnetic field strength and energies gained within the ocean-atmosphere interface satisfy the measured values for increased global temperature and CO2 release from sea water. The pivotal variable is the optimal temporal unit employed to estimate the total energies available for physical-chemical reactions. The positive drift in averaged amplitude of geomagnetic activity over the last 100 years augmented this process. Contributions from annual CO2 from volcanism and shifts in averaged geomagnetic activity, lagged years before the measured global temperature-CO2 values, are moderating variables for smaller amplitude perturbations. These results indicated that the increase in CO2 and global temperatures are primarily caused by major geophysical factors, particularly the diminishing total geomagnetic field strength and increased geomagnetic activity, but not by human activities. Strategies for adapting to climate change because of these powerful variables may differ from those that assume exclusive anthropomorphic causes.

Quantification of the Diminishing Earth’s Magnetic Dipole Intensity and Geomagnetic Activity as the Causal Source for Global Warming within the Oceans and Atmosphere

Quantitative analyses of actual measurements rather than modeling have shown that “global warming” has been heterogeneous over the surface of the planet and temporally non-linear. Residual regression analyses by Soares (2010) indicated increments of increased temperature precede increments of CO2 increase. The remarkably strong negative correlation (r = -0.99) between the earth’s magnetic dipole moment values and global CO2-temperature indicators over the last ~30 years is sufficient to be considered causal if contributing energies were within the same order of magnitude. Quantitative convergence between the energies lost by the diminishing averaged geomagnetic field strength and energies gained within the ocean-atmosphere interface satisfy the measured values for increased global temperature and CO2 release from sea water. The pivotal variable is the optimal temporal unit employed to estimate the total energies available for physical-chemical reactions. The positive drift in averaged amplitude of geomagnetic activity over the last 100 years augmented this process. Contributions from annual CO2 from volcanism and shifts in averaged geomagnetic activity, lagged years before the measured global temperature-CO2 values, are moderating variables for smaller amplitude perturbations. These results indicated that the increase in CO2 and global temperatures are primarily caused by major geophysical factors, particularly the diminishing total geomagnetic field strength and increased geomagnetic activity, but not by human activities. Strategies for adapting to climate change because of these powerful variables may differ from those that assume exclusive anthropomorphic causes.

Preface to the special issue on electromagnetic phenomena related to seismic and volcanic activities from EMSEV in 2016

EMSEV, Electromagnetic Studies of Earthquake and Volcanoes, set up in 2002, is a joint academic organization by multi-associations in IUGG （International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics）, including IAGA （International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy）, IASPEI （International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth＇s Interior）, IAVCEI （International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth＇s Interior）.

塔里木盆地与火山活动相关的油气聚集——以塔中47油田为例

The discovery of the Tazhong-47 oilfield confirmed that it is realistic to explore oil and gas fields around igneous rocks in the Tarim basin. The favorable conditions for petroleum accumulation due to volcanic activity and igneous rocks formed during the activity show in two aspects. A) The contact surface of igneous rocks and the surrounding sedimentary rocks, like a vertical unconformity surface, formed the conduit of petroleum migration. Petroleum would accumulate once it encountered a trap in which the reservoir had fine porosity and permeability. B) It formed a trap barriered by igneous rocks, or changed or cut the original trap. In addition, volcanic rocks are a kind of potential reservoir, there are many such examples in the world, and oil also shows in the Permian igneous rocks in well Zhong-1 on Tazhong uplift. Petroleum accumulation associated with volcanic activity will be a new exploring field in the Tarim basin.

Present-day deformation of Agung volcano,Indonesia, as determined using SBAS-InSAR

Based on ALOS PALSAR images, time series deformation fields of the Agung w^lcann area were obtained using SBAS-InSAR in 2007 -2009. The time series deformation showed obvious inflation around the Agung volcano area, which was positively correlated with time. We modeled the cumulated deformation interferogram based on Mogi point source and vertical prolate spheroid source. The deformation model indicated that the vertical prolate spheroid model fit the observed deformation reasonably well. The magma chamber was loc, ated beneath the eenter of the volcano at a depth of approximately 5 km beneath the summit.

Cambrian-early Ordovician volcanism across the South Armorican and Occitan domains of the Variscan Belt in France:Continental break-up and rifting of the northern Gondwana margin

The Cambrian-lower Ordovician volcanic units of the South Armorican and Occitan domains are ana- lysed in a tectonostratigraphic survey of the French Variscan Belt. The South Armorican lavas consist of continental tholeiites in middle Camhrian-Furongian sequences related to continental break-up. A significant volcanic activity occurred in the Tremadocian, dominated by crustal melted rhyolitic lavas and initial rifting tholeiites. The Occitan lavas are distributed into five volcanic phases： （I） basal Cambrian rhyolites, （2） upper lower Cambrian Mg-rich tholeiites close to N-MORBs but crustal contaminated, （3） upper lower-middle Cambrian continental tholeiites, （4） Tremadocian rhyolites, and （5） upper lower Ordovician initial rift tholeiites. A rifting event linked to asthenosphere upwelling took place in the late early Cambrian but did not evolve. It renewed in the Tremadocian with abundant crustal melting due to underplating of mixed asthenospheric and lithospheric magmas. This main tectono-magmatic conti- nental rift is termed the ＂Tremadocian Tectonic Belt＂ underlined by a chain of rhyolitic volcanoes from Occitan and South Armorican domains to Central Iberia. It evolved with the setting of syn-rift coarse siliciclastic deposits overlain by post-rift deep water shales in a suite of sedimentary basins that fore- casted the South Armorican-Medio-European Ocean as a part of the Palaeotethys Ocean.

Ore-forming Response to Syndepositional Submarine Volcanism in Langshan-Zhaertai Mesoproterozoic SEDEX Ore Belt, Inner Mongolia, China

Ore forming process of the Dongshengmiao, Huogeqi, Tanyaokou and Jiashengpan deposits in Langshan Zhaertai Mesoproterozoic SEDEX metallogenic belt is closely related to the syndepositional volcanic activities based on the following facts: (1) The Sm Nd isochron age of the basic volcanic rocks varies from 1 491 Ma to 1 824 Ma (more than or close to the model age of the lead isotope of all sulfide minerals) in these deposits, with ε (Nd, t ) =(3.48-6.40)±0.80, whose REE composition is enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE, indicating that these volcanic rocks were derived from the mantle or lower crust. (2) The REE composition of some Pb Zn Py ores is also enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE. The chondrite normalized REE patterns are similar to those of the basic volcanic rocks. (3) In the lead isotope composition diagram of Doe and Zartman, most of sphalerite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite are plotted on both sides of the line for the mantle or between the lines for the mantle and lower crust. (4) Cobalt content of some pyrites is much higher than their nickel content ( w (Co)/ w (Ni)= 11.91- 12.19). (5) Some volcanic blocks and debrises have been picked out from some pyrite and pyrrhotite ores. (6) All Zn Pb Cu Fe sulfide orebodies in these deposits occur in the strata overlying the metamorphic volcanic rocks in the only second ore bearing formation. The Jiashengpan deposit lacks in syndepositional volcanic rocks in the host succession, only Pb and Zn occur without Cu, but the Dongshengmiao, Tanyaokou and Huogeqi deposits with syndepositonal volcanic rocks in the host succession contain Cu, indicating the relatively high ore forming temperatures, besides Pb and Zn. The syndepositional volcanic eruption directly supplied some ore forming metals and resulted in the secular geothermal anomaly favorable for the circulation of the submarine convective hydrothermal system, and in the precipitation of deep mineralizing fluids exhaling into the anoxide basins along the syndepositional fault system in the Langshan Zhaertai rift.

The Geological Significance of a Tuffite Interlayer in the Cretaceous Port Island Formation in Northeastern Hong Kong

The Port Island Formation(PIF), a typical Cretaceous red bed in Hong Kong, is dominated by non-fossiliferous, reddish clastic rocks, making it difficult to determine the sedimentary age of PIF precisely. Previous studies assigned the PIF to Late Cretaceous provisionally only on the basis of its stratigraphic sequence and lithology. This study identified a tuffite interlayer in the PIF and a zircon UPb age of 128.2±2.7 Ma by LA-ICP-MS method was obtained. It’s the first time to date the depositional age of the PIF with a reliable chronological constraint. With the support of stratigraphic evidence, we concluded that the geological age of PIF should be Early Cretaceous rather than Late Cretaceous. Based on the volcanic history of Hong Kong and Southeast China and the distribution of the PIF in Mirs Bay, it is believed that there was no volcanic activity in Hong Kong in ca. 128 Ma. The tuffite interlayer discovered in PIF was formed by the deposition of volcanic ash, which might originate from remote region outside Hong Kong, in an aquatic environment on Port Island. The identification of the tuffite interlayer, as the response to a volcanic event, has great significance not only to the studies of establishment and regional correlation of the strata system and the geological evolution in Hong Kong,but also to the study of volcanic activities in Southeast China.

Effect of Volcanic Activities and CO_2 Concentration on Summer Temperature in Middle Stratosphere,North Hemisphere

Successive filtration and comparison show that the stratosphere air temperature in 10 hPa-layer of the Northern Hemisphere （NH） in July continuously increases,which is associated to the increases in greenhouse gases mostly CO2,volcanic activities,and solar activity,demonstrating the follows.（a） The increase in CO2 concentration is largely consistent with that of the stratosphere air temperature in 10 hPa-layer of the NH in July.However,the increase in the air temperature is not in a linear pattern,during which several cooling events interrupt.The cooling events between late 1960s and late 1970s are remarkable ones and so is the one before mid 1990s.Analysis shows that these events are induced by volcanic activities and solar activity.（b） The CO2-free variation in the stratosphere air temperature in 10 hPa-layer of the NH is consistent with that of the solar magnetic index.The wave crests and wave troughs of the two curves are consistent in phase,and the curve of solar magnetic index leads the other slightly.In other words,when the solar magnetic pole is southward,a warming in the NH stratosphere corresponds;and on the contrary,the northward solar magnetic pole corresponds to a cooling event.The variation in solar magnetic polarity strongly impacts the variation in the stratosphere temperature.

Organic-rich formation and hydrocarbon enrichment of lacustrine shale strata:A case study of Chang 7 Member

Lacustrine shale is an important target for the exploration of unconventional oil and gas in China beyond marine shale gas.However,the formation environment of lacustrine shale differs from that of marine shale,resulting in a different reservoir composition,organic matter,oil and gas content,and hydrocarbon mobility.In this study,the Chang 7 shale of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin was used to analyze the effect of volcanic activity on the paleoproductivity and preservation conditions during the formation of lacustrine shale.The results show that algae and bacteria were developed before the eruption.After the eruption,the number of bacteria declined,but the increased prosperity of algae reflects that the volcanic activity enhanced ancient productivity.The sulfate generated by volcanic activity promotes bacterial sulfate reduction,and the produced H_(2)S leads to a strong reducing environment in the waterbody,which is conducive to the preservation of organic matter.Organic geochemical analysis shows that the black shale in the shale strata has a high total organic carbon(TOC)content and strong hydrocarbon generation potential,whereas the tuff has a low TOC content and can scarcely generate hydrocarbons,indicating that the tuff deposited by volcanic activity cannot be considered as effective source rock.In terms of storage space,shale is mainly laminar and dispersed,and it includes organic and inorganic pores.The development of organic pores is affected by thermal maturity,whereas inorganic pores mainly occur between detrital particles and crystals.Tuff is mainly supported by heterogeneous matrix and associated with alteration.Its pores include inter-and intragranular mineral pores.The development of tight sandstone pores is affected by compaction,cementation,and dissolution,which mainly consist of intra-and intergranular pores.The Chang 7 lacustrine shale generally contains oil,but different lithologies have different oil drainage efficiencies.Sandstone and shale exhibit the best and worst oil drainage efficiency,respectively.It is mainly affected by the pore size distribution,fluid properties,and rock wettability.Therefore,the development of shale oil should mainly focus on lacustrine shale formations with interbeds.The mutual dissolution of organic matter and hydrocarbons in the shale section leads to the poor mobility and difficult development of hydrocarbons.

Lithofacies distribution characteristics and its controlling factors of shale in Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of Longmaxi Formation in the Jiaoshiba area

It is essential to investigate shale lithofacies distribution and controlling factor of the shale for geological evaluation of shale gas exploration and development.Through comprehensive analysis of cores,thin sections,cathode luminescence,whole-rock X-ray diffraction,element capture spectroscopy,major/trace element and other data,three major types and eight sub-type shale lithofacies in the shale of Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of Longmaxi Formation in Jiaoshiba area are identified by the three-end-member method and shale lithological classification nomenclature,and the spatiotemporal distribution law and main development controlling factors of shale lithofacies are well studied.In the Jiaoshiba area,vertically,the marine shale develops siliceous shale,mixed shale and argillaceous shale from bottom to top.Besides,lateral distribution of the shale is different from north to south;the shale lithofacies in the north area changes rapidly,the mixed shale in the north area is much thicker than that in the south area,while the siliceous shale in the south area is relatively thicker.Difference in the shale lithofacies is controlled by special sedimentary geologic events;development of the siliceous shale is controlled by the Ordovician-Silurian global volcanic event to some extent,while the mixed shale is significantly influenced by effect of bottom current,and the argillaceous shale is mainly affected by supply of terrestrial clastic material.

Clay Rocks around Permian-Triassic Boundary at Daxiakou Section in Hubei Province,China

We studied the clay rocks around the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Daxiakou （大峡口） Section in Xingshan （兴山）, Hubei （湖北） Province, China. All clay rocks are predominated by illitemontmorillonite （I/M） mixed-layer minerals, and high-temperature hexagonal bipyramid （HB） quartz and pyrite are contained in different abundances. Clay microspheres are even found in some beds. The results show that volcanic activity was very frequent in this area or in the neighboring areas during the Permian-Triassic transition though the intensity of eruption and the position of the eruption center might have varied during the period. The frequent volcanic activity should be at least one of the leading events to cause the momentous turnover of biota and the ecosystem during the great Permian-Triassic transition.