Sensitivity analysis of pull-in voltage for RF MEMS switch based on modified couple stress theory

An approximate analytical model for calculating the pull-in voltage of a stepped cantilever-type radio frequency （RF） micro electro-mechanical system （MEMS） switch is developed based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam and a modified couple stress theory, and is validated by comparison with the finite element results. The sensitivity functions of the pull-in voltage to the designed parameters are derived based on the proposed model. The sensitivity investigation shows that the pull-in voltage sensitivities increase/decrease nonlinearly with the increases in the designed parameters. For the stepped cantilever beam, there exists a nonzero optimal dimensionless length ratio, where the pull-in voltage is insensitive. The optimal value of the dimensionless length ratio only depends on the dimensionless width ratio, and can be obtained by solving a nonlinear equation. The determination of the designed parameters is discussed, and some recommendations are made for the RF MEMS switch optimization.

Voltage Control in Smart Grids: An Approach Based on Sensitivity Theory

Due to the development of Distributed Generation (DG), which is installed in Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks (MVDNs) such as generators based on renewable energy (e.g., wind energy or solar energy), voltage control is currently a very important issue. The voltage is now regulated at the MV busbars acting on the On-Load Tap Changer of the HV/MV transformer. This method does not guarantee the correct voltage value in the network nodes when the distributed generators deliver their power. In this paper an approach based on Sensitivity Theory is shown, in order to control the node voltages regulating the reactive power exchanged between the network and the dispersed generators. The automatic distributed voltage regulation is a particular topic of the Smart Grids.

Optimal configuration strategy of energy storage system in high photovoltaic penetration micro-grid based on voltage sensitivity analysis

Energy storage is an effective measure to deal with internal power fluctuation of micro-grid and ensure stable operation, especially in the micro-grid with high photovoltaic(PV) penetration. Its capacity configuration is related to the steady, safety and economy of micro-grid.In order to improve the absorptive capacity of micro-grid on maximizing the use of distributed PV power in micro-grid, and improve the power quality, an optimal energy storage configuration strategy is proposed, which takes many factors into account, such as the topology of micro-grid, the change of irradiance, the load fluctuation and the cable. The strategy can optimize the energy storage allocation model to minimize the storage power capacity and optimize the node configuration.The key electrical nodes are identified by using the sensitivity coefficient of the voltage, and then the model is optimized to simplify calculation. Finally, an example of the European low-voltage micro-grid and a micro-grid system in the laboratory is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.The results show that the proposed method can optimize the allocation of capacity and the node of the energy storage system.

Cost Estimation of Voltage Dips in Small Industries Based on Equipment Sensitivity Analysis

Voltage dip is one of the detrimental power quality problems that can lead to huge financial losses in industries. Its economic impact is not only associated with the quality of the supply but also with sensitivity of electronic controls and equipment of the industry which are susceptible to voltage dips. Mitigating solutions are available but the choice depends on the careful assessment of the economic impact of voltage dips and economic gains of solutions. This paper presents an approach for estimating the economic cost of voltage dips based on sensitivity analysis. The voltage-tolerance curves of the sensitive equipment are obtained from experimental tests under different conditions. From the behavior and interaction of process equipment, different failure modes and economic sensitivity density are determined for different types of voltage dips. Voltage events monitored in the MV-network for several years are assessed to determine the frequency and severity of voltage dips at the customer terminal. The economic values of equipment and processes are assessed to get insight into alternative solutions with more rewarding measures. Then, cost-benefit analysis is performed to compare the economic gains of solutions protecting equipment or processes showing more rewarding economic values.

PREPARATION OF ZnO CERAMIC POWDER BY SOL-GEL METHOD AND ITS VOLTAGE SENSITIVE PROPERTIES

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COPRECIPITATION PREPARATION AND VOLTAGE SENSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DOPED ZnO VARISTOR

A process of preparing ZnO voltage sensitive ceramics doped with some oxides by coprecipitation was described in the paper. The thermal properties of ZnO nanometer powders and the current voltage characteristics of the ceramics have been investigated. The results showed that the six additive ZnO powders with hexagonal system were homogeneous grain size distribution in microstructure, the optimal reaction pH is 6.90±0.05, the temperature for calcining and sintering was at about 500 ℃ and 1100 ℃, respectively. The powders were also examined by SEM, IR and XRD etc, and the effect of doping La 2O 3 on the electrical properties of ZnO varistor was investigated too.

EVs聚合主动支撑的有源配电网协同调压策略

针对配电网因“双碳”目标下分布式电源与柔性负荷规模化接入导致的系统过/欠电压问题,提出了一种基于电动汽车(EVs)聚合主动支撑的有源配电网协同调压策略,并充分利用了柔性负荷聚合的调节作用,以支撑配电网安全高效运行。首先,提出了基于“出行链”概念的EVs聚合预测模型,以提高EVs聚合预测的精确性。其次,针对多个节点存在的电压问题,依据电压-功率灵敏度,提出了一种基于“EVs聚合-光伏多功能逆变器-无功治理设备”的协同调压策略,以促使节点电压的有效调节,减少无功治理设备的配置成本并保证系统安全供电。最后,通过不同方法的对比与多场景的测试,验证了所提EVs聚合预测方法与协同调压策略的有效性。

Development of an Intelligent Voltage Control System for Jeju Island Power System in Korea

As the voltage has local characteristics in a power system, system voltage control has depended on human experts in distribution substation local reactive power control station so far in Korea. Since coordinative automatic control has been possible due to the recent advances in computers and communication networks, the hierarchical voltage control system, consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary control, has been applied in several European countries. Recently the Korea power system has been operated more closely to stability limits because of rapid growth in load-demand as seen in Europe. For this reasons, Korea electric power corporation recognized the need of the voltage control system and developed the voltage control system. This paper presents an intelligent voltage control system for domestic power system using numerical algorithm based on the sensitivity matrix and the expert system. Dynamic characteristics of the developed system are investigated using EMTDC （electromagnetic transient DC analysis program） and RTDS （real time digital simulator）. Several case studies showed the promising performance.

考虑配电网电压暂降治理经济性的DVR优化配置方法研究

针对配电网电压暂降治理的有效性和经济性问题,提出一种动态电压恢复器经济配置的电压暂降治理方法。首先,对DVR不同容量时对应的投资成本进行分析,从而准确计算DVR配置方案的总投资。然后,基于电压暂降凹陷域,结合敏感负荷的中断概率对负荷进行经济损失评估,并根据系统有功损耗计算出总电压暂降经济损失成本。最后,构建了包含DVR装置的投资成本、电压暂降时敏感负荷经济损失和系统有功损耗三种要素的优化模型,实现DVR的最优容量和接入位置。采用IEEE 33节点标准测试系统为例对所提配置方法进行验证,仿真结果证明与传统的DVR就地接入的补偿方法相比,该方法能有效降低配电网电压暂降治理的总经济成本,在保证配电网的运行可靠性的同时提高经济效益。

带有指令滤波的电力弹簧系统反步控制

针对新能源发电系统因间接性和不确定性导致的电压波动问题,文中首次将反步控制策略应用于电力弹簧(electric spring,ES)系统,并提出一种带有指令滤波的ES反步控制策略。根据ES的数学模型利用反步法设计控制器,并加入指令滤波器,以解决ES反步控制中的计算膨胀问题,同时设计误差补偿信号,并利用Lyapunov稳定性理论验证系统稳定性。通过仿真模拟新能源发电系统网侧电压波动时,ES对关键负载(critical load,CL)电压稳定的效果,以及不同系统参数对文中控制策略的敏感性分析。与传统的比例积分(proportional-integral,PI)控制对比,CL电压动态响应速度提高0.07 s,CL电压畸变率降低31%,参数敏感性分析中CL电压最大偏差率为0.318%,能承受的最大电压幅值波动范围提高52.9 V。仿真结果验证了文中所提出的控制策略具有响应速度快、谐波含量低、抗干扰能力强的优势。

基于黄金分割搜索的电压暂降域快速识别方法

针对大型复杂电网中敏感负荷的电压暂降域难以准确识别的问题,提出一种基于黄金分割搜索的电压暂降域快速识别方法。首先,求得网络中发生各类短路故障时敏感负荷节点的电压暂降幅值解析式,并引入节点判定向量和线路关联向量,以及相应的判定准则,实现对所有线路临界点的快速分类计算;接着详细阐述了传统插值法存在的问题,并提出一种由黄金分割搜索改进的插值法,以期为正割迭代提供更优的初值点,提高临界点计算的准确度;因考虑到拟合的二次曲线难免存在偏差,故使用故障点法作为补充算法,用以计算有求解困难的线路;最后,以IEEE30节点标准测试系统为例,验证了该方法能在保证计算精度的前提下,简化电压暂降域的求解过程,提高算法的收敛速度,并广泛适用于大型复杂电网。

基于多元线路特征因素融合的电压暂降严重程度评估

现有电压暂降严重程度评估方法未充分考虑多元线路特征因素对输电线路故障概率的影响,评估结果存在较大误差。由此,文中提出了基于多元线路特征因素融合的电压暂降严重程度评估方法。首先,基于线路历史故障数据,采用关联规则量化多元线路特征因素对线路故障的影响程度进行研究。然后,通过改进D-S证据理论融合多元线路特征因素建立准确的线路年故障概率模型,并采用基于最大熵模型的故障点法评估节点的电压暂降量。最后,提出了一种同时考虑系统侧电压暂降严重程度和用户敏感设备耐受特性的综合电压暂降严重程度指标,用于评估节点电压暂降严重程度。基于实际电能质量监测数据进行验证,并与未充分考虑线路特征因素的评估案例进行比较,结果表明所提方法能有效提升电压暂降严重程度评估的准确性。

高比例新能源接入下的历史策略库辅助源网荷储协同实时电压控制研究

随着“双碳”目标的推进,储能、充电桩等用户侧新型负荷设备数量增多。在此背景下,由于量测条件不满足造成的不可观测区域将直接导致传统的电压控制方法难以完成对分布式电源的精准调控。为解决上述问题,提出一种基于蜣螂优化算法(DBO)的极限学习机(ELM)构建历史策略库,用以辅助源网荷储协同实时电压控制的方法,可实现对配电网电压实时精确控制。首先介绍了基于近似灵敏度计算的电压控制方法,然后介绍了DBO改进的极限学习机和历史策略库的概念及结合应用方法,构建了以基于近似灵敏度计算的电网节点有功及无功功率为输入,母线期望电压为输出的ELM模型。模型输出的母线电压作为控制依据,进一步转换为下发的用户侧可调设备调节指令。仿真算例的结果验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

含分布式光伏接入的三相牵引供电系统电压协调控制方法

牵引供电系统中光伏并网逆变器普遍处于弱可控状态且缺乏多机间协调配合,为了使分布式光伏在实现牵引能耗优化的同时,主动参与牵引网电压调控,提出了用于三相牵引供电系统的电压协调控制策略。针对含光伏的新型三相牵引供电系统拓扑,分析了系统电压-有功和无功定量关系。结合分布式光伏无功裕度及协调关系,设计了3阶段分布式电压协调控制策略,根据电压灵敏度判定各节点补偿与削减优先度,实现了分布式光伏无功协调补偿及有功优化削减,达到牵引网电压主动控制。最后,通过对系统多工况下仿真,验证策略有效性。仿真结果表明,所提协调控制策略在三相牵引供电系统复杂的运行工况下,能够在兼顾光伏能量利用率的同时,增强系统电压调控能力,解决牵引网电压越限问题,并有效降低牵引网损耗。研究通过有效利用光伏支撑牵引网电压,为机车的安全、高效运行提供保障。

集成结温在线监测功能的IGBT智能驱动器

结温是表征功率器件寿命的重要参数,对功率器件结温进行监测具有重要意义。基于热敏电参数法,选取对温度敏感的电参量饱和导通压降V_(CE(sat))作为研究对象,在IGBT驱动器中集成高精度结温参数测量电路,使系统可在线监测功率器件结温。同时为了得到更加精准的热-电参量对应关系,通过分段拟合的方式对IGBT模块在工作状态下结温与V_(CE(sat))的关系进行数学建模。在此基础上,还设计了相应的退饱和检测电路和分级驱动电路。经过实验验证,最终解决了传统结温测量方式工程应用性差的问题,提高了参数采集精度,将热敏电参数的结温预测误差控制在±5℃以内。

基于环境激励的电力系统静态电压稳定在线评估

随着电网结构的日益复杂,传统的静态电压稳定分析难以满足速度和准确度的要求。为此,本文提出一种基于随机响应数据的静态电压稳定在线评估方法。首先,推导基于节点电压和线路无功功率的灵敏度指标,在深入分析环境激励下灵敏度指标特性的基础上,提出对灵敏度进行分类;然后,引入K均值异常检测算法处理异常的灵敏度数值,有效地改善了灵敏度估计的准确性;其次,采用加权平均值计算一段时间内的灵敏度,实时判断系统的静态电压稳定性。最后,在IEEE10机39节点系统上进行验证,结果表明所提方法能够准确监测电力系统静态电压的稳定性。

基于导通压降的大容量IGBT模块结温观测与误差分析研究

压接式绝缘栅双极性晶体管PP-IGBT(press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor)模块因其优越的电气性能和可靠性,广泛应用于柔性直流换流阀等大功率应用场景。IGBT芯片结温的准确观测对于其运行状态的监测与剩余寿命的评估都非常重要。已有结温观测方法多是针对键合引线式IGBT,未考虑到压接式模块的特性,无法直接应用。首先,针对大容量换流阀中的压接式IGBT,提出了一种实用的模块导通压降与结温标定方法,并对结温在线估计的误差进行了全面分析。然后,基于ABB公司5SNA 3000K452300压接式IGBT模块(4500 V,3000 A)设计了结温标定方案,包括实验电路、温度标定范围选择、结温控制方式、测量电路及标定实验步骤。最后,基于脉冲测试平台,对所提方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,所提结温标定与观测方案有效,结温观测误差在±5℃以内,且能适用压接式IGBT模块存在差异的情况。

含VSC-HVDC的交直流系统电压稳定分析与控制

针对含柔性直流输电(voltage source converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统电压稳定性问题,开发出一种适用于含VSC-HVDC的交直流系统连续潮流程序,以负荷裕度指标分析VSC-HVDC系统有功功率传输方向、有功功率传输容量及换流站与交流系统无功功率交换量的变化对系统电压稳定性的影响。进而利用系统电压崩溃点处雅可比矩阵,推导出系统负荷裕度对VSC-HVDC有功功率控制参数和无功功率控制参数的灵敏度,并基于该灵敏度提出一种适用于改善系统电压稳定性的VSC-HVDC调控策略。最后,将所提方法应用于修改的68节点和IEEE118节点交直流系统,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。

面向敏感负荷的电压暂降在线监测点优化配置

为通过装设电压暂降在线监测,获得影响敏感负荷正常运行的电压暂降信息,提出一种面向用户敏感负荷的电压暂降在线监测点配置方法。首先,形成负荷可观矩阵,用于描述电压暂降事件发生时各敏感负荷的失效情况;然后,以监测点数量最小为目标,以导致敏感负荷失效的电压暂降事件信息不丢失为约束,建立电压暂降在线监测点优化配置模型;其次,定义监测方案的监测准确度和监测信息冗余度为评价配置方案效果的指标;最后,以IEEE33节点系统和某实际用户供配电系统为例,验证所提方法的实用性。