Patterns of antiemetic prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in China

Background： Few studies have attempted to evaluate the use of antiemetic therapy for chemotherapyinduced nausea and vomiting （CINV） at a national level in China or to assess how treatment regimens adhere to current guidelines. Methods： We searched the China Health Insurance Research Association （CHIRA） Database to identify patients with cancer who were 〉 18 years old and received either moderately or highly emetogenie chemotherapy （MEC and HEC, respectively） between 2008 and 2012. Patients＇ characteristics as well as usage of specific antiemetic regimens were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results： Of the 14,548 patients included in the study, 6,477 received HEC while 8,071 were treated with MEC. Approximately 89.9% used antiemetics prophylactically to prevent acute CINV and 71.5% for delayed CINV while 9.0% were prescribed antiemetics as rescue therapy. A significantly lower proportion of patients treated with HEC received prophylactic antiemetic therapy for delayed CINV as compared to those treated with MEC （59.4% vs. 81.3 %; P〈0.001）. The HEC group had a slightly lower proportion of patients using a mixed regimen containing a 5-HT3 antagonist to prevent both acute and delayed CINV than the MEC group （P〈0.012）; however, a higher proportion received a mixed regimen containing eorticosteroids （P≤0.007）. Although more than half of the patients in the HEC group took three antiemeties to prevent acute and delayed CINV, these rates were significantly lower than those of the MEC group （both P〈0.001）. Finally, analysis of the regimens used revealed that there is over-utilization of drugs within the same class of antiemetic. Conclusions： These findings indicate that more attention is needed for treatment of delayed CINV, in terms of both overall use and the components of a typical treatment regimen.

Effectiveness of a novel, fixed dose combination of netupitant and palonosetron in prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: A real-life study from India

BACKGROUND A new,oral fixed dose combination of highly selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist,netupitant with 5HT3 receptor antagonist,netupitant and palonosetron(NEPA)was approved in India for prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting(CINV).AIM To assess effectiveness of NEPA in real-world scenario.METHODS We retrospectively assessed the medical records and patient dairies of adult patients who received highly emetogenic or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy(HEC/MEC)and treated with NEPA(Netupitant 300 mg+Palanosetron 0.50 mg)for prevention of CINV.Complete response(CR)was defined as no emesis or no requirement of rescue medication in overall phase(0 to 5 d),acute phase(0-24 h)and delayed phase(2 to 5 d).RESULTS In 403 patients included in the analysis,mean age was 56.24±11.11 years and 55.09%were females.Breast cancer(25.06%)was most common malignancy encountered.HEC and MEC were administered in 54.6%and 45.4%patients respectively.CR in overall phase was 93.79%whereas it was 98.01%in acute CINV and 93.79%in delayed CINV.Overall CR in HEC and MEC groups was 93.63%and 93.98%respectively.CR was more than 90%in different chemotherapy cycles except in group of patients of cycle 4 where CR was 88.88%.CONCLUSION NEPA is a novel combination that is effective in preventing CINV in up to 93%cases treated with highly emetogenic or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.This study brings the first real-life evidence of its effectiveness in India population.

Controlling Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting with Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists in Patients on AC-Based Chemotherapy—Are We There Yet?

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are distressing side effects of chemotherapy. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists (NK1-RAs) have been incorporated in the contemporary management of CINV. However, clinical studies on NK1-RAs have shown mixed results in reducing CINV risk. Most studies focused on the use of aprepitant (APR) and casopitant (CAS) in breast cancer patients receiving AC-type (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy. In this study, we compared the study design and clinical efficacies of these NK1-RAs in reducing CINV risk. Among the selected eight studies, 4 APR Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), 2 APR Observational Studies (OSs) and 2 CAS RCTs were identified. Patient-related characteristics such as the proportion of females (60.0% - 100.0%), age (46.5 - 59.5 years), histories of motion (5.6% - 47.0% in NK1-RA arms) and morning sicknesses (14.2% - 45.0% in NK1-RA arms) and types of antiemetic regimens;as well as chemotherapy-related characteristics such as the proportion of patients on AC chemotherapy (15.0% - 100.0%) varied greatly. In terms of efficacies, both APR and CAS improved overall CR and vomiting in majority of the studies. None of the studies, however, demonstrated that NK1-RA could provide adequate nausea control. To conclude, NK1-RAs are effective in improving vomiting and overall CR, but not useful in controlling nausea or attaining CC, the ideal CINV endpoint. A shift in paradigm is needed for future CINV research. As healthcare providers continue to strive for optimum CINV control in their patients, we hope this review can help them make better informed clinical decisions.

A Review on Chemical Effects in Aqueous Solution induced by Plasma with Glow Discharge

Chemical effects in different aqueous solutions induced by plasma with glow discharge electrolysis (GDE) and contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) are described in this paper. The experimental and discharge characteristics are also reviewed. These are followed by a discussion of their mechanisms of both anodic and cathodic CGDE..

Theoretical study of the intensity of chemically induce dynamic electron polarization of radical-triplet pairs

Considering the interaction between excited triplet molecule and doublet radical, based on the second-order perturbation theory and the motion equation of density matrix, the polarization intensity of RTPM were theoretically calculated with the overpopulated doublet spin states and quartet spin states of radical-triplet pairs as initial conditions respectively. The results of calculation indicate that the net emissive polarization and the net absorptive polarization on the radical result from the zero-field-splitting (zfs) and the multiplet A/E and E/A polarization result from hyperfine (hf) interactions of the triplet molecule. The hyperfine related A+A/E or E+E/A CIDEP on the radical were the overpopulation of the net absorptive or emissive polarization and multiplet A/E or E/A polarization..

Drug-induced liver injury and COVID-19:Use of artificial intelligence and the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method in clinical practice

BACKGROUND Liver injury is a relevant condition in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)inpatients.Pathophysiology varies from direct infection by virus,systemic inflammation or drug-induced adverse reaction(DILI).DILI detection and monitoring is clinically relevant,as it may contribute to poor prognosis,prolonged hospitalization and increase indirect healthcare costs.Artificial Intelligence(AI)applied in data mining of electronic medical records combining abnormal liver tests,keyword searching tools,and risk factors analysis is a relevant opportunity for early DILI detection by automated algorithms.AIM To describe DILI cases in COVID-19 inpatients detected from data mining in electronic medical records(EMR)using AI and the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method(RUCAM).METHODS The study was conducted in March 2021 in a hospital in southern Brazil.The NoHarm©system uses AI to support decision making in clinical pharmacy.Hospital admissions were 100523 during this period,of which 478 met the inclusion criteria.From these,290 inpatients were excluded due to alternative causes of liver injury and/or due to not having COVID-19.We manually reviewed the EMR of 188 patients for DILI investigation.Absence of clinical information excluded most eligible patients.The DILI assessment causality was possible via the updated RUCAM in 17 patients.RESULTS Mean patient age was 53 years(SD±18.37;range 22-83),most were male(70%),and admitted to the non-intensive care unit sector(65%).Liver injury pattern was mainly mixed,mean time to normalization of liver markers was 10 d,and mean length of hospitalization was 20.5 d(SD±16;range 7-70).Almost all patients recovered from DILI and one patient died of multiple organ failure.There were 31 suspected drugs with the following RUCAM score:Possible(n=24),probable(n=5),and unlikely(n=2).DILI agents in our study were ivermectin,bicalutamide,linezolid,azithromycin,ceftriaxone,amoxicillin-clavulanate,tocilizumab,piperacillin-tazobactam,and albendazole.Lack of essential clinical information excluded most patients.Although rare,DILI is a relevant clinical condition in COVID-19 patients and may contribute to poor prognostics.CONCLUSION The incidence of DILI in COVID-19 inpatients is rare and the absence of relevant clinical information on EMR may underestimate DILI rates.Prospects involve creation and validation of alerts for risk factors in all DILI patients based on RUCAM assessment causality,alterations of liver biomarkers and AI and machine learning.

Laser-induced voltage effects in Ca_3Co_4O_9 thin films on tilted LaAlO_3(001) substrates grown by chemical solution deposition

Laser-induced voltage effects in c-axis oriented Ca3Co4O9 thin films have been studied with samples fabricated on 10°tilted LaAIO3 （001） substrates by a simple chemical solution deposition method. An open-circuit voltage with a rise time of about 10 ns and full width at half maximum of about 28 ns is detected when the film surface is irradiated by a 308-nm laser pulse with a duration of 25 ns. Besides, opemcircuit voltage signals are also observed when the film surface is irradiated separately by the laser pulses of 532 nm and 1064 nm. The results indicate that Ca3Co4O9 thin films have a great potential application in the wide range photodetctor from the ultraviolet to near infrared regions.

Shock Induced Chemical Reactions of Intermetallic Mixture of Nickel and Aluminum and Associated Transition States

In this paper, numerical simulation of shock-induced chemical reactions of intermetallic mixtures is discussed. Specifically, the paper focuses on intermetallic mixture of nickel and aluminum. To initiate the chemical reactions, the thermal input or the shockwave should supply the energy to take the reactants, mixture of nickel and aluminum, to the transition state. Thus, for any numerical simulation or analysis of the shock or thermally induced chemical reaction in a continuum scale or a meso scale, it is necessary to identify the transition state. The transition state for the intermetallic mixture of nickel and the aluminum is identified in this paper and a result of the numerical simulation of the shock-induced chemical reaction, in a continuum scale is presented. The numerical solutions clearly show the chemical reactions, release of heat energy, increase of the temperature and the formation of products, following the transition state and the resulting shock-induced chemical reaction of a binary intermetallic energetic mixture of nickel and aluminum. The studies also show that the collapse of porosity is a mechanism that takes the reactants to the transition state, in shock-induced chemical reactions of binary intermetallic mixtures.

A NEW CHEMICAL OSCILLATOR INDUCED BY SURFACTANT WITH GLUCOSE AS THE SUBSTRATE

A new Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillator induced by Triton X-100 (a nonionic surfactant)with glucose as the organic substrate and Ce^(4+)as the catalyst has been reported in this paper.

Evaluation of Selected Chemical,Biological Fungicides,and Induced Resistance to Control White Rot(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)on Tomato

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is one of the most widely grown and consumed as fresh vegetable in the world.Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.is one of the most destructive diseases and affects more than 500 plant species.This study was conducted for“Evaluation of Selected Chemical,Biological Fungicides,and Induced Resistant to Control White Rot(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)on Tomato”.The experiment was conducted at the Royal University of Agriculture and divided into two sections.The first section conducted under in vitro condition consists of four treatments T1 control treatment,T2 copper hydroxide,T3 azoxystrobin+difenoconazole,T4 metalaxyl+mancozeb in Nagoya Laboratory,and had been starting from 11st May to 15th May 2020.Section two was conducted in a pot in net-house which started from 1st January 2019 to 19th February 2019 and 1st January to 19th February 2020 and arranged in RCBD(Randomized Completely Block Design)with six replications and nine treatments.T0 negative control,T1 inoculate but not treatment,T2 metalaxyl+mancozeb,T3 azoxystrobin+difenoconazole,T4 copper hydroxide,T5 acibenzolar-S-methyl,T6 chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,T7 acibenzolar-S-methyl+chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,T8 acibenzolar-S-methyl+metalaxyl+mancozeb.Data were collected on colonizing diameter in vitro.For pot experiment collected on disease incidence,incubation period Based on the result under in vitro condition metalaxyl+mancozeb highly inhibited germination of Sclerotium rolfsii when compared with another treatment.However,the application of copper hydroxide seems less effective compared with control.For in pot experiment,when treated after symptom of southern blight appeared to seem less effective on the severity of southern blight.In contrast,when applied as a protectant and curative when symptoms appeared only systemic fungicide azoxystrobin+difenoconazole significantly reduced the severity of Sclerotium rolfsii and delayed incubation period while compared with other treatments(p<0.05)and was followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb,whereas,copper hydroxide,acibenzolar-S-methyl,chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,acibenzolar-S-methyl+chicken dung+Trichoderma harzianum,acibenzolar-S-methyl+metalaxyl+mancozeb were less effective(p>0.05).Based on the three experiments we can assume that fungicide is more effective in reducing the growth of the pathogen and delaying the incubation period of fungal colonization when compared with biological control and induced resistance.

Fabrication of micro carbon pillar by laser-induced chemical vapor deposition

Argon ion laser was used as the induced light source and ethane(C2H4) was selected as the precursor gas,in the variety ranges of laser power from 0.5 W to 4.5 W and the pressure of the precursor gas from 225×133.3 Pa to 680×133.3 Pa,the experiments of laser induced chemical vapor deposition were proceeded for fabrication of micro carbon pillar.In the experiments,the influences of power of laser and pressure of work gas on the diameter and length of micro carbon pillar were investigated,the variety on averaged growth rate of carbon pillar with the laser irradiation time and moving speed of focus was discussed.Based on experiment data,the micro carbon pillar with an aspect ratio of over 500 was built through the method of moving the focus.

Changes of integrin expression in rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 3′-Me-DAB

AIM To investigate the expression of integrinsin rats liver during 3’-Me-DAB inducedhepatocarcinogenesis and to find out therelationship between integrins and liver cancermetastasis.METHODS The expressions of integrins α1,α2,α3 and α5 and epidermal keratin（EK）wereobserved by immunohistochemical PAP method.RESULTS In the normal liver tissues,hepatocytes express integrins α1 and α5 and inthe bile duct epithlium,EK.In liver cirrhosis,hepatocytes highly express integrins α1,α2,α3and α5 and in hyperplastic bile duct epithelium,integrins α1,α5 and EK.Expression of integrinsα1,α2,α3 and α5 were obviously decreased in thepreneoplastic nodules and primary carcinomabut expressions of integrins α1 and α5 inmetastasis in the lung and diaphragma werehigher than those in primary carcinoma.CONCLUSION Integrins α1 and α5 may play amajor role in chemically inducedhepatocarcinogenesis and metastasis in rats.

Mechanism of Peracetic Acid-induced Resistance Against Verticillium Eggplant Wilt

Peracetic acid has proved to be an effective inducer against verticillium eggplant wilt, which could achieve a 60%～90% control effect and keep over 20 days. Peracetic acid treatment 96 h before challenge inoculation induced significant contents change of both total and soluble calcium in true leaves of eggplant resistant cultivar Xi’anluqie and susceptible cultivar Liaoqie4. For both cultivars, the calcium temporl contents changes in the leaves of different positions reflected the pathway of signal transduction related to induced resistance within plants. After challenge inoculation, total and soluble Ca2+ content change more greatly in the induced eggplant than in the control, derivational change of calcium contents in eggplant leaves led to the change of PAL、PPO、POD、SOD. changed activities of which built up eggplant resistance against verticillium wilt, Ca2+ content change、defensive enzyme activity and eggplant resistance level showed the positive correlation. therefore Ca2+ was presumed to participate induction of eggplant verticillium wilt defensive response through signalling, activated those defensive enzymes to improve host resistance to verticillum eggplant wilt.

Investigation of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)for the Differentiation of Nerve and Gland Tissue-A Possible Application for a Laser Surgery Feedback Control Mechanism

Laser surgery provides clean,fast and accurate modeling of tissue.However,the inability to determine what kind of tissue is being ablated at the bottom of the cut may lead to the iatrogenic damage of structures that were meant to be preserved.In this context,nerve preservation is one of the key challenges in any surgical procedure.One example is the treatment of parotid gland pathologies,where the facial nerve（N.VII） and its main branches run through and fan out inside the glands parenchyma.A feedback system that automatically stops the ablation to prevent nerve-tissue damage could greatly increase the applicability and safety of surgical laser systems.In the present study,Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy（LIBS） is used to differentiate between nerve and gland tissue of an ex-vivo pig animal model.The LIBS results obtained in this preliminary experiment suggest that the measured spectra,containing atomic and molecular emissions,can be used to differentiate between the two tissue types.The measurements and differentiation were performed in open air and under normal stray light conditions.

Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced liver injury:An update

Anabolic androgenic steroids(AASs)are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects.These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism.However,they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic,skeletal muscle building,and performanceenhancing effects.Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs,leading to cardiovascular,neurological,endocrine,gastrointestinal,renal,and hematologic disorders.Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse.Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis,peliosis hepatis,and hepatic benign and malignant tumors.It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors,upregulation of bile acid synthesis,and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia.Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS.However,some long-term consequences are irreversible.AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders,especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS.In this paper,we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver,and their clinical presentations,prevalence,and pathophysiological mechanisms.

The Fundamental Mechanism for the Collision/Pressure Induced Optic Effect

In this work, the fundamental mechanism regarding the collision and pressure induced optic effect is elucidated. Based on the concept of the collision-relaxation/the pressure-release induced optic effect put forth here, a new laser technology may be developed. Furthermore, our work also makes the understanding the photon involved chemical reaction become much clear and rationalized.

Time-dependent density functional theoretical studies on the photo-induced dynamics of an HCI molecule encapsulated in C60 under femtosecond laser pulses

By using first-principles simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory, the chemical reaction of an HCl molecule encapsulated in C60 induced by femtosecond laser pulses is observed. The H atom starts to leave the Cl atom and is reflected by the C60 wall. The coherent nuclear dynamic behaviors of bond breakage and recombination of the HCl molecule occurring in both polarized parallel and perpendicular to the H-Cl bond axis are investigated. The radial oscillation is also found in the two polarization directions of the laser pulse. The relaxation time of the H-Cl bond lengths in transverse polarization is slow in comparison with that in longitudinal polarization. Those results are important for studying the dynamics of the chemical bond at an atomic level.

Inducing fertility restoration in the genic male sterile line of rice with chemical regulators

For the first time, the fertility of rice genic male sterile line was partially restored with the application of chemical regulators at Hainan Rice Breeding Nursery on Mar 1993. A single panicle of the rice plant could bear as many as 27 grains. The chemical agent that could modulate the growth of the rice plants of genic male sterile line was developed by Prof ZHOU Guangqia and his colleagues at the Biology Institute, Hunan Teachers University, China.

针刺联合止吐药治疗胃癌化疗相关恶心呕吐的临床观察

[目的]本研究观察针刺治疗胃癌化疗相关性恶心呕吐(CINV)的疗效。[方法]收集2022年1月—2023年12月住院的胃癌患者。根据化疗期间是否行针刺治疗,所有患者分为常规治疗组和联合针刺组。观察指标为急性恶心和呕吐及延迟的恶心和呕吐的发生率、化疗期间恶心和呕吐总次数、生活质量、安全性和止吐药物相关不良反应。[结果]与常规治疗组相比,联合针刺组能够减少化疗后急性CINV和延迟CINV的发生(P<0.05),并且能够减少化疗期间恶心和呕吐发生总次数(P<0.05)。针刺能提高胃癌患者生活质量(P=0.028)。针刺治疗安全,并且针刺能够能减少止吐药物相关的便秘(P=0.031)和腹泻(P=0.005)等不良反应的发生。[结论]针刺联合止吐药可降低晚期胃癌CINV的发生,提高患者的生活质量,同时降低止吐药物相关不良反应的发生。