Study on the preparation and properties of sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion

To solve the greasiness and irritation risks brought about by organic sun-screening agents in sunscreen emulsions,in this work,a sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion was prepared by two-step emulsification method,in which the outer oil phase was silicone oil and the inner oil phase was solid lipid nanoparticles coated with organic sun-screening agent.Several influencing factors on the formation and stability of the emulsion were analyzed,including inorganic salts,the volume fraction of outer oil phase(silicone oil),and the dosage of W/O emulsifier.The in vitro sunscreen performance,water resistance and skin permeability of different types of sunscreen emulsions were further studied.The results showed that the sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion containing 22.5%silicone oil,2.5%emulsifier and 0.2%NaCl had the best stability under the experimental conditions.The SPF value and water resistance of sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion were slightly higher than those of sunscreen W/O emulsion,but significantly higher than those of sunscreen O/W emulsion.Compared with sunscreen W/O emulsion,the in vitro transdermal permeability of organic sun-screening agent in sunscreen O/W/Si multiple emulsion was reduced by approximately 60%,indicative of higher safety and good application prospect in sunscreen cosmetics.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLETELY AUTOMATIC AND CONTINUAL PRODUCTION LINE FOR WATER-IN-OIL(W/O) EMULSION EXPLOSIVE

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Synthesis of Spherical (Y,Gd)BO_3:Eu^(3+)Phosphor Using W/O Emulsion System

Spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor particles with a narrow size distribution（2 -4 μm） was obtained by firing the Y-Gd-Eu-BO3 precursor prepared in a W/O style emulsion system. In the W/O emulsion system, kerosene, used as oil phase, was mixed with Span 80 and Tween 80 compounds which were employed as the emulsifier with an HLB （hydrophile-lipophile balance） value of 5.2- 5.3. Both rare earths （Y, Gd and Eu） nitrate and boric acid solution or ammonia solution were used as aqueous phase. The synthesis conditions, such as emulsion composition, emulsifying style, precipitation reaction process, reaction temperature, morphology control, and so on, were investigated, and the optimum synthesis conditions for preparing spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor was obtained. The phosphor was characterized by XRD, SEM, laser particle size analysis, emission and excitation spectrum under vacuum ultraviolet （VUV）, and so on. The phosphor synthesized using the water-in-oil emulsion method with median diameter （D50） of 2 - 4 μm shows agreeable photoluminescence （PL） property and sphericity. The main emission peak appears at about 593 nm, which corresponds to ^5D0→^7F1 transition （magnetic-dipole transition） of the Eu^3＋ ion. The cell parameters and powder diffraction data were indexed. The structure of the phosphor belongs to the hexagonal system with space group P63/m.

Effect of Emulsifier Concentration on the Oxidation of an O/W Emulsion Prepared from Canola Oil

Oils and fats exist in many foods as emulsions, and preventing the oxidation of emulsion is vital importance for the food industry. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Tween 20 (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10 w% vs. oil) on the oxidation of canola oil O/W emulsion was investigated. Oxidation was conducted at 34°C in the dark and accelerated using 2,2-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and 2,2’-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as radical generators. Peroxide value (PV, mEq/kg) was monitored as generation of the primary oxidation compound. PV was suppressed by Tween 20 in a dose-dependent manner in both emulsion system using AMVN and AAPH, and the tendency of suppression was clearer in the system using AMVN than in that using AAPH. Contrarily, there were no significant differences in PV when emulsions were prepared with tocopherol-stripped oil. The particle size of emulsion droplets were also consistent among emulsions prepared. However, tocopherol contents at lipid phase of the emulsions prior to oxidation decreased with concentration of Tween 20. These results suggest that excess Tween 20 could cause tocopherol to migrate from the lipid phase of the emulsions to lipid-oil interface, suppressing the oxidation of emulsions.

Temperature-induced hydrophobicity transition of MXene membrane for directly preparing W/O emulsions

Although hydrophilic membranes are desired for reducing resistance to water permeation, hydrophilic surfaces are not used in the water-in-oil(W/O) membrane emulsification process because water spreads on the hydrophilic surface without forming droplets. Here, we report that a hydrophilic ceramic membrane can form a hydrophobic interface in diesel at a higher temperature;interestingly, the experiments show that the contact angle increases when the temperature rises. The hydrophilic membrane surface evolves into a hydrophobic interface, particularly near the boiling point of water, resulting in a water contact angle of 147.5° ± 1.2°. This work established a method for preparing W/O monodispersed emulsions by direct emulsification of hydrophilic ceramic membranes at a temperature close to the boiling point of water.Additionally, it made high flux of membrane emulsification of monodispersed W/O emulsions possible,which satisfied the industrial requirements of fluidized catalytic cracking in the petrochemical industry.

De-emulsification of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol/water emulsion using oil-wet narrow channel combined with low-speed rotation

Low-speed rotation of disc in an internal circulation of a novel de-emulsification with rotation-dise horizental contactor(RHC-D) realized de-emulsification for O/W emulsions due to repeated coalescence in oil-wet narrow channels at a low rotation speed. For three emulsions included ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol, ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol/SDS(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate) and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol/water/SDS emulsion, deemulsification ratios of oil phase could reach 1, 1 and 0.67 respectively at 170 r·min-1, and de-emulsification ratios increased obviously after agitating 10 min. De-emulsification experiment in the seam indicated that oil droplet sizes in O/W emulsion became larger after de-emulsification. The main de-emulsification mechanism in RHCD was the coalescence of oil droplets in oil-wet narrow channels. With increase of the rotation speed, oil droplets dispersed better in the aqueous phase. However, de-emulsification effect enhanced due to the increase of the coalescence rate at a bit higher rotation speed. In addition, internal circulation made those O/W emulsions to be broken repeatedly, consequently de-emulsification ratio increased. Repeated de-emulsification through internal circulation might make continuous extraction of ethanol come true at a low rotation speed.

Experimental Study on Latent Heat Storage Characteristics of W/O Emulsion by Ultrasonic Wave Impression

The flowable latent heat storage material like Oil/Water type emulsion, microencapsulated latent heat material-water mixture or ice slurry, etc., is enabled to transport the latent heat in a pipe. Supercooling phenomenon of the dispersed latent heat storage material in continuous phase is obstructed by a latent heat storage. The latent heat storage rates of dispersed waterdrops in W/O (Water/Oil) emulsion are investigated experimentally in this study. The waterdrops in emulsion have the diameter within 3 - 25 μm, the averaged diameter of waterdrops is 7.3 μm and the standard deviation is 2.9 μm. Supercooling release of waterdrops in emulsion is examined by short time impressing of the ultrasonic. The direct contact heat exchange method is chosen as the phase change rate evaluation of waterdrops in W/O emulsion. The supercooled temperature is set as parameters of this study. The previous obtained experimental result, as the condition without impressing ultrasonic wave, showed that the 35 K or more degree from melting point brings 100% latent heat storage rate of W/O emulsion. It is clarified that it is possible to reduce 20 K of supercooling degree by impressing the ultrasonic.

Development of Fine Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Particles for Hydrophilic Drug Using a Solid-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsion

Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) copolymers have been extensively used as controlled-release carriers for many hydrophilic drugs because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, bioavailable, and biocompatible. In general, PLGA particles have been produced by a solvent evaporation technique utilizing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions. However, W/O/W emulsions are unstable, causing the outer and inner aqueous phases to easily fuse during particle preparation. Consequently, a sufficient amount of drug was not encapsulated inside the particles. In this study, we examined a new particle preparation method utilizing a solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsion technique. The advantages of S/O/W emulsions, wherein a surfactant-drug complex disperses into the oil phase, were as follows: 1) leakage of hydrophilic drugs from the emulsions was inhibited, and 2) facile control over the emulsion particle size. Thus, the PLGA particles prepared by this method showed high encapsulation efficiency of drugs and formation of fine particles of submicron size by membrane emulsification were achieved.

Emulsion Polymerization of P (MMA-AA-EA) and Its Demulsifying Performance in Water/Oil Emulsion

Stable water-in-oil emulsions are produced in oil exploitation and cause many environmental and operational issues.In this paper,a co-polymer demulsifier is reported in detail;an emulsion polymerization method is used to prepare nano-P(MMA-AA-EA)with MMA,AA and EA as the monomers,DVB as the cross-linker and APS as the initiator.The resulting products are characterized by FT-IR.Furthermore,the surface tension and particles size analysis is investigated.The results show that the surface tension reduction is 10.66 mN/m at 20?C when the concentration of co-polymer is 1000 ppm and the average size is 76.99 nm.Moreover,the HLB of polymer is discussed specifically by changing the amount of AA.With the increase of AA,the HLB value of the polymer is increased accordingly.Besides,the demulsification performance of the co-polymer is also evaluated at different synthesis and demulsification conditions.It is showed that the maximum demulsification efficiency is 96%at 70?C for 60 min.The optimum concentration of demulsifier is 400 ppm when the amounts of AA and DVB are 1.4 g and 0.1 g,respectively.At last,the process of demulsification is showed under a microscope;the coalescence process of water droplets is indicated under the action of the demulsifier.

改性磁性纳米粒子稳定的稠油O/W型乳状液的流变性影响因素及管输压降预测模型

旨在探讨改性磁性纳米粒子质量分数、溶液酸碱度(pH)、油水比、NaCl浓度、搅拌速度以及乳化温度对稠油O/W型乳状液流变特性的影响规律,并结合Zeta电位、界面张力和油滴分布揭示了其作用机制。为了更深入且精确地分析以上因素对乳状液流动特性的影响,开展了六因素三水平的正交流变实验,采用幂律流体压降公式计算了各组条件下单位管长压降,并应用SPSS软件进行了方差分析和非线性回归分析,构建了一个适用于O/W型乳状液的管输压降预测模型。最后,使用Matlab软件对压降进行了最优解的求解。研究结果显示,油水比对乳状液流变特性影响最为显著,且改性磁性纳米粒子可以成功制备出油水比为8∶2的稠油O/W型乳状液。当改性磁性纳米粒子质量分数控制在0.07%,含油率维持在50.38%,NaCl浓度为0.12 mol/L,搅拌速度设置为664.10 r/min,且乳化温度保持在16.92℃时,该稠油O/W型乳状液的单位长度管输压降能达到最小值,即66.93Pa/m,该最优方案表明较低质量分数的改性磁性纳米粒子能在低温条件下实现稠油大幅度减阻输送。此外,通过实证研究,所构建的模型在严格的正交实验条件下展现出较好的管输压降预测能力,从而提供了一种可靠的方法来评估和优化稠油O/W型乳状液的输送性能。

一种O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂的制备及性能研究

传统油基脱模剂含有可能对环境产生污染的有机溶剂,随着全球环保意识的增强,更为绿色环保无毒的水性脱模剂逐渐成为研究热点.为了开发汽车内饰使用的新型脱模剂,以二甲基硅油、含氢硅油等为主要原料,制备出一种O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂.通过测定脱模剂样品性能,探讨了主脱模剂种类及配比、乳化体系复配比例对脱模剂性能的影响.采用能谱仪(EDS)对脱模后的聚氨酯泡沫表面进行元素分析.结果表明:二甲基硅油和含氢硅油按照1∶1配比作为基础聚合物,固含量19.41%,采用非离子表面活性剂SP⁃80、TW⁃80复合乳化体系制备的O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂稳定性最好,脱模后的聚氨酯泡沫表面没有Si元素残留,具有最佳脱模效果.

石榴皮活性物质提取及其W/O/W乳液稳态化包埋研究

石榴是药食同源的水果,在加工过程会产生大量石榴皮渣等副产物。为提高石榴副产物利用率,本文采用不同方法提取石榴皮活性成分,研究其抗氧化活性。采用水包油包水型乳液(W/O/W乳液)对其进行稳态化包埋,研究W/O/W对多酚稳定性及生物利用率的影响。结果表明:相比超高压提取和酶法提取,超声辅助醇提法具有较高的多酚提取率,为25%。石榴皮渣活性提取物对DPPH、羟基自由基清除力、总还原力好于VC;ABTS+清除活性与VC无显著差异;在质量浓度0.4mg/mL以下时,对超氧阴离子清除能力高于VC。W/O/W乳液能提高石榴皮渣活性提取物的储藏稳定性,且可使石榴皮活性物质免受体外胃消化的影响,靶向地在模拟小肠内传递和释放。本研究为石榴皮副产物的深加工提供了理论参考。

油相组成对W/O型Pickering乳液稳定性和流变性能的影响

以二甲基甲硅烷基化硅石为乳化剂,采用均质乳化法制备W/O型Pickering乳液,通过偏光显微镜、表面张力仪、接触角测量仪和流变仪研究了油脂的极性、流变改性剂对W/O型Pickering乳液稳定性及流变性能的影响。结果表明,相比于非极性油脂,极性油脂制备出来的W/O型Pickering乳液液滴更小,稳定性能更优,其中霍霍巴油制备的Pickering乳液粒径分布较窄,形状均一,稳定性好;添加流变改性剂后,Pickering乳液的粒径有一定的下降,常温稳定性和低温稳定性均有小幅度提升,对于不同的油脂,与之结构上存在相似性的流变改性剂对粒径的降低及稳定性的提高效果较好。不同油脂制备的W/O型Pickering乳液均为非牛顿流体,随着剪切速率的增大,Pickering乳液的黏度降低,并且所有Pickering乳液的弹性模量(G')高于黏性模量(G''),均为凝胶乳液,线性黏弹区为0.001%~0.100%,添加流变改性剂后,Pickering乳液的黏度上升,剪切稀化现象基本不变,但线性黏弹区增大,可能与Pickering乳液的粒径和油水界面能的变化有关。

‘蓝鸟’睡莲花色苷W/O皮克林乳液的制备及稳定性分析

由于睡莲中所提取的活性成分具有不稳定性,对活性成分的包埋技术有待探索。该文以热带睡莲中的‘蓝鸟’睡莲(Nymphaea'Blue Bird')作为研究对象,通过制备W/O皮克林乳液将睡莲花色苷包埋,目的在于构建一个稳定的食品级体系,并研究该技术对花色苷的包埋稳定性与释放效果。以花色苷溶液作为水相(W),大豆油为油相(O),乳化剂选取亲脂性乳化剂聚甘油蓖麻醇酸酯(PGPR),制备不同水相体积分数的W/O乳液。研究发现,水相体积分数为30%和50%时制备的W/O乳液,在不同温度下贮藏15 d后体系稳定,对花色苷的包封率分别为75.97%和78.12%,且15 d内的包埋稳定性较好。以不同剪切速率制备W/O乳液考察其稳定性,当剪切速率为28000 r/min时,W/O乳液的表观稳定,保存120 min之后离心保留率达到97.40%。综合研究,该论文制备的W/O皮克林乳液体系平衡,且对花色苷有较好的包封效果。

W/O乳液电纺Poloxamer188■复合聚L-乳酸纤维的表征

目的探究Poloxamer188■复合聚乳酸W/O乳液在电纺纤维中的形态特征和材料复合性能。方法利用Poloxamer188■作为乳化剂,以Poloxamer188■和聚L-乳酸的二氯甲烷溶液作为油相,纯水作为水相,在水相与油相体积比为1∶10的条件下,通过超声波乳化技术制备出W/O型乳液,随后进行静电纺丝。通过光学显微镜观察纺丝所得产品的形态,并采用红外光谱、差示热分析、X-射线衍射和络合显色-分光光度法等技术手段,对释放出的Poloxamer188■进行测定,并绘制出时间-释放百分率曲线,以此对材料复合物进行详细表征。结果获取超细纤维,并随着Poloxamer188■复合量增加,红外光谱、差示热分析曲线和X-射线衍射图谱逐渐展现出Poloxamer188■的特征峰。Poloxamer188■从纤维中的释放表现出明显突释现象,随后是约48 h的缓释阶段,之后进入平台期。随着Poloxamer188■复合量提升,其突释量和平台期的释放量也随之增加,并呈现出线性关系。结论通过W/O乳液静电纺丝技术,可以制备出超细纤维。随着Poloxamer188■比例的调整,其与聚L-乳酸的复合程度也会相应改变。

THE SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF (W/O)/W LIQUID SURFACTANT MEMBRANE (Ⅰ) ADSORPTION OF SURFACTANT AT THE INTERFACE AND THE SWELLING CAUSED BY EMULSIFICATION

The concept of effective concentration of surfaetant in membrane phase has been proposed,considering the high ad-sorption density of the surfactant at the droplet interfaces in LSM system.The effective concentration of surfactant,C2,can be estimated by Eq.（7）—（9）.The swelling caused by emulsification during the initial dispersion process was investigated.The swelling rate wasmeasured by a density method.A model for estimating the"Emulsification" swelling rate,Fse,has been proposed,basedon a mechanism of swelling due to the entrainment of water resulted from the interracial turbulence and emulsification inthe initial dispersion process.It has been found that Eq.（26）gives excellent fit to the experimental data of Fujinawa,etal.and of the authors.

THE SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF (W/O)/W LIQUID SURFACTANT MEMBRANE(Ⅰ)MODELING OF THE PERMEATION-SWELLING PROCESS

Water transfer through the organic phase of kerosene containing surfactant Span 80,L113B and certain carrier wasstudied theoretically and experimentally in(W/O)/W liquid surfactant membranes.The process of swelling owing to os-motic pressure can be pictured as solubilization of water in membrane phase caused by surfactant and certain carriers andthen diffusion of it through the membrane between the two aqueous phases due to the gradient of chemical potential.Amathematical model for estimating the permeation-swelling rate has been developed.This mathematical model does notcontain any adjustable parameters and the predicted values agree well with the experimental data of Fujinawa et al.,Xinsheng Ma and Yajun Shi and the authors.Using an apparatus developed for measuring the solubility of water in membrane phase,data for solubilization ofwater in oil caused by some surfactants and carrier were measured.

Preparation of nickel nanoparticles in emulsion

The nickel nanoparticles with different sizes and spherical shape were prepared by the reduction of nickel sulfate with sodium borohydride in the water-in-oil emulsions of water/SDBS(sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate)/n-pentanol/n-heptane.The effects of aging time,molar ratio of water to SDBS(R)and the concentration of nickel sulfate on the size of particles were studied.The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry(ICP).The results show that the average particle size changes from 20 to 40 nm by adjusting aging time(15-30 min)and R(9-11.5).The concentration of nickel sulfate of 1.0 mol/L is the favorite condition.

Development of lamellar gel phase emulsion containing baru oil(Dipteryx alata Vog.) as a prospective delivery system for cutaneous application

The rational design of emulsions requires study of the main factors that influence their formation, physicochemical properties and, consequently, stability and performance. The use of vegetable oils in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries has recently become attractive. Dipteryx alata Vogel(D. alata) is an oleaginous species native to Brazil. The seeds of this species contain highly unsaturated oil with significant amounts of tocopherols and phytosterols, representing an important source of agents capable of combatting oxidative processes. In this work, a lamellar gel phase emulsion using oil extracted from the seeds of D. alata(baru) was developed. The steps involved in the development of this research were as follows: 1) development of formulations and 2) in vitro assays by simulating the evaporation of the final product after application to the skin and Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy(EPR) of fatty acid spin labels was used to investigate the profile of interaction of the dispersed systems with stratum corneum(SC) lipids. The results indicate that the developed system shows no signs of instability during the storage period. Moreover, EPR studies indicated that D. alata oil and especially the developed formulation were able to increase SC lipid fluidity and extract a fatty-acid spin label from the lipid domain structures of SC, demonstrating its potential to act as a drug or skin care vehicle.

超声处理大豆分离蛋白与壳聚糖复合物对O/W型乳液稳定性的影响

为探究超声处理大豆分离蛋白-壳聚糖(soybean protein isolate-chitosan,SPI-CS)复合物对形成O/W型乳液性质的影响,主要研究了复合物表面疏水性、乳化活性、乳化稳定性与油-水界面张力、乳液粒径、乳液稳定性之间的关系。结果表明:未经超声处理的SPI-CS复合物表面疏水性、乳化活性、乳化稳定性和界面吸附性较低,形成的O/W型乳液粒径相对较大,约100?μm,乳液Zeta电位较低,乳滴有发生聚集的倾向。乳液贮存7 d后乳层析指数最高。经超声处理后SPI-CS复合物形成的乳状液性质发生明显变化,随着超声功率的增加,形成的O/W型乳液的稳定性有所增加:超声功率为400 W时SPI-CS复合物形成的乳液最为稳定,乳层析指数最低;当超声功率超过400 W时,乳液的光学显微镜观察显示其粒径有所增大,同时乳液的Zeta电位、乳化活性和乳化稳定性明显下降,界面张力降低缓慢。超声处理暴露了蛋白质分子的内部结构,使部分结构展开、柔性增加,促进了其与壳聚糖之间的静电相互作用,说明超声处理的大豆分离蛋白与壳聚糖形成的复合物影响了O/W型乳液的稳定性及相关性质。