Effect of Cu Addition on W-Ni-Fe Alloys Sintered at a Low Temperature

In this study, Cu was added as the third additive to lower the sintering temperature of W-Ni-Fe alloy. By adding 2 wt pct Cu, a dense 93W-3.5Ni-l.5Fe-2.0Cu tungsten alloy was obtained by hot-pressing at a low temperature of 1573 K which is a process of liquid-phase sintering. As a result, the morphology of W-Ni-Fe alloy changed obviously after the addition of Cu and the alloy had-higher relative density and rupture strength. The mechanism of the densification of W-Ni-Fe-Cu alloy at the low temperature.was then mainly investigated. It was found that, part sintering activators Ni and Fe could exist in liquid form at 1573 K due to the addition of Cu, which made it easy for Ni and Fe to dissolve W and thus the full densification of W-Ni-Fe-Cu alloy at the low temperature was realized.

Effect of microstructural parameters on the properties of W-Ni-Fe alloys

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of microstructural parameters on the tensile properties of different compositions of tungsten heavy alloys. The microstructural parameters （grain size, connectivity, contiguity, and solid volume fraction） were measured and were found to have a significant effect on the tensile properties of tungsten-based heavy alloys. The microstructural parameters of W-Ni-Fe alloys are sufficiently different to present a range of mechanical properties. It is concluded that the mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloys largely depend on the microstructural parameters and their ductility is particularly harmed when grains are contiguous.

Consolidation of MA W-Ni-Fe Alloyed Powder by Microwave-Assisted Sintering

MA W-Ni-Fe alloyed powder compact was sintered by microwave technology, and the influence of microwave sintering on consolidation of W-Ni-Fe alloy was studied. The fracture morphology and microstructure of alloys were measured by SEM and metallurgical microscope. The experimental results showed that microwave sintering promoted the densification of MA W-Ni-Fe alloyed powder quickly with the higher heating rate. The density of the sintered samples increased with the increase of sintering temperature, and significant densification shrinkage occured at 1300 ~ 1400°C. The tungsten grain grew rapidly at 1450°C. When the alloy was microwave sintered at 1550°C, the inner structure of alloy is more homogeneous, the average W grain size is about 15 μm, and the relative density of sintered specimen is 99%.

Fabrication of nano-crystalline W-Ni-Fe alloy with Mo and rare earth element additives

Three kinds of nano-crystalline high density alloys(86W-7Ni-3Fe-4Mo, 90W-4Ni-2Fe-4Mo and 90W4Ni-2Fe-3.8Mo-0.2RE) were fabricated by a technique combining lower temperature vacuum sintering with highenergy ball milling mechanical alloying. The crystalline size and microstructures of the specimens sintered at different sintering temperatures were examined by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results show that the optimal sintering temperature of 86W-7Ni-3Fe-4Mo, 90W-4Ni-2Fe-4Mo and 90W-4Ni-2Fe3.8Mo-0.2RE alloys are 1 300 - 1 350 ℃. When they are sintered at 1 300 ℃ for 75 min, the hardness of three kinds of specimens can reach above HRC30, the relative density can reach above 96%,and 90W-4Ni-2Fe-3.8Mo-0.2RE alloy possesses the best integrated properties, its hardness is HRC35 and its relative density is 98%.

91W-Ni-Fe-Co合金的常温、低温力学性能及微观组织

通过粉末冶金方法制备91W-5.5Ni-3.3Fe-0.2Co和91W-5.5Ni-2.5Fe-1Co合金。采用硬度测试、室温低温拉伸试验、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)等方法,研究合金的微观组织演变和室温、低温力学行为。研究结果表明:在室温条件下,Co质量分数为1%的合金的力学性能更优异,抗拉强度和伸长率分别为1 400 MPa和11.7%,拉伸断裂行为以钨解理断裂和黏结相撕裂为主。微观组织上,相比于低Co合金,高Co合金的晶粒更加细小,钨-钨连续度降低,黏结相体积分数提高,黏结相中钨溶解度增大,合金性能得到优化;随着温度降低,2种合金的强度提高,伸长率下降;在-60℃时,高Co合金的伸长率相比于低Co合金的伸长率提高了20%,同时,合金的断裂模式仍以韧性相撕裂为主,而低Co合金在低于-20℃时,断裂由钨解理断裂主导。在一定范围内,Co质量分数增加能抑制杂质元素在晶界处偏聚,提高钨晶粒塑性变形程度,降低低温脆性。

旋转锻造加工高比重W-Ni-Fe合金的退火工艺研究

使用粉末冶金工艺制备Ni/Fe为7∶3的W-Ni-Fe高比重钨合金,在使用旋转锻造方法进行形变强化后进行热处理。结果表明,锻造态W-Ni-Fe合金经过一定温度的锻后退火,强度有所提高,而塑性下降。样品的强度在一定的退火温度和保温时间范围内能得到提升,更高温度和更高时间的保温会使样品强度下降。不同钨含量的W-Ni-Fe合金,强度提升最大的退火温度和时间条件不同。SEM图像显示,退火前样品钨颗粒因旋转锻造变形呈现长条状织构,退火后钨颗粒的形状无明显变化。这些现象说明,锻造变形的合金样品经过锻后退火发生应变时效现象,使强度得到提升。研究明确了不同钨含量的W-Ni-Fe合金最佳的锻后退火工艺参数。

Densification and microstructure evolution during SPS consolidation process in W-Ni-Fe system

Spark plasma sintering method （SPS） was used to consolidate mixed W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe （mass fraction, %） powders from commercial fine elemental powders, and both the densification behavior and microstructure evolution in sintering were investigated at different heating rates. The results show that the SPS densification process can be divided into three stages. At the initial unshrinking stage, fast heating generates instantaneous discharge and locally inhomogeneous temperature distribution in solid-state powder particles, enhancing later densification; during the intermediate solid state sintering stage, diffusion is more sufficient in the slow-heated SPS process; at the final transient liquid-phase sintering stage, tungsten grains become sphered and coarsen rapidly, but fast heating helps maintain rather small grain sizes.

Synthesis and characteristics of W-Ni-Fe nano-composite powders prepared by mechanical alloying

The mixture of 90W 7Ni 3Fe(mass fraction, %) powders was milled in a planetary ball mill. Its structure changed during milling, the surface characteristics and thermal stability of the milled powders were studied with X ray diffraction(XRD), Brunaure Emmett Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption technique and differential thermal analysis(DTA). The results show that high energy ball milling leads to the formation of composite powders with amorphous binder phase and supersaturated W(Ni, Fe) nano crystalline grains in which great lattice distortion exists. The crystallization temperature of the amorphous binder phase during heating decreases with milling time. The specific surface area and the pore size of the powder mixtures decreases with milling time due to agglomeration and welding between particles.

Hardness variations during aging process of deformed W-Ni-Fe ternary alloys with high nickel-to-iron ratios

The aging precipitation behavior of beta phase in two kinds of alloys with7/3 and 9/1 ssickel4o-iron ratios during aging at 800 deg C after deformation was studied. Theresults show that there are two different kinds of aging hardness variation mechanisms (thesoftening mechanism and the hardening mechanism) deciding the hardness variations of the alloys.when Ni/Fe is smaller than8/2, there is only the softening mechanism which results from the decreasing of dislocation densityand recovery or re-crystallization. And when NI/Fe is greater than 8/2 besides the softeningmechanism there is still the hardening mechanism that is induced by the precipitation of beta phase.

Aging Behaviors of W-Ni-Fe Ternary Alloys with High Ni-to-Fe Ratios

The hardness variation of two kinds of alloys with 36 wt pct W content and 7/3, 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratios during strain aging at 800℃ was studied. The microstructures of the aged alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and TEM. The results show that the strain aging hardness of W-Ni-Fe ternary alloy with 7/3 Ni-to-Fe ratio decreases monotonically with the increase of aging time. Under the same conditions, the hardness of 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio alloy decreases in the initial aging stage, but then increases as aging process goes on. X ray diffraction and TEM analysis show that there is not any precipitation depositing from the alloy with 7/3 Ni-to-Fe ratio during aging. The monotonic decrease in hardness of this alloy during aging process results from the recovery, recrystallization and solid solubility declining. In the alloy of 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio, the fine β phase precipitates dispersively during aging which hardens the alloy. The two different kinds of mechanisms (the softening one and the hardening one) decide the hardness variation of the alloy with 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio mentioned above.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma-sintered La_(2)O_(3) dispersion-strengthened W-Ni-Fe alloy

An investigation of lanthanum oxide(La_(2)O_(3))addition to tungsten heavy alloy(WHA)with a ternary composition of W-7 Ni-3 Fe was reported in this study.The mixed powders were sintered using spark plasma sintering(SPS)technique.La_(2)O_(3)was added in increments of 0.25 wt%,0.50 wt%,0.75 wt%and 1.00 wt%to WHA,respectively.The sintered samples were characterized for microstructural evolution and mechanical properties.The influences of La_(2)O_(3)addition on density,grain size,hardness,ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and ductility on W-7 Ni-3 Fe system were discussed in this study.The highest relative sintered density of 87.95%was obtained for 0.25 wt%La_(2)O_(3)addition to W-7 Ni-3 Fe.The lowest grain size of 7.89μm was observed for 1.00 wt%La_(2)O_(3)addition.Similarly,the highest hardness and UTS of HV 533 and1110 MPa,respectively,were also obtained for the same composition.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)of the samples revealed homogenous distribution of La_(2)O_(3)in the alloy matrix.Fractography of the sintered alloy samples revealed W-W intergranular fracture.

Grain refinement of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys by tantalum element adding

90W-7Ni-3Fe and (90-x)W-xTa-7Ni-3Fe (x=1,3,5,7,10) specimens were attained by liquid phase sintering. A model describing the process of liquid forming and spreading was proposed to point out the differences between alloys doped with tantalum and traditional tungsten heavy alloys. Tantalum priority of entering matrix and a relative high solubility in liquid matrix depress tungsten solubility in liquid matrix, which decreases kinetic rate constant K and consequently results in the reduction of W grain size. The grain refinement is influenced by Ta content and becomes more obvious when Ta content is over 5%. The sample with less than 3%Ta has dominant W and matrix phases. While besides W and matrix phases, intermetallic phases emerge in 85W-5Tai-7Ni-3Fe sample. Ta is superfluous and forms a new tantalum phase when more than 7% Ta is added into alloys.

Fabrication of nano-crystalline W-Ni-Fe pre-alloyed powders by mechanical alloying technique

Nano-crystalline pre-alloyed powders of W-Ni-Fe were fabricated by high energy ball milling mechanical alloying (MA) technique. The change of appearances and the crystallite sizes of powders before and after high energy ball milling were investigated by XRD, TOPAS P software, SEM and EDS. The results show that the nano-crystalline pre-alloyed powders can be fabricated by 5 h high energy ball milling. During the MA process, the diffusion of W, Ni and Fe happens in the process of repeated welding and fracturing. As a result, nano-crystalline supersaturated solid solutions are formed. The crystallite sizes won't be refined after 10 h ball milling. The crystallite sizes of different compositions are almost the same under the same MA condition. Due to the toughening mechanism of rare earth element, the powders of 90W-4Ni-2Fe-3.8Mo-0.2RE alloy are seriously agglomerated after ball milling compared with the other alloys. It can be concluded that the optimal sintering temperature of 90W-4Ni-2Fe-3.8Mo-0.2RE pre-alloyed powders after 15 h mechanical alloying is 1 300-1 350 ℃.

Superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant siloxane-modified MgAl-LDHs coatings on magnesium alloy prepared under mild conditions

We have developed a superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant LDH-W/PFDTMS composite coating on the surface of Mg alloy.This composite comprised a tungstate-intercalated(LDH-W)underlayer that was grown at low temperature(relative to hydrothermal reaction conditions)under atmospheric pressure and an outer polysiloxane layer created from a solution containing perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane(PFDTMS)using a simple immersion method.The successful intercalation of tungstate into the LDH phase and the following formation of the polysiloxane layer were confirmed through X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The corrosion resistance of the LDH-W film,both before and after the PFDTMS modification,was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),Tafel curves,and immersion experiments.The results showed that Mg coated with LDH-W/PFDTMS exhibited significantly enhanced corrosion protection compared to the unmodified LDHW film,with no apparent signs of corrosion after exposure to 3.5wt%NaCl solution for 15 d.Furthermore,the LDH-W/PFDTMS coating demonstrated superior superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties against water and several common beverages,as confirmed by static contact angle and water-repellency tests.These results offer valuable insights into preparing superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant LDH-based composite coatings on Mg alloy surfaces under relatively mild reaction conditions.

Research on Phases of W-Ni-Fe-TiB_2 Alloy

A new tungsten heavy alloy, W-Ni-Fe-TiB_2 was studied. This ally has higher hardness than tradition-al tungsten heavy alloy. Sintering time was 30 min for producing the alloy. In the new tungsten heavy alloy, four phases were found to be W, γ (Ni, Fe), TiB_2 and complex haride compound. TiB_2 and complexboride compound were precipitated in the matrix. So TiB_2 could strengthen the tungsten heavy alloy.

Effect of Ti Additions on Mechanical and Thermodynamic Properties of W-Ti Alloys: A First-principles Study

The mechanical and thermodynamic properties of W-Ti alloys(including W_(15)Ti_(1),W_(14)Ti_(2),W_(12)Ti_(4) and W_(8)Ti_(8) alloys)were investigated by the first-principles approach based on density functional theory.The results indicate that W-Ti alloys except W_(8)Ti_(8) are thermodynamically stable.The modulus and hardness of W-Ti alloys are smaller than those of pure tungsten and gradually decrease with increasing Ti concentration.However,their B/G ratios and Poisson's ratios exceed those of pure tungsten,suggesting that the introduction of Ti decreases the mechanical strength while enhancing the ductility of W-Ti alloys.The thermal expansion coefficients for W-Ti alloys all surpass those of pure tungsten,indicating that the introduction of titanium exacerbates the thermal expansion behavior of W-Ti alloys.Nevertheless,elevated pressure has the capacity to suppress the thermal expansion tendencies in titanium-doped tungsten alloys.This study offers theoretical insights for the design of nuclear materials by exploring the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of W-Ti alloys.

Preparation of FeCoNi medium entropy alloy from Fe^(3+)-Co^(2+)-Ni^(2+)solution system

In recent years,medium entropy alloys have become a research hotspot due to their excellent physical and chemical performances.By controlling reasonable elemental composition and processing parameters,the medium entropy alloys can exhibit similar properties to high entropy alloys and have lower costs.In this paper,a FeCoNi medium entropy alloy precursor was prepared via sol-gel and coprecipitation methods,respectively,and FeCoNi medium entropy alloys were prepared by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction.The phases and magnetic properties of FeCoNi medium entropy alloy were investigated.Results showed that FeCoNi medium entropy alloy was produced by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction at 1500℃.Some carbon was detected in the FeCoNi medium entropy alloy prepared by carbothermal reduction.The alloy prepared by hydrogen reduction was uniform and showed a relatively high purity.Moreover,the hydrogen reduction product exhibited better saturation magnetization and lower coercivity.

Influence of introducing Zr,Ti,Nb and Ce elements on externally solidified crystals and mechanical properties of high-pressure die-casting Al–Si alloy

High pressure die casting(HPDC)AlSi10Mn Mg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry.Mg can optimize the mechanical properties of castings through heat treatment,while the release of thermal stress arouses the deformation of large integrated die-castings.Herein,the development of non-heat treatment Al alloys is becoming the hot topic.In addition,HPDC contains externally solidified crystals(ESCs),which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of castings.To achieve high strength and toughness of non-heat treatment die-casting Al-Si alloy,we used AlSi9Mn alloy as matrix with the introduction of Zr,Ti,Nb,and Ce.Their influences on ESCs and mechanical properties were systematically investigated through three-dimensional reconstruction and thermodynamic simulation.Our results reveal that the addition of Ti increased ESCs'size and porosity,while the introduction of Nb refined ESCs and decreased porosity.Meanwhile,large-sized Al_3(Zr,Ti)phases formed and degraded the mechanical properties.Subsequent introduction of Ce resulted in the poisoning effect and reduced mechanical properties.

Multi-layer multi-pass friction rolling additive manufacturing of Al alloy:Toward complex large-scale high-performance components

At present,the emerging solid-phase friction-based additive manufacturing technology,including friction rolling additive man-ufacturing(FRAM),can only manufacture simple single-pass components.In this study,multi-layer multi-pass FRAM-deposited alumin-um alloy samples were successfully prepared using a non-shoulder tool head.The material flow behavior and microstructure of the over-lapped zone between adjacent layers and passes during multi-layer multi-pass FRAM deposition were studied using the hybrid 6061 and 5052 aluminum alloys.The results showed that a mechanical interlocking structure was formed between the adjacent layers and the adja-cent passes in the overlapped center area.Repeated friction and rolling of the tool head led to different degrees of lateral flow and plastic deformation of the materials in the overlapped zone,which made the recrystallization degree in the left and right edge zones of the over-lapped zone the highest,followed by the overlapped center zone and the non-overlapped zone.The tensile strength of the overlapped zone exceeded 90%of that of the single-pass deposition sample.It is proved that although there are uneven grooves on the surface of the over-lapping area during multi-layer and multi-pass deposition,they can be filled by the flow of materials during the deposition of the next lay-er,thus ensuring the dense microstructure and excellent mechanical properties of the overlapping area.The multi-layer multi-pass FRAM deposition overcomes the limitation of deposition width and lays the foundation for the future deposition of large-scale high-performance components.

RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SWAGED W-Ni-Fe HEAVY ALLOY DURING ANNEALING TREATMENT

Annealing treatment has a strong effect on mechanical Properties of cold worked tungsten-nickel-iron heavy alloys. A 93W-4.5Ni-2.5Fe alloy swaged 15% was annealed from 500 to 1350℃ to investigate the changes in microstructure and their effects on mechanical properties. Recrystallization of W particles takes place during annealing treatments above 800℃ and the microhardnesses reduces rapidly. High density of dislocations in the, matrix phase after annealing treatment at 1350℃ suggests that recrystallization of the matrix phase has not taken place. A small decrease in microhardness of the matrix phase is caused by recovery during the annealing treatments.The changes in mechanical properties of swaged and annealed 93W-4.5 Ni-2.SFe alloy are mainly due to the changes in microstructure of W particles because of their recrystallization.