Vulnerability Analysis of Wide Area Measurement System in the Smart Grid

The smart grid will be a power grid more “aware” of its operating state and having the ability to self-heal. These features may be incorporated into the grid by implementing a phasor measurement units based wide area measurement system. Such a system will help in better real time monitoring and control of the grid. However, the wide area measurement system is subject to challenges with respect to its security. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of security issues with a wide area measurement system is presented and the research efforts required to be taken are identified. Moreover, the effect of communication failure on a PMU installed system has been presented using integer linear programming.

Fault Detection Based on Hierarchical Cluster Analysis in Wide Area Backup Protection System

In wide area backup protection of electric power systems, the prerequisite of protection device's accurate, fast and reliable performance is its corresponding fault type and fault location can be discriminated quickly and defined exactly. In our study, global information will be introduced into the backup protection system. By analyzing and computing real-time PMU measurements, basing on cluster analysis theory, we are using mainly hierarchical cluster analysis to search after the statistical laws of electrical quantities' marked changes. Then we carry out fast and exact detection of fault components and fault sections, and finally accomplish fault isolation. The facts show that the fault detection of fault component (fault section) can be performed successfully by hierarchical cluster analysis and calculation. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis are accurate and reliable, and the dendrograms of hierarchical cluster analysis are in intuition.

WIMAX Implementation of Smart Grid Wide Area Power System Load Protection Model in MATLAB/SIMULINK

As the revolutionary change in electric power industry begins with the latest communication infrastructure, it is on the verge of a revolutionary transformation to develop a smart grid to meet the requirements of our digital society. Wide Area Power System is made up of plentiful automated transmission and distribution systems with strong communication infrastructure, all operating in a coordinated, proficient and reliable mode. This paper is fretful with the wide area power system load protection scheme and ensuing design requirement that enhances stability as well as control. It discusses the architecture that upgrades the existing scheme by controlling all the control signals traffic between generating units, server, connected loads, and protection devices using WIMAX. The main theme of the paper is on the use of information technology to obtain more flexibility and smartness in the Wide Area Power System Load Protection by designing the Communication channel using WIMAX. Faults detected in Local area networks and Information regarding the faults of Local Areas is communicated to Load Area Manager (LAM) which takes required control action to handle it. Finally the paper shows islanding operation through WAM for the areas that becomes intensive faulty. Results have been verified in MATLAB/ SIMULIMK.

电网调度WAMS系统高速数据总线的设计与实现

为保证广域测量系统(WAMS)中海量数据的高效、可靠传输,提出了一种面向广域测量系统的海量数据传输总线。该总线采用订阅/发布机制、数据缓冲区管理、一对多并发传输、数据传输链路管理等关键技术,实现了WAMS系统中海量数据在进程间和网络上的快速传递,与传统电网调度自动化系统消息中间件相比,其在数据通信的实时性和可靠性等方面有明显提升。实践证明,海量数据传输总线能够满足WAMS系统海量实时数据的高实时、可靠传输需要,保障WAMS系统海量数据传输的稳定性。

WAMS-based monitoring and control of Hopf bifurcations in multi-machine power systems

A method is proposed to monitor and control Hopf bifurcations in multi-machine power systems using the information from wide area measurement systems (WAMSs). The power method (PM) is adopted to compute the pair of conjugate eigenvalues with the algebraically largest real part and the corresponding eigenvectors of the Jacobian matrix of a power system. The distance between the current equilibrium point and the Hopf bifurcation set can be monitored dynamically by computing the pair of con- jugate eigenvalues. When the current equilibrium point is close to the Hopf bifurcation set, the approximate normal vector to the Hopf bifurcation set is computed and used as a direction to regulate control parameters to avoid a Hopf bifurcation in the power system described by differential algebraic equations (DAEs). The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by regulating the reactive power loads in a 14-bus power system.

Advancement in Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control Using PMU’s Model in MATLAB/SIMULINK

A big step forward to improve power system monitoring and performance, continued load growth without a corresponding increase in transmission resources has resulted in reduced operational margins for many power systems worldwide and has led to operation of power systems closer to their stability limits and to power exchange in new patterns. These issues, as well as the on-going worldwide trend towards deregulation of the entire industry on the one hand and the increased need for accurate and better network monitoring on the other hand, force power utilities exposed to this pressure to demand new solutions for wide area monitoring, protection and control. Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control require communicating the specific-node information to a remote station but all information should be time synchronized so that to neutralize the time difference between information. It gives a complete simultaneous snap shot of the power system. The conventional system is not able to satisfy the time-synchronized requirement of power system. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is enabler of time-synchronized measurement, it communicate the synchronized local information to remote station.

基于广域测量的汽轮发电机励磁反步控制方法

由于汽轮发电机励磁反步控制过程中没有实时获取发电机的运行数据,致使电机励磁反步控制效果较差,为此提出基于广域测量的汽轮发电机励磁反步控制方法。通过广域测量系统的同步相量测量单元,实时采集汽轮发电机功角与电流等运行数据,将采集的运行数据变更成标幺值形式,根据该形式建立汽轮发电机励磁控制的数学模型,获取励磁反步控制变量,并结合反步法,设计汽轮发电机励磁反步控制器,通过径向基函数神经网络估计控制器内的扰动,完成控制器扰动补偿。实验结果表明:该方法可精准采集汽轮发电机运行参数,有效反步控制汽轮发电机励磁,令汽轮发电机功角与转子角速度等迅速恢复至稳定状态,具备较优的反步控制效果;应用该方法后,可确保电网运行稳定性,降低故障后电网切机量。

基于WAMS的潮流转移识别算法

针对威胁电网安全运行的连锁跳闸问题,分析了现有后备保护存在的缺陷,提出了一种基于广域测量系统的潮流转移识别算法,引入了用于估算发生潮流转移后电网潮流分布的潮流转移因子的概念,并给出了严格的定义与计算方法,提出了可识别潮流转移的广域后备保护方案。在3机系统进行了潮流转移仿真,结果表明该广域后备保护方案具有良好的识别潮流转移能力。

山东电网基于WAMS的低频振荡统计与评估

提出一种基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的方法对日常扰动引起的小幅振荡进行在线识别和统计,从而可以在系统正常运行中,利用实测数据找到系统的固有振荡模式,对其中易激发的危险模式进行节点同调分群、振荡中心识别和贡献因子计算等模态分析并告警,从而补充或纠正了根据数学模型和特定工况进行振荡分析时,由于模型和参数不准确导致的遗漏和误差。以这一功能在山东电力调度中心应用的实例说明了该方法的有效性和推广应用的重要性。

基于WAMS／SCADA混合量测的电网参数辨识与估计

针对目前电网参数辨识与估计方法存在的数值稳定性变差、易发散及易受残差污染干扰等问题,提出了一种基于混合量测的电网参数辨识与估计方法。该方法首先利用广域测量系统(WAMS)的测量数据计算相对残差,初步判断是否存在参数错误,然后利用相量测量单元(PMU)能够测量电压和电流相量的特性,建立支路两端变量之间的直接联系,对存在参数错误的支路进行辨识,并在此基础上使用智能优化算法估计支路参数。在IEEE 39测试系统上的仿真实验表明,该方法只需安装约1/2总母线数的PMU即可对全网传输线路和变压器进行参数辨识与估计。

基于统一支撑平台的EMS与WAMS集成方案

提出了基于统一平台支撑的能量管理系统(EMS)和广域测量系统(WAMS)集成方案,并结合WAMS的特点,分析了WAMS和EMS一体化系统对支撑平台的要求。在统一平台支撑下,WAMS和EMS共用历史数据服务器、Web服务器和人机工作站,只保留EMS和WAMS各自的数据采集服务器和应用服务器。这一方案在减少硬件投资的同时,可以最大限度地减轻维护工作量、提高使用方便性,有利于WAMS应用功能的进一步扩展。该方案的有效性得到了实际工程应用的验证。

基于WAMS的电力系统功率振荡分析与振荡源定位(1)割集能量法

目前,电力系统低频振荡诊断与分析中面临的主要困难是如何利用有限的广域量测系统(wide area measurementsystem,WAMS)数据快速准确的识别振荡源。针对此问题,提出一种基于WAMS信息构建电网割集计算振荡能量的实用方案。首先定义了割集振荡能量的概念与计算方法,并提出基于关键线路的WAMS动态信息可构建不同层次的网络割集,其中振荡能量流出的割集即可判断为振荡源。最后,通过在实际电网中仿真和对三峡电厂某次振荡实例的分析,验证了该方法的有效性。案例分析结果表明,割集能量的方法可以最大限度地利用WAMS信息,直观快速地显现电网振荡时的特征,摆脱对元件参数精确性的依赖,快速定位振荡区域,有效识别振荡源。

基于WAMS的电网扰动识别方法

电网规模的不断扩大带来了潜在的安全问题。为保证电网安全可靠运行,运行人员需要及时掌握电网扰动情况,并采取适当的控制措施。近年来,基于全球定位系统(GPS)技术构建的广域测量系统(WAMS)能够实时地将全网同步测量信息传送至调度中心,使全网动态监测成为可能。文中提出了基于WAMS的电网扰动检测和识别方法,以便根据不同的扰动类型快速确定相应的控制措施,抑制其对系统的影响。首先,从理论上对电网中常见扰动(短路、切机和切负荷)的特征进行了分析;在此基础上,应用模式识别的思想,初步探讨了借助于电力系统中同步相量测量单元 (PMU)实时量测量所反映的特征进行扰动识别的方法与实现步骤;最后,通过华北电网扰动仿真进一步明确扰动的特征,验证了理论分析的正确性和利用所提出的方法区分电网扰动的有效性。

基于WAMS的电力系统受扰轨迹预测

基于相量测量单元(PMU)上传的实时功角数据,应用曲线拟合理论,提出了一种电力系统事故后功角轨迹快速预测的新方法。该方法从一个简单电力系统调速控制模型出发,推导出了功角与时间关系的数学模型,即功角随时间呈正弦衰减变化。由此提出了利用三角函数曲线拟合技术,对功角受扰轨迹进行预测。对IEEE 9节点系统与华北电网进行了仿真计算,结果验证了该方法的有效性。此外,与多项式曲线拟合法的对比分析表明,该方法优于传统的多项式曲线拟合法,具有更好的预测效果。

基于WAMS的电力系统功率振荡分析与振荡源定位(2)力矩分解法

电力系统低频振荡诊断与紧急控制要求及时快速地识别扰动源,振荡的分析与在线计算要求采用准确的模型参数。针对以上问题,提出了基于力矩分解法的扰动源定位与参数实时校核方案。该方案采用力矩分解法分析发电机控制系统的作用,通过计算振荡能量直观地显现电网振荡时各控制系统对电网阻尼的影响。采用力矩分解的方法,可以将扰动源进一步精确定位至发电机的控制系统,并可实时校核在线计算数据中控制系统的模型参数。最后,通过实际电网振荡实例的分析验证了该方法的有效性;分析结果表明,该方法可以快速准确地定位振荡源,识别发电机控制系统异常,并在线校核发电机控制系统模型参数。

华中电网WAMS实测区域低频振荡仿真

2008年冰灾期间,华中电网广域测量系统(wide area measure system,WAMS)多次记录到低频振荡事件。文中以1月21日03:31:39WAMS实测的典型区域低频振荡事件为例,利用电力系统分析综合程序6.25对其进行了仿真分析,通过频域和时域稳定计算对其进行了重现。结合选定的能量管理系统、WAMS实测运行方式及其录波数据,对潮流电压及低频振荡的静态和动态特性进行了仿真,分析了低频振荡产生的原因、振荡特点及其抑制措施,为华中电网的生产运行和发展规划提供了参考,同时对有关静态及动态模型参数和计算工具的工程可信度进行了校核,为电力系统的仿真计算提供了借鉴。

WAMS/SCADA混合测量状态估计数据兼容性分析

针对越来越多的研究利用由广域测量系统(wide area measurement system,WAMS)和监控及数据采集系统(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)组成的混合测量来改善传统状态估计的情况,在分析WAMS/SCADA混合测量数据兼容性的基础上,提出一种可行的兼容方案解决混合测量的数据兼容问题。研究从WAMS和SCADA的数据差异入手,建立混合测量模型,分析得出2种数据的时间同步性和测量权值为影响混合测量数据兼容的主要因素,进而提出兼容方案,实现WAMS和SCADA数据的同步,并重新量化测量权值。在标准测试系统上的仿真验证了关于WAMS/SCADA混合测量状态估计数据兼容性分析的正确性和兼容方案的有效性。

基于WAMS动态轨迹的电力系统功角失稳判据

分析了广域测量系统(WAMS)实时动态轨迹应用扩展等面积法则(EEAC)方法时所遇到的一些问题;在选取合适观察断面的同时,提出了一种通过构造综合功角来进行分群的新方法。该方法计入了功角曲线的历史信息和未来走势信息,在一定程度上有助于快速准确分群。还根据P-δ轨迹穿越动态鞍点(DSP)时的斜率和功角,提出了一种综合判据以判别当轨迹遇到DSP时是否会真正失稳。仿真结果验证了该判据的有效性,它可以在系统的失稳特征尚不明显时,就及时判别出系统的稳定性,以便于尽早采取解列等控制措施。

基于WAMS和EMS的电压稳定在线评估系统

介绍了基于WAMS和EMS的电压稳定在线评估系统的框架结构、功能模块和工程应用情况。利用EMS系统中全面的网络结构、参数及静态量测信息,求得基于网络模型的各负荷节点戴维南等效参数。以该等效参数作为初值,对各PMU采集负荷节点的轨迹信息进行戴维南等效参数跟踪辨识及阻抗模指标计算,并构建了便于量化评估暂态电压稳定可接受性的面积型指标,进而实现针对WAMS系统的静态或暂态电压稳定在线评估。该系统充分利用了WAMS系统的速度、精度、同步及EMS系统的信息全面优势,在河南省电力公司调度中心的应用体现了较好的工程使用价值。

基于WAMS的负阻尼低频振荡与强迫功率振荡的特征判别

当电网发生低频振荡时,正确判断振荡机理对合理选择振荡抑制措施、快速抑制振荡具有重要意义。文中基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的实测数据,对负阻尼振荡和强迫功率振荡在振荡前期、瞬态阶段、稳态阶段和衰减阶段的特征进行了分析,研究了不同阶段的负阻尼振荡和强迫功率振荡的判别方法。通过2个电网实际案例的对比分析,验证了理论分析的结论。