Recent advances of annular centrifugal extractor for hot test of nuclear waste partitioning process

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Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Fish Processing Waste with Cow Manure and Waste of Market (Rests of Fruits and Vegetables): A Lab Scale Batch Test

The aim of this work was to use fish processing waste (FW) as main substrate for anaerobic digestion. To enhance the biogas production of FW, co-digestion was done with two other substrates: cow dung (CD) and waste of market (MW). Batch test was carried out in an 1 L glass digester in a temperature controlled chamber at 38°C. The following mixtures were carried out: FW with CD respectively at different ratios 100:0% (A), 80:20% (B) and 60:40% (C);FW with MW at the following ratio 80:20% (D);FW with CD and MW respectively at these ratios 80:10:10% (F) and 60:20:20% (G). The biogas produced was measured using a milligas counter® and the volume of gas was recorded. The gas composition was determined using gas chromatography. With a pH stable for raw substrates and mixtures, TS and VS (%TS) contents for FW were respectively 31.01% and 91.55%. Between 3 to 13 days of experimentation, the highest flow rate was observed. The percentage of methane was more important for mixtures B and D, 61% and 59% respectively. pH and VOA/TIC were stable at the end of the batch test for all mixtures, meaning that the organic matter was already well digested. The highest values of Volatile Solid Removal (VSR) were found for mixtures C, D, F and G. Therefore, the promising mixtures for next experimentations in large scale are B and D.

Pilot-test about Treatment of Low-concentration Organic Waste Gas Using a Fixed Biological Bed

[ Objective] The study aims to discuss the feasibility of using a fixed biological bed to treat low-concentration organic waste gas. [ Method] A fixed biological bed was used to treat low-concentration organic waste gas from a phosphate workshop, and then the waste gas treated was assessed by human sense of smell to determine the most economical empty bed contact time, thereby verifying the feasibility of using a fixed biolog- ical bed to treat low-concentration organic waste gas. [Result] When empty bed contact time was 60 s, the smell of the treated waste gas was acceptable, and COD value of recycled water in the fixed biological bed was essentially unchanged. It proved that organic load of the waste gas was consumed by microorganisms within 60 s. [ Conclusion] It is feasible to use a fixed biological bed to treat Iow-concantration organic waste gas from a phosphate workshop.

Design and development of large-scale in-situ PRACLAY heater test and horizontal high-level radioactive waste disposal gallery seal test in Belgian HADES

In Belgium,the Boom clay was selected as a potential host formation for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste（HLW）.To demonstrate the suitability of Boom clay for bearing thermal load induced by the HLW,a large-scale in-situ heater test,called PRACLAY heater test,will be conducted in the underground research laboratory（URL） in Mol.Owing to the limitations of the test（a short period of time compared with that considered in a real repository,different boundary conditions,etc.）,the test is designed to simulate,in a conservative way,the most critical state and phenomena that could occur in the host rock.The PRACLAY gallery was excavated at the end of 2007;the heating phase will begin in 2010 and will last for at least 10 years.The PRACLAY gallery itself leaves an opportunity to study the possibilities of sealing a disposal drift in Boom clay and testing the feasibility of hydraulic cut-off of any preferential pathway to the main access gallery through the excavation damage zone（EDZ） and the lining with a seal in a horizontal drift（horizontal seal）.Indeed,this is a generic problem for all deep geological disposal facilities for HLW.An annular seal made of compacted swelling bentonite will be installed in the front of the heated part of the PRACLAY gallery for these purposes.This paper provides detailed considerations on the thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） boundary conditions for the design of the PRACLAY heater test and the seal test with the support of numerical calculations.It is believed that these important items considered in the PRACLAY heater test design also constitute key issues for the repository design.The outcome of the PRACLAY heater test will be an important milestone for the Belgian repository design.

运用WAST对Web应用程序进行压力测试

压力测试是Web应用开发周期中的一个重要步骤。使用WAST工具对Web进行压力测试,能检测出服务器配置潜在问题,以及Web应用程序的潜在缺陷。同时,可以获得重要的性能数据,为代码优化、硬件配置、系统软件升级提供必要的依据。

Design and validation of the THMC China-Mock-Up test on buffer material for HLW disposal

According to the preliminary concept of the high-level radioactive waste （HLW） repository in China, a large-scale mock-up facility, named China-Mock-Up was constructed in the laboratory of Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology （BRIUG）. A heater, which simulates a container of radioactive waste, is placed inside the compacted Gaomiaozi （GMZ）-Na-bentonite blocks and pellets. Water inflow through the barrier from its outer surface is used to simulate the intake of groundwater. The numbers of water injection pipes, injection pressure and the insulation layer were determined based on the nu- merical modeling simulations. The current experimental data of the facility are herein analyzed. The experiment is intended to evaluate the thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical （THMC） processes occurring in the compacted bentonite-buffer during the early stage of HLW disposal and to provide a reliable database for numerical modeling and further investigation of engineered barrier system （EBS）, and the design of HLW repository.

Leaching behavior of V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As from stone coal waste rock with different particle sizes

This paper investigates the leaching behavior of heavy metals(V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As) from stone coal waste rocks with various particle sizes using dynamic leaching experiments.The results show that the dissolved concentrations of V and As initially increased and then slightly decreased as time progressed and that the dissolved concentrations of Pb,Cd,and Cr were high in the early stage before decreasing.The particle size of the stone coal waste rocks strongly influenced the heavy metal concentration in the leaching solutions.The effects of the particle size of the stone coal waste rocks on the dissolved concentrations of V,Pb,and As decreased in the order fine fraction > medium fraction > coarse fraction,and the effects of particle size on the dissolved concentrations of Cr and Cd decreased in the order medium fraction > coarse fraction > fine fraction and coarse fraction > medium fraction > fine fraction,respectively.The quantities of heavy metals dissolved from the stone coal waste rock with fine particle sizes were observed to decrease in the order V(17104.36 μg/kg) > As(609.41 μg/kg) > Pb(469.24 μg/kg) > Cr(56.35 μg/kg) > Cd(27.52 μg/kg),and the dissolution rates decreased in the order As(2.96%) > Pb(0.93%) > V(0.35%) > Cd(0.25%) > Cr(0.01%).The specific surface area,pore size of the stone coal waste rocks,and chemical forms of heavy metals also influenced the release of heavy metals from the stone coal waste rocks.Kinetic analysis showed that the dissolution of heavy metals fundamentally agreed with the rate equation controlled by the shrinking core model.The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the evaluation of heavy metals contamination from stone coal waste rocks.

Utilization of Coal Ash as a Barrier Material for Radioactive Waste Disposal

About 10% of total electricity (386 MkW) was generated by nuclear power plants in the world (2014) and about 58,400 tons of uranium has been mined in uranium mines annually. A plenty of radioactive waste material is produced from uranium mines and nuclear power plants. The wastes must be disposed or stored safely for a long term. Because if they leak and/or move from disposal or storage sites due to air/groundwater flow, then a serious environmental pollution can occur. Hence, multi-layer system has been proposed and employed in order to seal off these radioactive waste materials from biosphere. Basically, bentonite is now used for establishing one of absorbing and sealing layers in this system. However, the amount of high quality bentonite is very limited and in some cases it is hard to be obtained. On the other hand, a great deal of refuse from coal burning plants is produced every year and the amount of it is expected to be higher each year especially in developing countries. More than half of coal ash is utilized and the remaining is disposed at the disposal sites. However, the life of the disposal site is limited and it is difficult to find a new disposal site. It is requested that the percentage of the utilization of the coal ash be increased in every field. From the above two points of view, a fly ash-based barrier system is considered in this research and this paper discusses the applicability of fly ash as a content of barrier material. Based on the results of a series of laboratory tests, it can be concluded that fly ash has a potential for use in the buffer material as the bentonite is substituted.

煤气化渣气流分级提炭分质试验

煤气化渣提炭分质是实现其减量化、资源化、高值化利用的关键。基于此,提出研磨破碎-气流分级的干法提炭工艺,利用研磨使气化渣中炭灰结合物解离,再利用气流分级机内离心力和气体曳力作用,将解离所得的细颗粒进行高效分离。通过设计均匀试验并对各影响因素进行回归分析,获取优选试验条件并对该试验条件下的提炭效果进行验证。结果表明,气流分级提炭受多因素耦合作用影响,其中分级机频率和引风机频率是影响提炭效果的关键。均匀试验优选条件为分级机频率175 Hz、引风机频率5 Hz,喂料螺旋频率5 Hz,二次风口全开;该条件下所得富炭产品的收率为25.86%,烧失量49.76%,较原气化渣烧失量提高了26.91%,与试验预测值(49.64%)较一致,且试验效果明显优于未研磨破碎直接气流分级的气化渣。优选条件下气流分级得到的富炭产品的平均粒径(Dav)为5.95μm,满足橡胶补强填充料的粒度要求,其热值为16.73 MJ/kg,亦可作为细粉燃料等使用。同时,气流分级可实现较好的气化渣脱炭效果,所得脱炭渣烧失量低于10%,有利于其在建材等领域应用。研磨破碎-气流分级方法可实现气化渣的提炭分质,有利于其下游利用。

完善实验动物废物处置质量管理体系的思考:以中国食品药品检定研究院为例

科技发展是推动人类社会前进的巨大动力,而实验动物资源是生命科学、医药等领域科技发展的条件保障。但在开展医药研发、检验检测等实验过程中,使用实验动物产生的废物也为城市管理带来了新的考验。废物的分类、回收、有效利用和生物安全危害等问题接踵而至,对法规、标准、规范等的制定提出了与时俱进的要求。质量管理体系建设是检验检测机构管理的地基和框架,具备较强的操作性和检查性,可以不断提升管理水平,加强基础管理的稳定性。随着各层级新的管理办法出台,很多单位现行的质量管理体系内关于实验动物废物管理的相关内容欠妥,存在未明确非医疗机构实验动物废物处置流程、实验动物废物分类不准确、不同分类的废物未能按照不同方式处置等问题。本文针对目前存在的问题,梳理了中国食品药品检定研究院质量管理体系需要增加或者删改的流程,并制订了现行有效的标准作业流程,在如何加强监督管理方面提出了切实可行的措施,并开创性地把6S管理内容纳入质量管理体系中。因此,针对实验动物废物的管理应从完善质量管理体系的角度出发,从源头做好废物分类和管理,有效控制生物危害,最大限度地减少环境污染,为可持续发展创造条件。

高放废物处置地下实验室现场试验数据管理顶层设计

我国高放废物地质处置研发已经进入地下实验室建设的关键阶段。在地下实验室建设和运行期间,将开展大量现场试验,这些试验数据具有传输距离长、采集周期长、数据类型多和数据量大等特点,同时数据质量、安全与可追溯性要求高,数据管理难度较大。通过分析我国高放废物地质处置北山地下实验室现场试验数据特点,以iS3智慧数据服务系统为基础,提出现场试验数据管理顶层设计方法,为现场试验和科研工作顺利开展提供重要的数据管理支撑。

废弃黏土砖骨料轻质混凝土正交试验研究

将废弃黏土砖骨料应用于轻质混凝土中,可实现建筑垃圾再利用,同步节省建筑材料,改善轻质混凝土性能。以废弃黏土砖颗粒为骨料,开展轻质混凝土制备试验,研究不同水灰比、泡沫掺量、纤维掺量对废弃黏土砖骨料轻质混凝土的物理力学性能影响。结果表明:水灰比对吸水率影响显著,随着水灰比的增大,吸水率增加了27.03%,泡沫掺量对干密度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度影响显著,随泡沫掺量的增加,干密度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度减小了17.78%、52.52%和34.83%,并建立了抗压强度与干密度、劈裂抗拉强度之间的对应关系式。

盾构废弃黏土泥浆真空脱水试验与理论研究

针对泥浆池中盾构废弃泥浆在上部真空脱水作用下倒渣及运渣受限等问题,提出了一种废弃泥浆底部真空脱水方法。采用自行研制的废弃泥浆底部真空脱水装置开展了自重、自重+底部真空荷载、自重稳定+底部真空荷载、自重稳定+底部分级真空荷载4组不同脱水荷载工况下废弃黏土泥浆模型试验,分析了废弃黏土泥浆的泥‒水界面沉降量、孔隙水压力以及脱水后含水率和总脱水量等物理量的变化规律。结果表明,先对废弃泥浆进行自重脱水处理,再对其底部分级施加真空作用的脱水方式具有更好的脱水效果。采用该方法对初始含水率为103.00%的废弃黏土泥浆进行脱水处理后,含水率分布范围为37.10%~62.65%,其内部孔隙水压力的最小值可达−73.09 kPa,接近底部真空作用值−80.00 kPa;且该工况相较于其余3种工况,平均沉降量分别提高了106.40%、2.91%、6.15%,总脱水量分别提高了122.0%、8.0%、5.1%。同时,基于分段线性化有限差分(CS2)模型建立了废弃黏土泥浆真空脱水数值计算模型,对废弃黏土泥浆在脱水过程中泥‒水界面沉降量进行数值模拟,验证了数值计算模型的有效性。

船舶柴油机余热回收试验台测控系统设计及试验研究

为提高船舶柴油机余热回收试验台的自动化程度,开发了基于STM32和LabVIEW的船舶柴油机余热回收试验台测控系统。系统能够同步测量换热器进出口冷却水的温度和流量,通过改进PI算法自动控制换热器出口的冷却水温度,并在上位机界面上动态显示测量数据和控制效果,具备数据采集、远程控制、数据保存和故障报警等模块化功能。测试结果表明,数据采样周期小于500ms,冷却水流量的调节精度达0.1m^(3)/h,在换热器出口冷却水温度设定值为18.8℃时超调量为0.5%。

环境荷载作用下掺建筑垃圾水泥稳定碎石的性能劣化规律

为了研究建筑垃圾再生骨料在水泥稳定碎石中的适用性,采用冲刷试验、干湿循环试验、冻融循环试验和劈裂疲劳试验,研究了掺再生骨料水泥稳定碎石混合料(CACSM)在环境荷载作用下的性能劣化规律。明确了冲刷时间、干湿循环次数和冻融循环次数对CACSM力学强度的影响。分别构建了CACSM在不同条件下的性能劣化预测模型,提出了在环境荷载作用下CACSM强度劣化的极限值和疲劳寿命。结果表明:CACSM在水冲刷作用下损失质量随再生细集料掺量增大而增加,随冲刷时间延长先迅速增加后趋于稳定;干湿循环和冻融循环作用下CACSM具有明显的强度劣化效应,建立的强度劣化模型可以预估CACSM的强度劣化极限值;因再生集料的多孔结构和强吸水性导致CACSM在干湿及冻融循环过程中抵抗荷载的能力降低,CACSM的最低干湿极限劣化系数和冻融极限劣化系数分别为84.1%和63.5%;掺45%再生骨料细集料的CACSM的疲劳寿命略高于水泥稳定碎石,这表明适量掺加再生骨料细集料不会降低水泥稳定碎石抵抗荷载重复作用的能力;高再生骨料掺量的CACSM在环境荷载作用下性能劣化严重,在实际工程应用中须验证力学强度劣化极限值是否满足路面基层的要求。

隧道弃渣级配碎石细观力学参数研究

隧道弃渣级配碎石作为道路基层填料,能有效避免资源浪费与环境污染。有限元方法将其视为连续介质进行研究时存在一定局限性,而采用离散元对颗粒材料进行模拟时,细观参数对其宏观力学性质的影响并不明确。基于三轴压缩试验和数值模拟,通过正交控制参数变化分析,揭示了颗粒间细观参数与宏观力学参数之间的关联性,明确了细观参数对隧道弃渣级配碎石路用力学性能的影响。结果表明:细观参数中,切向黏结强度对黏聚力值的影响最大,而摩擦系数与内摩擦角值变化联系更密切;初始杨氏模量与刚度比呈负相关,其他参数对其影响不大;与泊松比相关的变化关系中,刚度比与切向黏结强度较其他参数对其影响更大。研究成果可为颗粒流模拟级配碎石的细观参数标定提供参考,也为级配碎石作为道路基层填料的力学性能研究提供了基础。

Geo-environmental application of municipal solid waste incinerator ash stabilized with cement

The behavior of soluble salts contained in the municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI) ash significantly affects the strength development and hardening reaction when stabilized with cement.The present study focuses on the compaction and strength behavior of mixed specimens of cement and MSWI ash.A series of indices such as unconfined compressive strength,split tensile strength,California bearing ratio(CBR) and pH value was examined.Prior to this,the specimens were cured for 7 d,14 d,and 28 d.The test results depict that the maximum dry density(MDD) decreases and the optimum moisture content(OMC)increases with the addition of cement.The test results also reveal that the cement increases the strength of the mixed specimens.Thus,the combination of MSWI ash and cement can be used as a lightweight filling material in different structures like embankment and road construction.

固废基盾构惰性同步注浆材料力学性能及抗水分散性研究

以典型固废矿渣微粉、粉煤灰、硅灰为原料制备固废基盾构惰性同步注浆材料,采用六因素五水平正交试验,开展了注浆材料力学性能及抗水分散性的试验研究。结果发现:增大碱激发剂模数,减小其掺量,则浆液抗压强度下降;水胶比、膨水比对浆液抗动水冲刷能力的影响较大;碱激发剂掺量和水胶比是影响浆液水陆强度比的主要因素。根据正交试验极差分析和综合性能平衡,确定了注浆材料的优选配合比:水胶比1.00,胶砂比0.45,膨水比0.35,减水剂掺量1.5%(质量分数),碱激发剂模数1.6,碱激发剂掺量20%(质量分数),此时注浆材料28 d抗压强度为13.02 MPa,水陆强度比为80.83%,3 h动水冲刷质量损失率为5.62%;并开展了稠度、凝结时间、泌水率和结石率等性能试验,测试指标均达到了活性浆液的要求。以上研究为工业固废在盾构注浆技术领域的应用提供了一定的研究基础和实验依据。

废弃口罩加筋的煤矸石路基粗粒土填料动力特性试验研究

为实现废弃口罩资源化再利用,将其运用于煤矸石路基的加筋中,通过开展循环荷载作用下不同加筋方式、不同口罩含量的煤矸石路基填料大型动力三轴试验,探讨了口罩加筋煤矸石路基的可行性和影响因素,研究了口罩对煤矸石路基的加筋效果。研究结果表明:(1)口罩加筋煤矸石路基粗粒土填料能取得良好的加筋效果;(2)不同加筋方式、纤维尺寸、口罩裁剪方向、路基中的口罩含量均会对口罩加筋煤矸石路基粗粒土填料的加筋效果产生影响;(3)在已尝试的试验方案中,土样每20 cm铺设一层口罩织物的加筋效果系数为1.663,加筋效果最为出色。在不同口罩含量对比试验中,土样中口罩含量为30个时,加筋效果系数为2.3,取得了最好的加筋效果,但从现有数据规律中可推论仍有提升空间。研究成果可为煤矸石路基填料改良提供参考。

大掺量建筑固废再生混凝土配合比对强度影响试验研究

就大掺量建筑固废再生混凝土配合比对强度影响试验展开研究并获取了相应的研究成果,在增加再生粗骨料取代率的情况下,混凝土的物理性质随之改变,抗压强度呈现出逐渐降低的变化趋势。以取代率为0的普通混凝土为参照,针对取代率分别为8.5%、15.5%、22.5%的情况下混凝土的变化情况进行分析,可以看到其强度相对应的出现0.7 MPa、2.4 MPa、4.5 MPa的降低。随粗骨料粒径增大,而再生混凝土抗压强度出现较大的改变,以整体逐渐减小的趋势呈现,经检测显示,最小差值、最大差值分别为0.5 MPa、2.4 MPa。因增加了再生粗骨料取代率,而对于再生混凝土的影响还体现在劈拉强度值以8.5%、15.5%、22.5%作为取代率,相比较于基准组,混凝土劈拉强度呈现出逐渐下降的趋势,降低幅度分别为0.09 MPa、0.24 MPa、0.44 MPa。相比于HQD-22.5试验组,HLX试验组在劈裂抗拉强度方面并未存在明显优势,其原因在于粗骨料自身强度对于劈裂抗拉强度产生较大的影响,另外具有较大影响力的还包括硬化水泥砂浆强度。粗骨料级配对其具有较小的影响,在进行配合比设计时,可以把部分天然粗骨料予以舍弃处理,由等体积的较小粒径的含砖再生粗骨料替代。