The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation mag...The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation magnitude of experiments, a guideline system of precision for GPS total stations is established to prescribe the methods of redundant observation, the computation formulas of error tolerances and standard errors. Moreover, a series of precision indexes for GPS total station measurements and results are also acquired from the comparative experimentations and study on the observation data between GPS total station elevation and direct leveling.展开更多
目的:探讨高血压社区规范化管理中抗高血压药物价格和经济可负担性情况。方法:采用世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)和国际健康行动机构(Health Action International,HAI)发展的标准化价格调查方法,对社区抗高血压药物价...目的:探讨高血压社区规范化管理中抗高血压药物价格和经济可负担性情况。方法:采用世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)和国际健康行动机构(Health Action International,HAI)发展的标准化价格调查方法,对社区抗高血压药物价格可负担性进行评价。结果:无论城市或者农村地区,5大类抗高血压药物对于低收入人群不具有经济可负担性,17种抗高血压药物中约50%对于一般收入人群不具有经济可负担性,在城市地区不同药物费用差异最大的高达55.92倍,在农村地区不同药物费用差异最大的高达37.52倍。结论:高血压社区规范化管理中抗高血压药物的经济可负担性仍有待继续提高,不同收入人群抗高血压药物可负担性差异明显,药物治疗费用呈两极分化趋势,可负担性好的药物使用比例较高。展开更多
文摘The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation magnitude of experiments, a guideline system of precision for GPS total stations is established to prescribe the methods of redundant observation, the computation formulas of error tolerances and standard errors. Moreover, a series of precision indexes for GPS total station measurements and results are also acquired from the comparative experimentations and study on the observation data between GPS total station elevation and direct leveling.
文摘目的:探讨高血压社区规范化管理中抗高血压药物价格和经济可负担性情况。方法:采用世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)和国际健康行动机构(Health Action International,HAI)发展的标准化价格调查方法,对社区抗高血压药物价格可负担性进行评价。结果:无论城市或者农村地区,5大类抗高血压药物对于低收入人群不具有经济可负担性,17种抗高血压药物中约50%对于一般收入人群不具有经济可负担性,在城市地区不同药物费用差异最大的高达55.92倍,在农村地区不同药物费用差异最大的高达37.52倍。结论:高血压社区规范化管理中抗高血压药物的经济可负担性仍有待继续提高,不同收入人群抗高血压药物可负担性差异明显,药物治疗费用呈两极分化趋势,可负担性好的药物使用比例较高。