On Spanning Wide Diameter of Graphs

A t-container Ct(u,v)is a set of t internally disjoint paths between two distinct vertices u and v in a graph G,i.e.,Ct(u,v)={P_(1),P_(2),···,Pt}.Moreover,if V(P_(1))∪V(P_(2))∪···∪V(Pt)=V(G)then Ct(u,v)is called a spanning t-container,denoted by C_(t)^(sc)(u,v).The length of C_(t)^(sc)(u,v)={P_(1),P_(2),···,Pt}is l(C_(t)^(sc)(u,v))=max{l(P_(i))|1≤i≤t}.A graph G is spanning t-connected if there exists a spanning t-container between any two distinct vertices u and v in G.Assume that u and v are two distinct vertices in a spanning t-connected graph G.Let D_(t)^(sc)(u,v)be the collection of all C_(t)^(sc)(u,v)’s.Define the spanning t-wide distance between u and v in G,d_(t)^(sc)(u,v)=min{l(C_(t)^(sc)(u,v))|C_(t)^(sc)(u,v)∈D_(t)^(sc)(u,v)},and the spanning t-wide diameter of G,D_(t)^(sc)(G)=max{d_(t)^(sc)(u,v)|u,v∈V(G)}.In particular,the spanning wide diameter of G is D_(κ)^(sc)(G),whereκis the connectivity of G.In the paper we provide the upper and lower bounds of the spanning wide diameter of a graph,and show that the bounds are best possible.We also determine the exact values of wide diameters of some well known graphs including Harary graphs and generalized Petersen graphs et al..

High performance wide bandgap perovskite solar cell with low V_(OC) deficit less than 0.4 V

Wide bandgap perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted significant attention because they can be applied to the top cells of tandem solar cells.However,high open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))deficit(>0.4 V)result from poor crystallization and high non-radiative recombination losses become a serious limitation in the pursuit of high performance.Here,the relevance between different Pbl_(2)proportions and performance parameters are revealed through analysis of surface morphology,residual stress,and photostability.The increase of Pbl_(2)proportion promotes crystal growth and reduces the work function of the perovskite film surface and promotes the energy level alignment with the carrier transport layer,which decreased the V_(OC)deficit.However,residual PbI_(2)exacerbated the stress level of perovskite film,and the resulting lattice disorder deteriorated the photostability of the device.Ultimately,after the synergistic passivation of residual PbI_(2)and PEAI,the V_(OC)achieves 1.266 V and V_(OC)deficit is less than 0.4 V,the record value in wide bandgap PSCs.

Design strategies and recent advancements of solid-state supercapacitor operating in wide temperature range

Solid-state supercapacitors(SSCs)are emerging as one of the promising energy storage devices due to their high safety,superior power density,and excellent cycling life.However,performance degradation and safety issues under extreme conditions are the main challenges for the practical application.With the expansion of human activities,such as space missions,polar exploration,and so on,the investigation of SSC with wide temperature tolerance,high energy density,power density,and sustainability is highly desired.In this review,the effects of temperature on SSC are systematically illustrated and clarified,including the properties of the electrolyte,ion diffusion,and reaction dynamics of the supercapacitor.Subsequently,we summarize the recent advances in wide-temperature-range SSCs from the aspect of electrolyte modification,electrode design,and interface adjustment between electrode and electrolyte,especially with critical concerns on ionic conductivity and cycling stability.In the end,a perspective is presented,expecting to promote the practical application of the SSC in harsh conditions.

Automatic diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using vision transformer based on wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the major causes of visual impairment in adults with diabetes.Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is nowadays widely used as the golden criterion for diagnosing DR.Recently,wide-field OCTA(WF-OCTA)provided more abundant information including that of the peripheral retinal degenerative changes and it can contribute in accurately diagnosing DR.The need for an automatic DR diagnostic system based on WF-OCTA pictures attracts more and more attention due to the large diabetic population and the prevalence of retinopathy cases.In this study,automatic diagnosis of DR using vision transformer was performed using WF-OCTA images(12 mm×12 mm single-scan)centered on the fovea as the dataset.WF-OCTA images were automatically classified into four classes:No DR,mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR),moderate to severe NPDR,and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).The proposed method for detecting DR on the test set achieves accuracy of 99.55%,sensitivity of 99.49%,and specificity of 99.57%.The accuracy of the method for DR staging reaches up to 99.20%,which has been proven to be higher than that attained by classical convolutional neural network models.Results show that the automatic diagnosis of DR based on vision transformer and WF-OCTA pictures is more effective for detecting and staging DR.

Design of a high sensitivity and wide range angular rate sensor based on exceptional surface

It is found that when the parity–time symmetry phenomenon is introduced into the resonant optical gyro system and it works near the exceptional point,the sensitivity can in theory be significantly amplified at low angular rate.However,in fact,the exceptional point is easily disturbed by external environmental variables,which means that it depends on harsh experimental environment and strong control ability,so it is difficult to move towards practical application.Here,we propose a new angular rate sensor structure based on exceptional surface,which has the advantages of high sensitivity and high robustness.The system consists of two fiber-optic ring resonators and two optical loop mirrors,and one of the resonators contains a variable ratio coupler and a variable optical attenuator.We theoretically analyze the system response,and the effects of phase and coupling ratio on the system response.Finally,compared with the conventional resonant gyro,the sensitivity of this exceptional surface angular rate sensor can be improved by about 300 times at low speed.In addition,by changing the loss coefficient in the ring resonator,we can achieve a wide range of 600 rad/s.This scheme provides a new approach for the development of ultra-high sensitivity and wide range angular rate sensors in the future.

Surface-functionalized hole-selective monolayer for high efficiency single-junction wide-bandgap and monolithic tandem perovskite solar cells

Carbazole moiety-based 2PACz([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)are excellent hole-selective contact(HSC)materials with abilities to excel the charge-transferdynamics of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,we report a facile but powerful method to functionalize the surface of 2PACz-SAM,by which reproducible,highly stable,high-efficiency wide-bandgap PSCs can be obtained.The 2PACz surface treatment with various donor number solvents improves assembly of 2PACz-SAM and leave residual surface-bound solvent molecules on 2PACz-SAM,which increases perovskite grain size,retards halide segregation,and accelerates hole extraction.The surface functionalization achieves a high power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.62%for a single-junction wide-bandgap(~1.77 e V)PSC.We also demonstrate a monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cell using surfaceengineered HSC,showing high PCE of 24.66%with large open-circuit voltage of 2.008 V and high fillfactor of 81.45%.Our results suggest this simple approach can further improve the tandem device,when coupled with a high-performance narrow-bandgap sub-cell.

Alkyl chain modulation of asymmetric hexacyclic fused acceptor synergistically with wide bandgap third component for high efficiency ternary organic solar cells

Herein,two asymmetric hexacyclic fused small molecule acceptors(SMAs),namely BP4F-HU and BP4F-UU,were synthesized.The elongated outside chains in the BP4F-UU molecule played a crucial role in optimizing the morphology of blend film,thereby improving charge mobility and reducing energy loss within the corresponding film.Notably,the PM6:BP4F-UU device exhibited a higher open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 0.878 V compared to the PM6:BP4F-HU device with a V_(oc)of 0.863 V.Further,a new wide bandgap SMA named BTP-TA was designed and synthesized as the third component to the PM6:BP4F-UU host binary devices,which showed an ideal complementary absorption spectrum in PM6:BP4F-UU system.In addition,BTP-TA can achieve efficient intermolecular energy transfer to BP4F-UU by fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)pathway,due to the good overlap between the photoluminescence(PL)spectrum of BTP-TA and the absorption region of BP4F-UU.Consequently,ternary devices with 15wt%BTP-TA exhibits broader photon utilization,optimal blend morphology,and reduced charge recombination compared to the corresponding binary devices.Consequently,PM6:BP4F-UU:BTP-TA ternary device achieved an optimal power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.83%with simultaneously increased V_(oc)of 0.905 V,short-circuit current density(J_(sc))of 26.14 mA/cm^(2),and fill factor(FF)of 75.38%.

Mechanism of cross-level settlements and void accumulation of wide and conventional sleepers in railway ballast

The cross-level and twist irregularities are the most dangerous irregularity types that could cause wheel unloading with the risk of derailments and additional maintenance expenses.However,the mechanism of the irregularities initiation and development is unclear.The motivation of the present study was the previous experimental studies on the application of wide sleepers in the ballasted track.The long-term track geometry measurements with wide sleepers show an enormous reduction of the vertical longitudinal irregularities compared to the conventional track.However,wide sleepers had higher twist and cross-section level irregularities.The present paper aims to explain the phenomenon by discrete element method(DEM)modeling the development process of sleeper inhomogeneous support at cross-level depending on the sleeper form.The DEM simulations show that the maximal settlement intensity is up to 3.5 times lower for a wide sleeper in comparison with the conventional one.Nevertheless,the cross-level differential settlements are almost the same for both sleepers.The particle loading distribution after all loading cycles is concentrated on the smaller area,up to the half sleeper length,with fully unloaded zones under sleeper ends.Ballast flow limitation under the central part of the sleeper could improve the resilience of wide sleepers to the development of cross-level irregularities.The mechanism of initiation of the cross-level irregularity is proposed,which assumes the loss of sleeper support under sleeper ends.The further growth of inhomogeneous settlements along the sleeper is assumed as a result of the interaction of two processes:ballast flow due to dynamic impact during void closing and on the other side high pressure due to the concentration of the pressure under the middle part of the sleeper.The DEM simulation results support the assumption of the mechanism and agree with the experimental studies.

Electrical structure identification of deep shale gas reservoir in complex structural area using wide field electromagnetic method

To fully exploit the technical advantages of the large-depth and high-precision artificial source electromagnetic method in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan and compensate for the shortcomings of the conventional electromagnetic method in exploration depth,precision,and accuracy,the large-depth and high-precision wide field electromagnetic method is applied to the complex structure test area of the Luochang syncline and Yuhe nose anticline in the southern Sichuan.The advantages of the wide field electromagnetic method in detecting deep,low-resistivity thin layers are demonstrated.First,on the basis of the analysis of physical property data,a geological–geoelectric model is established in the test area,and the wide field electromagnetic method is numerically simulated to analyze and evaluate the response characteristics of deep thin shale gas layers on wide field electromagnetic curves.Second,a wide field electromagnetic test is conducted in the complex structure area of southern Sichuan.After data processing and inversion imaging,apparent resistivity logging data are used for calibration to develop an apparent resistivity interpretation model suitable for the test area.On the basis of the results,the characteristics of the electrical structure change in the shallow longitudinal formation of 6 km are implemented,and the transverse electrical distribution characteristics of the deep shale gas layer are delineated.In the prediction area near the well,the subsequent data verification shows that the apparent resistivity obtained using the inversion of the wide field electromagnetic method is consistent with the trend of apparent resistivity revealed by logging,which proves that this method can effectively identify the weak response characteristics of deep shale gas formations in complex structural areas.This experiment,it is shown shows that the wide field electromagnetic method with a large depth and high precision can effectively characterize the electrical characteristics of deep,low-resistivity thin layers in complex structural areas,and a new set of low-cost evaluation technologies for shale gas target layers based on the wide field electromagnetic method is explored.

Framework to Model User Request Access Patterns in the World Wide Web

In this paper, we present a novel approach to model user request patterns in the World Wide Web. Instead of focusing on the user traffic for web pages, we capture the user interaction at the object level of the web pages. Our framework model consists of three sub-models: one for user file access, one for web pages, and one for storage servers. Web pages are assumed to consist of different types and sizes of objects, which are characterized using several categories: articles, media, and mosaics. The model is implemented with a discrete event simulation and then used to investigate the performance of our system over a variety of parameters in our model. Our performance measure of choice is mean response time and by varying the composition of web pages through our categories, we find that our framework model is able to capture a wide range of conditions that serve as a basis for generating a variety of user request patterns. In addition, we are able to establish a set of parameters that can be used as base cases. One of the goals of this research is for the framework model to be general enough that the parameters can be varied such that it can serve as input for investigating other distributed applications that require the generation of user request access patterns.

基于双微麦克风阵列与WideResNet网络的语音命令词识别

为了提高噪声环境下语音识别的稳健性[1],提出宽残差深度神经网络的语音识别算法。该算法结合双微麦克风阵列系统、语音数据集为双微麦克风数据集,使用功率归一化倒谱系数作为特征参数输入到残差网络中进行训练。实验表明,与ResNet15模型、ResNet18模型相比,只有三个残差模块的宽残差网络在噪声环境下语音命令词的识别和内外部说话人检测任务中具有较高的准确度,均达到了95%以上。

Speckle structured illumination endoscopy with enhanced resolution at wide field of view and depth of field

Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)is one of the most widely applied wide field super resolution imaging techniques with high temporal resolution and low phototoxicity.The spatial resolution of SIM is typically limited to two times of the diffraction limit and the depth of field is small.In this work,we propose and experimentally demonstrate a low cost,easy to implement,novel technique called speckle structured illumination endoscopy(SSIE)to enhance the resolution of a wide field endoscope with large depth of field.Here,speckle patterns are used to excite objects on the sample which is then followed by a blind-SIM algorithm for super resolution image reconstruction.Our approach is insensitive to the 3D morphology of the specimen,or the deformation of illuminations used.It greatly simplifies the experimental setup as there are no calibration protocols and no stringent control of illumination patterns nor focusing optics.We demonstrate that the SSIE can enhance the resolution 2–4.5 times that of a standard white light endoscopic(WLE)system.The SSIE presents a unique route to super resolution in endoscopic imaging at wide field of view and depth of field,which might be beneficial to the practice of clinical endoscopy.

A hierarchically structured tin-cobalt composite with an enhanced electronic effect for high-performance CO_(2) electroreduction in a wide potential range

Earth-abundant and nontoxic Sn-based materials have been regarded as promising catalysts for the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2)to C1 products,e.g.,CO and formate.However,it is still difficult for Snbased materials to obtain satisfactory performance at low-to-moderate overpotentials.Herein,a simple and facile electrospinning technique is utilized to prepare a composite of a bimetallic Sn-Co oxide/carbon matrix with a hollow nanotube structure(Sn Co-HNT).Sn Co-HNT can maintain>90%faradaic efficiencies for C1 products within a wide potential range from-0.6 VRHE to-1.2 VRHE,and a highest 94.1%selectivity towards CO in an H-type cell.Moreover,a 91.2%faradaic efficiency with a 241.3 m A cm^(-2)partial current density for C1 products could be achieved using a flow cell.According to theoretical calculations,the fusing of Sn/Co oxides on the carbon matrix accelerates electron transfer at the atomic level,causing electron deficiency of Sn centers and reversible variation between Co^(2+)and Co^(3+)centers.The synergistic effect of the Sn/Co composition improves the electron affinity of the catalyst surface,which is conducive to the adsorption and stabilization of key intermediates and eventually increases the catalytic activity in CO_(2)electroreduction.This study could provide a new strategy for the construction of oxide-derived catalysts for CO_(2)electroreduction.

Gel-state polybenzimidazole proton exchange membranes with flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chains for a wider operating temperature range(25–240 ℃)

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC) possess distinct technical advantages of high output power, simplified water/heat management, increased tolerance to fuel impurities and diverse fuel sources, within the temperature range of 120–200 ℃. However, for practical automobile applications, it was crucial to broaden their low-temperature operating window and enable cold start-up capability. Herein, gel-state phosphoric acid(PA) doped sulfonated polybenzimidazole(PBI) proton exchange membranes(PEMs) were designed and synthesized via PPA sol-gel process and in-situ sultone ring-opening reactions with various proton transport pathways based on absorbed PA, flexible alkyl chain connected sulfonic acid groups and imidazole sites. The effects of flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chain length and content on PA doping level, proton conductivity, and membrane stability under different temperature and relative humidity(RH) were thoroughly investigated. The prepared gel-state membranes contained a self-assembled lamellar and porous structure that facilitated the absorption of a large amount of PA with rapid proton transporting mechanisms. At room temperature, the optimized membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 0.069 S cm^(-1), which was further increased to 0.162 and 0.358 S cm^(-1)at 80 and 200 ℃, respectively, without additional humidification. The most significant contribution of this work was demonstrating the feasibility of gel-state sulfonated PBI membranes in expanding HT-PEMFC application opportunities over a wider operating range of 25 to 240 ℃.

Lateral abutment pressure distribution and evolution in wide pillars under the first mining effect

The wide pillars are generally popular due to the high productivity and efficiency in Northwest China.The distribution of lateral abutment pressure in coal pillars is important for mining safety.To reveal the effect of the first mining on the lateral abutment pressure distribution and evolution in wide pillars,an in-situ experiment,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were performed.First,the field monitoring of lateral abutment pressure was conducted from the perspective of time and space in the Chahasu Coal Mine,Huangling No.2 Coal Mine and Lingdong Coal Mine during the first mining.Based on the field monitoring stress,a theoretical model was proposed to reveal the lateral abutment pressure distribution.The methodology was demonstrated through a case study.Aiming at the distribution mechanism,a numerical experiment was conducted through the finite-discrete element method(FDEM).Last,field observations of borehole fractures were performed to further study the damage distribution.In addition,two types of lateral abutment pressure evolution with mining advance were discussed.Suggestions on the stress monitoring layout were proposed as well.The results could provide foundations for strata control and disaster prevention in wide pillars in underground coal mines.

Moderately concentrated electrolyte enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries with a wide working temperature range

The electrolyte integrated with lithium metal anodes is subjected to the issues of interfacial compatibility and stability,which strongly influence the performances of high-energy lithium metal batteries.Here,we report a new electrolyte recipe viz.a moderately concentrated electrolyte comprising of 2.4 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(LiFSI)in a cosolvent mixture of fluorinated ethylene carbonate(FEC)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)with relatively high ion conductivity.Owing to the preferential decomposition of LiFSI and FEC,an inorganic-rich interphase with abundant Li_(2)O and LiF nanocrystals is formed on lithium metal with improved robustness and ion transfer kinetics,enabling lithium plating/stripping with an extremely low overpotential of~8 mV and the average CE of 97%.When tested in Li||LiFePO_(4) cell,this electrolyte provides long-term cycling with a capacity retention of 98.3%after 1000 cycles at 1 C and an excellent rate performance of 20 C,as well as an areal capacity of 1.35 mA h cm^(-2)at the cathode areal loading of 9 mg cm^(-2).Moreover,the Li||LiFePO_(4) cell exhibits excellent wide-temperature performances(-40~60℃),including long-term cycling stability over 2600 cycles without visible capacity fading at 0℃,as well as extremely high average CEs of 99.6%and 99.8% over 400 cycles under-20℃ and 45℃.

Antimony Potassium Tartrate Stabilizes Wide-Bandgap Perovskites for Inverted 4-T All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells with Efficiencies over 26%

Wide-bandgap(WBG)perovskites have been attracting much attention because of their immense potential as a front light-absorber for tandem solar cells.However,WBG perovskite solar cells(PSCs)generally exhibit undesired large open-circuit voltage(VOC)loss due to light-induced phase segregation and severe non-radiative recombination loss.Herein,antimony potassium tartrate(APTA)is added to perovskite precursor as a multifunctional additive that not only coordinates with unbonded lead but also inhibits the migration of halogen in perovskite,which results in suppressed non-radiative recombination,inhibited phase segregation and better band energy alignment.Therefore,a APTA auxiliary WBG PSC with a champion photoelectric conversion efficiency of 20.35%and less hysteresis is presented.They maintain 80%of their initial efficiencies under 100 mW cm^(-2)white light illumination in nitrogen after 1,000 h.Furthermore,by combining a semi-transparent WBG perovskite front cell with a narrow-bandgap tin–lead PSC,a perovskite/perovskite four-terminal tandem solar cell with an efficiency over 26%is achieved.Our work provides a feasible approach for the fabrication of efficient tandem solar cells.

Progress in Electrolyte Engineering of Aqueous Batteries in a Wide Temperature Range

Aqueous rechargeable batteries are safe and environmentally friendly and can be made at a low cost;as such,they are attracting attention in the field of energy storage.However,the temperature sensitivity of aqueous batteries hinders their practical application.The solvent water freezes at low temperatures,and there is a reduction in ionic conductivity,whereas it evaporates rapidly at high temperatures,which causes increased side reactions.This review discusses recent progress in improving the performance of aqueous batteries,mainly with respect to electrolyte engineering and the associated strategies employed to achieve such improvements over a wide temperature domain.The review focuses on fi ve electrolyte engineer-ing(aqueous high-concentration electrolytes,organic electrolytes,quasi-solid/solid electrolytes,hybrid electrolytes,and eutectic electrolytes)and investigates the mechanisms involved in reducing the solidifi cation point and boiling point of the electrolyte and enhancing the extreme-temperature electrochemical performance.Finally,the prospect of further improving the wide temperature range performance of aqueous rechargeable batteries is presented.

Laser-assisted Simulation of Dose Rate Effects of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Devices

Laser-assisted simulation technique has played a crucial role in the investigation of dose rate effects of silicon-based devices and integrated circuits,due to its exceptional advantages in terms of flexibility,safety,convenience,and precision.In recent years,wide band gap materials,known for their strong bonding and high ionization energy,have gained increasing attention from researchers and hold significant promise for extensive applications in specialized environments.Consequently,there is a growing need for comprehensive research on the dose rate effects of wide band gap materials.In response to this need,the use of laser-assisted simulation technology has emerged as a promising approach,offering an effective means to assess the efficacy of investigating these materials and devices.This paper focused on investigating the feasibility of laser-assisted simulation to study the dose rate effects of wide band gap semiconductor devices.Theoretical conversion factors for laser-assisted simulation of dose rate effects of GaN-based and SiC-based devices were been provided.Moreover,to validate the accuracy of the conversion factors,pulsed laser and dose rate experiments were conducted on GaN-based and SiC-based PIN diodes.The results demonstrate that pulsed laser radiation andγ-ray radiation can produce highly similar photocurrent responses in GaN-based and SiC-based PIN diodes,with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.974,respectively.This finding reaffirms the effectiveness of laser-assisted simulation technology,making it a valuable complement in studying the dose rate effects of wide band gap semiconductor devices.

Isolation Enhancement in a Compact Four-Element MIMO Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications

Mutual coupling reduction or isolation enhancement in antenna arrays is an important area of research as it severely affects the performance of an antenna.In this paper,a new type of compact and highly isolated Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output(MIMO)antenna for ultra-wideband(UWB)applications is presented.The design consists of four radiators that are orthogonally positioned and confined to a compact 40×40×0.8 mm3 space.The final antenna design uses an inverted L shape partial ground to produce an acceptable reflection coefficient(S11<−10 dB)in an entire UWB band(3.1–10.6)giga hertz(GHz).Moreover,the inter-element isolation has also been enhanced to>20 db for majority of the UWB band.The antenna was fabricated and tested with the vector network analyzer(VNA)and in an anechoic chamber for scattering parameters and radiation patterns.Furthermore,different MIMO diversity performance metrics are also measured to validate the proposed model.The simulation results and the experimental results from the constructed model agree quite well.The proposed antenna is compared with similar designs in recently published literature for various performance metrics.Because of its low envelope correlation coefficient(ECC<0.1),high diversity gain(DG>9.99 dB),peak gain of 4.6 dB,reduced channel capacity loss(CCL<0.4 b/s/Hz),and average radiation efficiency of over 85%,the proposed MIMO antenna is ideally suited for practical UWB applications.