Samarahan has transformed from a small village into education hub for the past 2 decades. Rapid development and population growth had led to speedy growth in water demand. The situation is getting worse as the pipes a...Samarahan has transformed from a small village into education hub for the past 2 decades. Rapid development and population growth had led to speedy growth in water demand. The situation is getting worse as the pipes are deteriorating due to pipe aging. Therefore, there is a need to study the adequacy of water supply and relationships among roughness coefficient (C) values in Hazen Williams’ Equation with head loss and water pressure due to pipe aging at Uni-Central, a residential area located at Samarahan Sarawak. Investigations were carried out with Ductile Iron, Abestos Cement and Cast Iron pipes at age categories of 0 - 10 years, 10 - 30 years, 30 - 50 years, 50 - 70 years and >70 years. Six critical nodes named as A, B, C, D, E and F were identified to study the water pressure and head loss. Model was developed with InfoWorks Water Supply (WS) Pro software. The impact of pipe aging and materials to water pressure and head loss was not significant at Nodes A, B, C and F. However, max water pressure at Nodes D and F were only reaching 6.30 m and 7.30 m, respectively for all investigations. Therefore, some improvement works are required. Results also show that Asbestos Cement pipe has the least impact on the head loss and water pressure, followed by Ductile Iron pipe and lastly Cast Iron pipe. Simulation results also revealed that older pipes have higher roughness coefficients, indicated with lower “C” values, thus increase the head loss and reduce the water pressure. In contrast, as “C” values increased, head loss will be reduced and water pressure will be increased.展开更多
几乎所有小的气相分子(如H2O,CO2等)均具有独特的近红外吸收光谱,在负压条件下,每种微小的气相分子都拥有一对一的特征光谱线,基于这一原理人们开始使用激光光谱(IRIS)技术来准确分析气体样品中的同位素组成。该方法克服了传统同位素比...几乎所有小的气相分子(如H2O,CO2等)均具有独特的近红外吸收光谱,在负压条件下,每种微小的气相分子都拥有一对一的特征光谱线,基于这一原理人们开始使用激光光谱(IRIS)技术来准确分析气体样品中的同位素组成。该方法克服了传统同位素比质谱(isotope ratio mass spectrometry,IRMS)方法的局限性,已经成为公认的高精度、高灵敏度和高准确度的痕量气体检测方法。以大气水汽稳定同位素研究为例,大气水汽稳定同位素组成对水汽源区及其通道上的输送过程等水循环研究有着重要的指示意义。激光光谱技术使得大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素(δ^18O和δD)野外原位连续高分辨率观测成为可能。但是,其观测精度和准确度受仪器运作特点、不同浓度大气水汽对特定光谱吸收性的敏感性差异等因素的影响,通常观测结果具有明显的非线性响应问题。因此,有必要对仪器观测过程中出现的各种偏差进行校正,但现阶段许多用户对新观测技术的国际校正方法尚不清楚。因此,基于波长扫描-光腔衰荡光谱(WS-CRDS)技术的大气水汽同位素观测系统(Picarro L2120-i),通过可调谐二极管激光器(Tunable Diode Laser,TDL)发射可被待测气体分子所吸收的不同波长的激光,测量不同波长下的衰荡时间(即有样品吸收的衰荡时间);TDL发射不能被待测气体吸收的不同波长的激光,测量每个波长下的衰荡时间(相当于无样品吸收的衰荡时间)。通过分析有无样品吸收的衰荡时间差,高精度计算待测气体的分子浓度,进而计算水汽稳定同位素组成。从记忆效应、漂移效应、浓度效应等方面,系统建立了一套准确可靠的大气水汽稳定同位素观测流程与校正方法,为正在使用或将要使用此类设备的研究人员提供参考,以获得高精度和高可靠性的大气水汽稳定同位素观测数据。展开更多
为实现南水北调来水和北京本地水的优化调度,保证首都安全稳定供水,需对南水北调配套工程环线输水管网建立水力模型,掌握管网的实时运行状况。介绍了应用Info Works WS软件建立该工程环线输水管网模型的过程,包括工程基本情况介绍、数...为实现南水北调来水和北京本地水的优化调度,保证首都安全稳定供水,需对南水北调配套工程环线输水管网建立水力模型,掌握管网的实时运行状况。介绍了应用Info Works WS软件建立该工程环线输水管网模型的过程,包括工程基本情况介绍、数据需求及处理、模型创建及校核和模型维护等方面的内容,并对应用该模型计算得到的结果数据和设计资料数据进行了对比分析研究,发现该模型可以较好地进行管网实时流量模拟。展开更多
In the field of electrolysis of water,the design and synthesis of catalysts over a wide pH range have attracted extensive attentions.In this paper,Co and N are co-introduced into the structural unit of tungsten disulf...In the field of electrolysis of water,the design and synthesis of catalysts over a wide pH range have attracted extensive attentions.In this paper,Co and N are co-introduced into the structural unit of tungsten disulfide(WS_(2)),and the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performances of different WS_(2)-based catalysts are theoretically predicted and systematically studied by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.With the guidance of DFT calculations,an evaporation-pyrolysis strategy is applied to prepare Co and N co-doped WS_(2)(Co,N-WS_(2))flower-like nanosheets,which exhibits excellent HER performance over a wide pH range.In addition,the DFT calculations show that the active sites in Co,N-WS_(2) have a good ability of hydrogen adsorption after the introduction of Co and N,suggesting that such a co-doping system will be an ideal catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation(ODH).The following experiment results indeed evidence that the Co,N-WS_(2) catalyst displays a high activity in the ODH of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline(4H-quinoline)and its derivatives.Therefore,this work provides a good example for the rational design and accurate preparation of functional catalysts,which enables it possible to develop other efficient catalysts with multiple functions.展开更多
城市供水管网是城市重要的基础设施之一,供水管网的安全高效运行是城市持续、稳定发展的重要保障[1]。本文介绍了利用Info Works WS软件对昆明市草海试验区的供水管网建立水力模型的过程,包括该地区管网的基本情况介绍、基础数据的导入...城市供水管网是城市重要的基础设施之一,供水管网的安全高效运行是城市持续、稳定发展的重要保障[1]。本文介绍了利用Info Works WS软件对昆明市草海试验区的供水管网建立水力模型的过程,包括该地区管网的基本情况介绍、基础数据的导入与处理、模型的建立过程、模型的运行及校核等方面的内容,并针对模型在供水业务日常运营中的具体应用等方面进行探讨。展开更多
文摘Samarahan has transformed from a small village into education hub for the past 2 decades. Rapid development and population growth had led to speedy growth in water demand. The situation is getting worse as the pipes are deteriorating due to pipe aging. Therefore, there is a need to study the adequacy of water supply and relationships among roughness coefficient (C) values in Hazen Williams’ Equation with head loss and water pressure due to pipe aging at Uni-Central, a residential area located at Samarahan Sarawak. Investigations were carried out with Ductile Iron, Abestos Cement and Cast Iron pipes at age categories of 0 - 10 years, 10 - 30 years, 30 - 50 years, 50 - 70 years and >70 years. Six critical nodes named as A, B, C, D, E and F were identified to study the water pressure and head loss. Model was developed with InfoWorks Water Supply (WS) Pro software. The impact of pipe aging and materials to water pressure and head loss was not significant at Nodes A, B, C and F. However, max water pressure at Nodes D and F were only reaching 6.30 m and 7.30 m, respectively for all investigations. Therefore, some improvement works are required. Results also show that Asbestos Cement pipe has the least impact on the head loss and water pressure, followed by Ductile Iron pipe and lastly Cast Iron pipe. Simulation results also revealed that older pipes have higher roughness coefficients, indicated with lower “C” values, thus increase the head loss and reduce the water pressure. In contrast, as “C” values increased, head loss will be reduced and water pressure will be increased.
文摘几乎所有小的气相分子(如H2O,CO2等)均具有独特的近红外吸收光谱,在负压条件下,每种微小的气相分子都拥有一对一的特征光谱线,基于这一原理人们开始使用激光光谱(IRIS)技术来准确分析气体样品中的同位素组成。该方法克服了传统同位素比质谱(isotope ratio mass spectrometry,IRMS)方法的局限性,已经成为公认的高精度、高灵敏度和高准确度的痕量气体检测方法。以大气水汽稳定同位素研究为例,大气水汽稳定同位素组成对水汽源区及其通道上的输送过程等水循环研究有着重要的指示意义。激光光谱技术使得大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素(δ^18O和δD)野外原位连续高分辨率观测成为可能。但是,其观测精度和准确度受仪器运作特点、不同浓度大气水汽对特定光谱吸收性的敏感性差异等因素的影响,通常观测结果具有明显的非线性响应问题。因此,有必要对仪器观测过程中出现的各种偏差进行校正,但现阶段许多用户对新观测技术的国际校正方法尚不清楚。因此,基于波长扫描-光腔衰荡光谱(WS-CRDS)技术的大气水汽同位素观测系统(Picarro L2120-i),通过可调谐二极管激光器(Tunable Diode Laser,TDL)发射可被待测气体分子所吸收的不同波长的激光,测量不同波长下的衰荡时间(即有样品吸收的衰荡时间);TDL发射不能被待测气体吸收的不同波长的激光,测量每个波长下的衰荡时间(相当于无样品吸收的衰荡时间)。通过分析有无样品吸收的衰荡时间差,高精度计算待测气体的分子浓度,进而计算水汽稳定同位素组成。从记忆效应、漂移效应、浓度效应等方面,系统建立了一套准确可靠的大气水汽稳定同位素观测流程与校正方法,为正在使用或将要使用此类设备的研究人员提供参考,以获得高精度和高可靠性的大气水汽稳定同位素观测数据。
文摘为实现南水北调来水和北京本地水的优化调度,保证首都安全稳定供水,需对南水北调配套工程环线输水管网建立水力模型,掌握管网的实时运行状况。介绍了应用Info Works WS软件建立该工程环线输水管网模型的过程,包括工程基本情况介绍、数据需求及处理、模型创建及校核和模型维护等方面的内容,并对应用该模型计算得到的结果数据和设计资料数据进行了对比分析研究,发现该模型可以较好地进行管网实时流量模拟。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21771003,51902003,and 21501004)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(No.GXXT-2021-020)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.2008085QB53)the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province Education Department(No.KJ2019A0581).
文摘In the field of electrolysis of water,the design and synthesis of catalysts over a wide pH range have attracted extensive attentions.In this paper,Co and N are co-introduced into the structural unit of tungsten disulfide(WS_(2)),and the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performances of different WS_(2)-based catalysts are theoretically predicted and systematically studied by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.With the guidance of DFT calculations,an evaporation-pyrolysis strategy is applied to prepare Co and N co-doped WS_(2)(Co,N-WS_(2))flower-like nanosheets,which exhibits excellent HER performance over a wide pH range.In addition,the DFT calculations show that the active sites in Co,N-WS_(2) have a good ability of hydrogen adsorption after the introduction of Co and N,suggesting that such a co-doping system will be an ideal catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation(ODH).The following experiment results indeed evidence that the Co,N-WS_(2) catalyst displays a high activity in the ODH of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline(4H-quinoline)and its derivatives.Therefore,this work provides a good example for the rational design and accurate preparation of functional catalysts,which enables it possible to develop other efficient catalysts with multiple functions.
文摘城市供水管网是城市重要的基础设施之一,供水管网的安全高效运行是城市持续、稳定发展的重要保障[1]。本文介绍了利用Info Works WS软件对昆明市草海试验区的供水管网建立水力模型的过程,包括该地区管网的基本情况介绍、基础数据的导入与处理、模型的建立过程、模型的运行及校核等方面的内容,并针对模型在供水业务日常运营中的具体应用等方面进行探讨。
