Saltwater intrusion caused by groundwater over-exploitation from coastal aquifers poses a severe problem in many regions. The Fum Al Wad aquifer is located between Atlantic Ocean in the West and Laayoun in the East. T...Saltwater intrusion caused by groundwater over-exploitation from coastal aquifers poses a severe problem in many regions. The Fum Al Wad aquifer is located between Atlantic Ocean in the West and Laayoun in the East. This aquifer covers an area of 250 Km2, and represents an essential water resource for Laayoun city and the periphery regions. It is heavily exploited for water supply, agriculture and industry. The freshwater-saltwater interface is affected by groundwater extraction by public supplies, irrigation wells, and domestic wells in the coastal of this aquifer. The position of the interface is controlled by several factors: these include precipitation, recharge rate, dryness, evapotranspiration, hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head. Landward migration of the interface freshwater-saltwater often results in a significant decrease in the water resources available for coastal communities. The volume pumped by public for irrigation and the domestic usage in 2010-2011 is estimated 2.5 Mm3/year, and in 2015 about 2.91 Mm3/year only for domestic usages. The objectives of this work are to model the groundwater flow and saltwater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Fum Al Wad, by SEAWAT-2000 program which coupled both the version of MODFLOW-2000 and MT3DMS. They are designed to simulate variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in three dimensions. The model is calibrated for hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, porosity, and recharge rate as well as dispersivity coefficient. The result of simulation of the hydrodynamic model during the period of 1986-2015 has revealed a piezometric drawdown with 2.3 m approximately at the level of the pumping zone. Furthermore, this piezometric depression is caused by excessive pumping of the various uses of water and its corresponding that has resulted in the migration of the saltwater intrusion into freshwater with 4.3 km approximately. The simulations result for scenarios 2020 and 2030 of Fum Al Wad aquifer showed a vertical decrease of the piezometric head (about 2.5 m) in 2030, but the saltwater intrusion has advanced diagonally to reach 4.7 km under the freshwater of groundwater of this aquifer.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on ch...A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes;irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.展开更多
Objective:To investigate correlates of resistance to G1 nematode infection in Nigerian West African dwarf(WAD) sheep.Methods:Thirty three sheep were randomly assigned to two groups, A(n=27) which were used for experim...Objective:To investigate correlates of resistance to G1 nematode infection in Nigerian West African dwarf(WAD) sheep.Methods:Thirty three sheep were randomly assigned to two groups, A(n=27) which were used for experimental infections,and B(n=6) which served as uninfected control.Each infected animal received weekly escalating infections with infective larvae(60% Haemonchus contortus(H.contortus) and 40%Trichostrongylus colubriformis(T.eolubriformis) for 4 weeks.The responses of all the infected and control sheep were assessed by faecal egg count(FEC),worm burden(Wb),packed cell volume(PCV),body weight(Bwt).and body condition score(BCS).On the basis of their individual faecal egg output,Lambs in group A with epg≤1 000 on any sampling day were classified as low faecal egg count(LFEC) phenotype(n = 16),those with epg between 1 000 and 10 000 as intermediate(n=5) and lambs with epg 】 10 000 as high feacal egg count(HFEC) phenotype(n=6).Results:The difference between the FEC classes was highly significant(P=0.001).The BCS and weight gained at the end of the experiment by the control and LFEC sheep was significandy higher(P≤0.05) than those of the intermediate and HFEC phenotypes.There was a significant and negative correlation between the parasitological measures and the trio of BCS,PCV and Bwt of sheep.Conclusions:The result of the study indicated that the FEC,weight gain,PCV,and BCS are correlates and potential selection crileria of G1 nematode resistant WAD sheep.展开更多
West African Dwarf (WAD) goats represent one of the predominant small ruminant breeds raised by resource-limited households in southern Nigeria as well as in the humid west and central Africa. This breed of goats is r...West African Dwarf (WAD) goats represent one of the predominant small ruminant breeds raised by resource-limited households in southern Nigeria as well as in the humid west and central Africa. This breed of goats is renowned for its adaptation to hot and humid environments, high fertility and prolificacy under backyard systems where they are raised almost with zero investment. On account of its contributions to household income and food security in southern Nigeria, there is the need for a detailed phenotypic and genetic characterization as well as the design of breeding strategies for its conservation through sustainable utilization. A critical challenge, however, is that there are no national breeding policies in most of the countries where WAD goats are raised. The objectives of this paper are: to review literature reports on trait-level information and estimates of genetic parameters for some economic characters of WAD goats;and to discuss a communal breeding scheme for its conservation through sustainable utilization. The presentation shows that WAD goats represent a highly diverse population, with particular reference to qualitative and performance-related traits, reflecting the role of traditional institutions in the maintenance of animal diversity in local populations. A genetic improvement programme involving dispersed open nucleus breeding scheme was discussed. The scheme involves backyard WAD goat units in villages as base population and dispersed communally managed schemes that maintain a population of bucks only, as nucleus units. Critical issues such as the definition of breeding goals by farmers, as well as communal project ownership, are emphasized. The ultimate goal of the breeding programme is to create opportunities for community-based management of WAD goat genetic resources for the benefit of backyard goat farmers in the region.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> The Work-As-Imagined (WAI) is a plan that is expected to be performed before surgery, and the Work-As-Done (WAD) is the result of work actually done. In order to perform safe a...<strong>Background:</strong> The Work-As-Imagined (WAI) is a plan that is expected to be performed before surgery, and the Work-As-Done (WAD) is the result of work actually done. In order to perform safe and high-quality surgery for the individual surgeon, the surgical team, and hospital organization as a system, we have to reconcile the WAI and the WAD in resilience engineering for the real world of surgical healthcare. <strong>Objective:</strong> Based on the resilient healthcare theory, we would like to clarify the actual way of reconciling the WAI and WAD in surgery. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> As a typical model of thoracic surgery, we use a lobectomy case for lung cancer. We describe a surgeon’s WAI and WAD, and we explain the anticipating, monitoring, responding, and learning based on the resilient healthcare theory. We reveal the gaps between the WAI and WAD during an operation, we consider the surgeon’s thinking and actual performance, and we describe the actual way of reconciling the WAI and WAD for the surgeon and surgical team. <strong>Outcomes:</strong> We described three scenes in the operating room, which are 1) by individual surgeon: adjustment for intrathoracic adhesion;2) by surgical team: adjustment for pulmonary artery bleeding;and 3) by surgical team with multi-professionals in the operating room: adjustment for life threatening pulmonary artery critical bleeding. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In order to implement a resilient healthcare theory in everyday surgical work, it is important that 1) learning of incidents and the experience of doing well for unexpected events as lessons, and 2) constructing a circulation mechanism of anticipating, monitoring, responding, and learning.展开更多
The coastal plain aquifer down gradient of Wad Essaquia Elhamra(WEE),is the main source of groundwater in the arid region of Laayoune Essaquia El Hamra located in south of Morocco.The over-exploitation of this aquifer...The coastal plain aquifer down gradient of Wad Essaquia Elhamra(WEE),is the main source of groundwater in the arid region of Laayoune Essaquia El Hamra located in south of Morocco.The over-exploitation of this aquifer over the last decade for water supply,agriculture and industry led to deterioration of groundwater quality,including seawater intrusion.The objective of this study is to investigate the spatial variation of groundwater quality,and to assess the influence of sea water intrusion on the groundwater quality using hydro-chemical tools.Several measurement campaigns of physico-chemical parameters of the groundwater were performed,which shows a very high mineralization ratios versus chloride,confirming the double influence of mixing mechanisms of fresh and saline waters and the water-rock interactions.Computed seawater fraction for sampled water shows that the average mixing rate of seawater intrusion reached 10.5%,confirming the marine intrusion in the aquifer.The highest values were registered in coastal wells.In the upstream around Laayoune and the spreading area,nitrate concentrations exceed 50 mg/L which is the threshold set by the World Health Organization,revealing a high level of contamination by domestic sewage.The combination of ionic ratios and seawater fraction is a useful tool to assess marine intrusion.This study reveals that the phenomenon of marine intrusion is not the only process that dominates hydrochemistry of ground water.The high groundwater mineralization is also due to rockwater interaction associated with reverse ion exchange with clay material and anthropogenic pollutants.展开更多
Objective:To assess the correlation between expectations of recovery and whiplash patients' perceptions of injury severity using a simplified instrument.Expectations of recovery have been shown to predict rate of ...Objective:To assess the correlation between expectations of recovery and whiplash patients' perceptions of injury severity using a simplified instrument.Expectations of recovery have been shown to predict rate of recovery from whiplash injury in population-based studies.The perception of having more severe pathology or more ominous diagnostic labels has also been associated with a worse prognosis.Methods:Consecutive patients with whiplash-associated disorder grade 1 or 2,presenting in the acute stage to a primary care centre,were asked "do you think that your injury will…" with response options "get better soon;get better slowly;never get better;don't know." Injury severity perception (ISP) was measured with a numerical rating scale which ranged from 0-10,on which subjects were asked to rate how severe (in terms of damage) they thought their injury was.The anchors were labeled "no damage" (0) and "severe,and maybe permanent damage" (10).The primary outcome measure was the correlation between the subject's ISP score and expectation of recovery.Results:A total of 94 subjects (34 males,60 females,and mean age (40.6±10.0) years,range 19-60 years) were included.The initial responses to expectation of recovery were:get better soon (29/94);get better slowly (22/94);never get better (11/94);don't know (32/94).The mean ISP score was 4.9±1.7 (range 2-9 out of 10).There was a high correlation between expectations and ISP scores (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 0.68).Those who expected to recover soon and those who expected to get better slowly had the lowest ISP scores.Conclusions:The more slowly whiplash patients expect to recover,or the less sure they are of recovery,the more severe their initial perceptions of injury.展开更多
Flower-like manganese wad（MW） with high activity was synthesized via ultrasonic-assisted redox reaction of sole manganese salt MnO4-.MW was characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM...Flower-like manganese wad（MW） with high activity was synthesized via ultrasonic-assisted redox reaction of sole manganese salt MnO4-.MW was characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）.The experimental results indicate that the maximum decolorization rate of Congo red（CR） reached above 95％ within 15 min in a wide pH range from 2.0 to 6.0.Results also show that MW has excellent decolorization performance for azo dye CR which implies potential application for removing dye pollutants from industrial effluents.展开更多
文摘Saltwater intrusion caused by groundwater over-exploitation from coastal aquifers poses a severe problem in many regions. The Fum Al Wad aquifer is located between Atlantic Ocean in the West and Laayoun in the East. This aquifer covers an area of 250 Km2, and represents an essential water resource for Laayoun city and the periphery regions. It is heavily exploited for water supply, agriculture and industry. The freshwater-saltwater interface is affected by groundwater extraction by public supplies, irrigation wells, and domestic wells in the coastal of this aquifer. The position of the interface is controlled by several factors: these include precipitation, recharge rate, dryness, evapotranspiration, hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head. Landward migration of the interface freshwater-saltwater often results in a significant decrease in the water resources available for coastal communities. The volume pumped by public for irrigation and the domestic usage in 2010-2011 is estimated 2.5 Mm3/year, and in 2015 about 2.91 Mm3/year only for domestic usages. The objectives of this work are to model the groundwater flow and saltwater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Fum Al Wad, by SEAWAT-2000 program which coupled both the version of MODFLOW-2000 and MT3DMS. They are designed to simulate variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in three dimensions. The model is calibrated for hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, porosity, and recharge rate as well as dispersivity coefficient. The result of simulation of the hydrodynamic model during the period of 1986-2015 has revealed a piezometric drawdown with 2.3 m approximately at the level of the pumping zone. Furthermore, this piezometric depression is caused by excessive pumping of the various uses of water and its corresponding that has resulted in the migration of the saltwater intrusion into freshwater with 4.3 km approximately. The simulations result for scenarios 2020 and 2030 of Fum Al Wad aquifer showed a vertical decrease of the piezometric head (about 2.5 m) in 2030, but the saltwater intrusion has advanced diagonally to reach 4.7 km under the freshwater of groundwater of this aquifer.
文摘A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes;irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.
文摘Objective:To investigate correlates of resistance to G1 nematode infection in Nigerian West African dwarf(WAD) sheep.Methods:Thirty three sheep were randomly assigned to two groups, A(n=27) which were used for experimental infections,and B(n=6) which served as uninfected control.Each infected animal received weekly escalating infections with infective larvae(60% Haemonchus contortus(H.contortus) and 40%Trichostrongylus colubriformis(T.eolubriformis) for 4 weeks.The responses of all the infected and control sheep were assessed by faecal egg count(FEC),worm burden(Wb),packed cell volume(PCV),body weight(Bwt).and body condition score(BCS).On the basis of their individual faecal egg output,Lambs in group A with epg≤1 000 on any sampling day were classified as low faecal egg count(LFEC) phenotype(n = 16),those with epg between 1 000 and 10 000 as intermediate(n=5) and lambs with epg 】 10 000 as high feacal egg count(HFEC) phenotype(n=6).Results:The difference between the FEC classes was highly significant(P=0.001).The BCS and weight gained at the end of the experiment by the control and LFEC sheep was significandy higher(P≤0.05) than those of the intermediate and HFEC phenotypes.There was a significant and negative correlation between the parasitological measures and the trio of BCS,PCV and Bwt of sheep.Conclusions:The result of the study indicated that the FEC,weight gain,PCV,and BCS are correlates and potential selection crileria of G1 nematode resistant WAD sheep.
文摘West African Dwarf (WAD) goats represent one of the predominant small ruminant breeds raised by resource-limited households in southern Nigeria as well as in the humid west and central Africa. This breed of goats is renowned for its adaptation to hot and humid environments, high fertility and prolificacy under backyard systems where they are raised almost with zero investment. On account of its contributions to household income and food security in southern Nigeria, there is the need for a detailed phenotypic and genetic characterization as well as the design of breeding strategies for its conservation through sustainable utilization. A critical challenge, however, is that there are no national breeding policies in most of the countries where WAD goats are raised. The objectives of this paper are: to review literature reports on trait-level information and estimates of genetic parameters for some economic characters of WAD goats;and to discuss a communal breeding scheme for its conservation through sustainable utilization. The presentation shows that WAD goats represent a highly diverse population, with particular reference to qualitative and performance-related traits, reflecting the role of traditional institutions in the maintenance of animal diversity in local populations. A genetic improvement programme involving dispersed open nucleus breeding scheme was discussed. The scheme involves backyard WAD goat units in villages as base population and dispersed communally managed schemes that maintain a population of bucks only, as nucleus units. Critical issues such as the definition of breeding goals by farmers, as well as communal project ownership, are emphasized. The ultimate goal of the breeding programme is to create opportunities for community-based management of WAD goat genetic resources for the benefit of backyard goat farmers in the region.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> The Work-As-Imagined (WAI) is a plan that is expected to be performed before surgery, and the Work-As-Done (WAD) is the result of work actually done. In order to perform safe and high-quality surgery for the individual surgeon, the surgical team, and hospital organization as a system, we have to reconcile the WAI and the WAD in resilience engineering for the real world of surgical healthcare. <strong>Objective:</strong> Based on the resilient healthcare theory, we would like to clarify the actual way of reconciling the WAI and WAD in surgery. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> As a typical model of thoracic surgery, we use a lobectomy case for lung cancer. We describe a surgeon’s WAI and WAD, and we explain the anticipating, monitoring, responding, and learning based on the resilient healthcare theory. We reveal the gaps between the WAI and WAD during an operation, we consider the surgeon’s thinking and actual performance, and we describe the actual way of reconciling the WAI and WAD for the surgeon and surgical team. <strong>Outcomes:</strong> We described three scenes in the operating room, which are 1) by individual surgeon: adjustment for intrathoracic adhesion;2) by surgical team: adjustment for pulmonary artery bleeding;and 3) by surgical team with multi-professionals in the operating room: adjustment for life threatening pulmonary artery critical bleeding. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In order to implement a resilient healthcare theory in everyday surgical work, it is important that 1) learning of incidents and the experience of doing well for unexpected events as lessons, and 2) constructing a circulation mechanism of anticipating, monitoring, responding, and learning.
文摘The coastal plain aquifer down gradient of Wad Essaquia Elhamra(WEE),is the main source of groundwater in the arid region of Laayoune Essaquia El Hamra located in south of Morocco.The over-exploitation of this aquifer over the last decade for water supply,agriculture and industry led to deterioration of groundwater quality,including seawater intrusion.The objective of this study is to investigate the spatial variation of groundwater quality,and to assess the influence of sea water intrusion on the groundwater quality using hydro-chemical tools.Several measurement campaigns of physico-chemical parameters of the groundwater were performed,which shows a very high mineralization ratios versus chloride,confirming the double influence of mixing mechanisms of fresh and saline waters and the water-rock interactions.Computed seawater fraction for sampled water shows that the average mixing rate of seawater intrusion reached 10.5%,confirming the marine intrusion in the aquifer.The highest values were registered in coastal wells.In the upstream around Laayoune and the spreading area,nitrate concentrations exceed 50 mg/L which is the threshold set by the World Health Organization,revealing a high level of contamination by domestic sewage.The combination of ionic ratios and seawater fraction is a useful tool to assess marine intrusion.This study reveals that the phenomenon of marine intrusion is not the only process that dominates hydrochemistry of ground water.The high groundwater mineralization is also due to rockwater interaction associated with reverse ion exchange with clay material and anthropogenic pollutants.
文摘Objective:To assess the correlation between expectations of recovery and whiplash patients' perceptions of injury severity using a simplified instrument.Expectations of recovery have been shown to predict rate of recovery from whiplash injury in population-based studies.The perception of having more severe pathology or more ominous diagnostic labels has also been associated with a worse prognosis.Methods:Consecutive patients with whiplash-associated disorder grade 1 or 2,presenting in the acute stage to a primary care centre,were asked "do you think that your injury will…" with response options "get better soon;get better slowly;never get better;don't know." Injury severity perception (ISP) was measured with a numerical rating scale which ranged from 0-10,on which subjects were asked to rate how severe (in terms of damage) they thought their injury was.The anchors were labeled "no damage" (0) and "severe,and maybe permanent damage" (10).The primary outcome measure was the correlation between the subject's ISP score and expectation of recovery.Results:A total of 94 subjects (34 males,60 females,and mean age (40.6±10.0) years,range 19-60 years) were included.The initial responses to expectation of recovery were:get better soon (29/94);get better slowly (22/94);never get better (11/94);don't know (32/94).The mean ISP score was 4.9±1.7 (range 2-9 out of 10).There was a high correlation between expectations and ISP scores (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 0.68).Those who expected to recover soon and those who expected to get better slowly had the lowest ISP scores.Conclusions:The more slowly whiplash patients expect to recover,or the less sure they are of recovery,the more severe their initial perceptions of injury.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation of USA（No.1067947）.
文摘Flower-like manganese wad（MW） with high activity was synthesized via ultrasonic-assisted redox reaction of sole manganese salt MnO4-.MW was characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）.The experimental results indicate that the maximum decolorization rate of Congo red（CR） reached above 95％ within 15 min in a wide pH range from 2.0 to 6.0.Results also show that MW has excellent decolorization performance for azo dye CR which implies potential application for removing dye pollutants from industrial effluents.
