Triatomic wake effect and the determination of the molecular structure of HD_2^+ from the Coulomb explosion

A new theoretical model of the triatomic molecular wake effect is proposed and applied to molecular ions D^＋3 and HD^＋2 while passing through a solid. The wake effects resulting from the reactions of the two similar ions with thin carbon foil are also investigated by using the Coulomb explosion technique. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical estimates and the molecular structure of HD^＋2 is determined by using the model.

Review on Research about Wake Effects of Offshore Wind Turbines

In recent years,the construction of offshore wind farms is developing rapidly.As the wake effect of the upstream wind turbines seriously affect the performance of the downstream wind turbines,the wake effect of offshore wind turbines has become one of the research hotspots.First,this article reviews the research methods of wake effects,including CFD numerical simulation method,wind turbine wake model based on roughness and engineering wake models.However,there is no general model that can be used directly.Then it puts forward some factors that affect the wake of offshore wind turbines.The turbulence intensity in offshore wind fields is lower than that in onshore wind fields.This makes the wake recovery length of offshore wind turbines longer than that of onshore wind turbines.Floating offshore wind turbines are simultaneously disturbed by wind loads and wave loads.Unsteady movement of the platform caused by wave loads.It affects the development and changes of the wake of wind turbines.In this regard,the focus of research on the wake effects of offshore wind farms will be the proposal of accurate prediction models for the wake effects of sea wind farms.

Exergy Analysis of Single Array Wind Farm Using Wake Effects

The influence of wake parameters on the exergy analysis of single array wind farm is studied in this paper. Key parameters which influence wake effects in a wind farm are wind velocity, tip speed ratio, number of blades, rotor speed, rotor diameter and hub height. Three different models namely power, wake and exergy model were used in estimating the exergy efficiency of the single array wind farm. Even though it is ideal for wind farms to fix the wind turbines in rows and columns the conditions of the site may not always be condu- cive for it. Hence analysis has been done keeping the wind turbines at random in a row and the effect of positioning on the performance is analyzed. Energy and exergy efficiency calculations were made for different cases by varying the positions of wind turbines in the single array wind farm. Standard relations were used in estimating the energy deficit in the wind farm due to wake effects. The wake effects were found to have an aggregated influence on the energy production of the wind farm, which results from the changes in the key parameters mentioned above. Potential areas for reducing energy losses by proper location and selection of turbines based on rating are highlighted. The influence of individual parameters contributing to the wake ef-fect were analyzed and discussed in detail.

Power quality assessment in different wind power plant models considering wind turbine wake effects

The intense increase in the installed capacity of wind farms has required a computationally efficient dynamic equivalent model of wind farms.Various types of wind-farm modelling aim to identify the accuracy and simulation time in the presence of the power system.In this study,dynamic simulation of equivalent models of a sample wind farm,including single-turbine representation,multiple-turbine representation,quasi-multiple-turbine representation and full-turbine representation models,are performed using a doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine model developed in DIgSILENT software.The developed doubly-fed induction generator model in DIgSILENT is intended to simulate inflow wind turbulence for more accurate performance.The wake effects between wind turbines for the fullturbine representation and multiple-turbine representation models have been considered using the Jensen method.The developed model improves the extraction power of the turbine according to the layout of the wind farm.The accuracy of the mentioned methods is evaluated by calculating the output parameters of the wind farm,including active and reactive powers,voltage and instantaneous flicker intensity.The study was carried out on a sample wind farm,which included 39 wind turbines.The simulation results confirm that the computational loads of the single-turbine representation(STR),the multiple-turbine representation and the quasi-multiple-turbine representation are 1/39,1/8 and 1/8 times the full-turbine representation model,respectively.On the other hand,the error of active power(voltage)with respect to the full-turbine representation model is 74.59%(1.31%),43.29%(0.31%)and 7.19%(0.11%)for the STR,the multiple-turbine representation and the quasi-multiple representation,respectively.

Smart load control of the large-scale offshore wind turbine blades subject to wake effect

The smart fatigue load control of a large-scale wind turbine blade subject to wake effect was numerically investigated in this paper. The performances were evaluated and compared at selected typical wind speeds within the whole operational region under three turbine layout strategies, i.e., column, row and array arrangements, together with a single turbine case as reference, utilizing our newly developed aero-servo-elastic platform. It was observed that not only the blade fatigue loads but the stabilities of power and collective pitch angle were effectively controlled for all cases, especially at the highest studied hub velocity of20 m/s, leading to the averaged reduction percentages in the standard deviations of the flapwise root moment, the flapwise tip deflection and the root damage equivalent load, of about 30.0 %, 20.0 % and 20.0 %, respectively. Furthermore, the control effectiveness gradually lessened in the sequences of single, column, row and array cases, with successively increasing effective turbulence intensity,within regions II and III. The performances in region III,associated with the impaired flow separation on the blade by the effective pitching action, were much better than those in region II, related to enhanced flow detachment. In addition,at the rated wind velocity, the control for the array case was superior over other three cases, which was thought to be originated from the more pitch activities to impair the uncontrolled flow separation on the blade surface.

Study on the Wake Shape behind a Wing in Ground Effect Using an Unsteady Discrete Vortex Panel Method

The unsteady evolution of trailing vortex sheets behind a wing in ground effect is simulated using an unsteady discrete vortex panel method. The ground effect is included by image method. The present method is validated by comparing the simulated wake roll-up shapes to published numerical results. When a wing is flying in a very close proximity to the ground, the optimal wing loading is parabolic rather than elliptic. Thus, a theoretical model of wing load distributions is suggested, and unsteady vortex evolutions behind lifting lines with both elliptic and parabolic load distributions are simulated for several ground heights. For a lifting line with elliptic and parabolic loading, the ground has the effect of moving the wingtip vortices laterally outward and suppressing the development of the vortex. When the wing is in a very close proximity to the ground, the types of wing load distributions does not affect much on the overall wake shapes, but parabolic load distributions make the wingtip vortices move more laterally outward than the elliptic load distributions.

The assessment of extactable tidal energy and the effect of tidal energy turbine deployment on the hydrodynamics in Zhoushan

In this study, we construct one 2-dimensional tidal simulation, using an unstructured Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model （FVCOM）. In the 2-D model, we simulated the tidal turbines through adding additional bottom drag in the element where the tidal turbines reside. The additional bottom drag was calculated from the relationship of the bottom friction dissipation and the rated rotor efficiency of the tidal energy turbine. This study analyzed the effect of the tidal energy turbine to the hydrodynamic environment, and calculated the amount of the extractable tidal energy resource at the Guishan Hangmen Channel, considering the rotor wake effect.

考虑大气稳定度的风电场等效粗糙度模型研究

目前模型未充分考虑大气稳定度的影响,针对该问题,在不同大气稳定度下,通过建立风电场边界层的动量平衡关系和揭示风电场的流动不均匀性,提出一种适用于不同大气稳定度的风电场等效粗糙度模型。采用大涡模拟方法对所提模型进行验证,结果显示该方法能有效评估大气稳定度对风电场流动不均匀性以及等效粗糙度的影响,所得等效粗糙度平均误差约10%。

考虑尾流效应的风电场分群综合惯性控制研究

为解决尾流效应导致风电场风速分布不均匀、风电场单机等值模型不能进行精准综合惯性控制的问题,提出一种风电场分群综合惯性控制策略。该策略以具备相近调频能力为机组分群原则,定义调频能力因子作为分群指标,通过聚类算法对机组进行动态分群;综合惯性控制环建立以系统频率偏差量、系统频率变化率为输入,惯性控制比例系数、惯性控制微分系数为输出的模糊自适应综合惯性控制器,进而实现风电场分群综合惯性控制。仿真结果表明,所提出的分群指标是有效的,建立的风电场多机等值模型较准确地体现了各机组群的调频能力,且建立的风电场分群综合惯性控制策略可以提供更为可靠的惯性支撑。

计及尾流效应的风电场短路故障动态等值建模

快速、准确分析大型风电场短路特性具有重要的工程应用价值,而尾流效应影响下风电场各机组短路特性差异大,需建立风电场短路故障时等值模型.提出一种考虑尾流效应影响的风电场短路故障动态等值方法,首先定义尾流效应因子反映机组受尾流效应影响程度,并采用尾流效应因子作为分组依据,缩小尾流效应影响下组内各机组运行状态差异性.为提高非对称短路故障下的等值模型有效性,分析风电场短路时正、负、零三序网络的构成,提出适用于零序集电网络的等值方法,搭建平台并加以验证.仿真结果表明,该风电场短路故障动态等值模型能准确反映尾流效应影响下风电场有功、无功短路输出特性.

大基地风电场“以大代小”等容量排布方案分析

“以大代小”是风电项目进行等容或扩容改造升级常用的一种方式。以大基地风电场为研究对象,探究针对大基地项目进行“以大代小”技术改造的规划方案。将大基地风电场划分为9个待改造区域,分别采用两种改造方案,从机组单机容量、机组轮毂高度、改造区域机组对周边机组的尾流影响等几个关键因素入手,分析这些因素对场区发电量的影响及发电量提升效果,进而得到最优的改造机型和布局规划。研究结果表明,保持轮毂高度不变,提升单机容量,发电量增加幅度并不显著。当抬升轮毂高度且提升机组单机容量时,发电量提升效果较为明显。当选取的轮毂高度与周边机组轮毂高度较为接近时,随着改造区域单机容量增大,对周边机组的尾流影响越大,影响最大的为处于改造区域下风向的机组,影响最小的通常为处于改造区域上风向的机组。抬升轮毂高度,随着单机容量的提升,发电量提升效果较为显著。根据大基地风电场的实际风资源条件,在场区中间区域适当抬升轮毂高度,可以提升发电量并减少对周边风电场的尾流影响。等容量技术改造时,应优先选择高塔架大兆瓦机组进行改造。

固体火箭尾流场对舱体冲击效应研究

火箭燃气射流对搭载平台的冲击效应是搭载平台表面防护和结构设计的重要依据。为研究不同射角下高速射流对舱体的冲击效果,基于有限体积法,采用SST k-ω湍流模型,建立固体火箭发射过程的三维仿真物理模型。分别在70°射角和56°射角工况下,对固体火箭发动机喷出的燃气射流进行数值模拟,得到了不同时刻射流的特性以及两射角下舱体上表面受射流影响情况,分析射流对舱体表面的冲击效应。分析结果表明,射流冲出喷管后在空气中膨胀,形成曲面激波。抵达舱体表面后压缩,产生高温高压区,随后温度和压力沿舱体表面流动逐渐降低。舱体表面温度和压力变化趋势相一致,56°射角时舱体表面温度较低,受到的冲击效应更大。

基于大涡模拟与中尺度数值天气模式的精细化风场模拟

[目的]结合中尺度模型与大涡模拟模型,考虑大气边界层变化,开展了亚公里级的项目机组排布的数值模拟,给海上风机项目在选址排布阶段提供发电效能高的排布方案。[方法]将中尺度数值天气模拟结果转换为大涡模拟模型输入的边界条件,并在大涡模拟模型中引入实际风电场运行的模型参数,进行考虑实际大气边界层变化下的风电场空间的环境风场数值模拟试验,基于风电场收集的观测数据,对本风场精细化模拟方案的结果进行评估。[结果]模拟结果表明:将中尺度天气模型的模拟结果转换为大涡模拟模型能读取的动态驱动并基于该模型对风电场所处的风场进行模拟,其模拟结果能再现在实际风电场中,外部风场流经风电场后,外部风场的变化和在风电机群内所产生的尾流及其对于风电场内部风场的影响,且在风机轮毂处的风速模拟值的均方根误差为1.54 m/s。[结论]该考虑中尺度气象要素变化和风电场对环境风场影响的风场精细化模拟方案可为实际项目设计阶段提供相应的指导。

计及禁区影响的风电场布局优化研究

本研究基于查表法判别风电机组与禁区的相对位置,而后将该方法嵌入基于改进帝王蝶算法的风电场布局优化模型中,求解同时满足禁区约束和输出功率最大化的布局结果。应用本模型优化含禁区的2 km×2 km风电场布局,得到布局方案及其适应度数值。结果表明,优化的布局方案能够有效避开禁区,且相比无禁区情况下的布局,有禁区时布局方案的适应度削弱0.5%。与传统帝王蝶、粒子群算法和差分自适应帝王蝶算法对比,进行30次单独运行,本算法在多次结果中均得到满足约束的布局方案,表现出较好的全局搜索能力以及寻优精度。

头孢曲松钠联合醒脑静治疗小儿化脓性脑膜炎的有效性和安全性

目的 探讨头孢曲松钠联合醒脑静治疗小儿化脓性脑膜炎的有效性和安全性。方法 选取2020年2月至2023年2月收治的小儿化脓性脑膜炎100例,随机数字表法分为对照组和联合组,每组50例。对照组予以头孢曲松钠治疗,联合组予以头孢曲松钠联合醒脑静治疗。对比2组临床疗效、症状缓解时间,治疗前后炎性因子[C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-4(IL-4)、降钙素原(PCT)]、血清相关指标[神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、可溶性B7同源体3(sB7-H3)、一氧化氮(NO)、白细胞计数、糖定量、蛋白定量水平、氯化物]以及用药安全性。结果 联合组治疗总有效率为94.00%高于对照组的80.00%(P<0.05)。联合组患儿体温恢复正常、脑脊液恢复正常、白细胞恢复以及住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组血清CRP、IL-6、IL-4、PCT、NSE、MMP-9、sB7-H3、NO、白细胞计数、蛋白定量水平均低于治疗前,且联合组低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 小儿化脓性脑膜炎采用头孢曲松钠联合醒脑静治疗可有效缩短症状缓解时间,减轻炎性反应,减少神经系统损害,减轻脑脊液压力,治疗安全有效。

风资源精细化测量评估-测风塔塔影效应分析

在风电项目开发中,塔影效应分析至关重要。选用实际风电场测风塔10 min实测风数据,根据风电行业风资源评估标准及国际IEC对于风资源数据评估的要求,借助Windographer软件对同一座测风塔同一高度不同风速仪安装朝向所测风数据进行处理分析。首先对比2个风速仪不同朝向的风速相关性,然后利用标准及软件对塔影效应的风向进行处理,得到风速仪拟合后不受塔影效应影响的风速结果,将其与该风塔塔影效应影响的风速对比,即得塔影效应对风速影响的程度。

A Chaotic Local Search-Based Particle Swarm Optimizer for Large-Scale Complex Wind Farm Layout Optimization

Wind energy has been widely applied in power generation to alleviate climate problems.The wind turbine layout of a wind farm is a primary factor of impacting power conversion efficiency due to the wake effect that reduces the power outputs of wind turbines located in downstream.Wind farm layout optimization(WFLO)aims to reduce the wake effect for maximizing the power outputs of the wind farm.Nevertheless,the wake effect among wind turbines increases significantly as the number of wind turbines increases in the wind farm,which severely affect power conversion efficiency.Conventional heuristic algorithms suffer from issues of low solution quality and local optimum for large-scale WFLO under complex wind scenarios.Thus,a chaotic local search-based genetic learning particle swarm optimizer(CGPSO)is proposed to optimize large-scale WFLO problems.CGPSO is tested on four larger-scale wind farms under four complex wind scenarios and compares with eight state-of-the-art algorithms.The experiment results indicate that CGPSO significantly outperforms its competitors in terms of performance,stability,and robustness.To be specific,a success and failure memories-based selection is proposed to choose a chaotic map for chaotic search local.It improves the solution quality.The parameter and search pattern of chaotic local search are also analyzed for WFLO problems.

基于两步处理的大型海上风电场分布式运行功率优化方法

随着海上风电场逐步走向大型化,尾流效应对风电场发电效率的影响加剧。已有风电场尾流控制方法的计算负荷较大,优化效果有限。对此,基于风电场网络的更新与分簇,提出一种两步功率优化方法。基于海上风电场尾流效应完善网络化定义,提出将优化分为两个阶段以处理优化动作对风电场网络和功率的影响;引入谱聚类方法实现网络分簇,结合改进的平衡优化算法进行高效求解,并通过分簇更新与优化迭代的结合实施两步优化策略。案例仿真结果表明,相对于集中式优化,所提出的方法优化效果接近,求解时间显著缩短;与单步优化相比,在具有复杂尾流关联的场景下,能以增加一定的求解时间为代价,获得更大的功率增益。最后,对不同规模风电场和分簇数量进行了探究,所提出方法对大型海上风电场具有较好的应用前景。

考虑尾流效应和集电系统元件故障的风电场可靠性建模

分析平坦地形和复杂地形下风电机组间尾流效应对风电场输出功率的影响;建立两状态等值风电机组以及五状态断路器、三状态变压器等集电系统元件的可靠性模型,考虑集电系统元件故障对风电场输出功率的影响。运用威布尔分布模拟风速概率分布,对风速、等值风电机组状态、集电系统元件状态等进行非序贯蒙特卡洛抽样,基于MATLAB平台仿真计算。结果表明,尾流效应和集电系统元件故障对风电场的输出功率都有不可忽视的影响,综合考虑二者的风电场可靠性模型提高了对风场输出功率计算的真实性和准确性,评估风电场并网可靠性指标时更为精确、贴近实际。