Mineralogical Zonation of Wall-Rock Alteration in Jiaodong Gold Province, North China

Mineralogical zonation of wall rock alterations in Mesozoic granitoids is summarized from 18 gold deposits in Jiaodong gold province on the Asian mobile continental margin of the west circum Pacific rim. This paper deals with wall rock alterations developed around gold mineralizations of the quartz vein type in granitoids and the wall rock alteration type in granitoid basement contacts along Mesozoic fault zones trending mostly NNE SSW and NE SW. Five alteration zones are distinguished from host rock to ore zone, namely the chloritization and sericitization zone, the hematitization rutilization and microclinization zone, the quartz sericitization zone, the pyrite quartz sericitization zone and the pyrite silicification zone. The former two are outer zones marked by incomplete alteration of first mafic and then felsic minerals of the granitoids, while the later three are inner zones marked by complete alteration of both mafic and felsic minerals of the granitoids leading to retrogressive sericitization and progressive silicification with participation of ore elements. The whole process proceeds under dynamometamorphism with high fugacity of volatiles. Wall rock alteration is the intermediate link between unaltered host rock and ore mineralization both in time and space. Development of the alteration zonation and its mineral composition controls genetic type of mineralization, size and grade of the deposit and location of the ore zones.

GEOCHEMICAL KINETIC SIMULATION ON WALL-ROCK ALTERATION ZONING IN THE BAOBAN GOLD FIELD, SOUTH CHINA

The Baoban gold field, located in the area of Hainan Island, South China, bears three gold de-posits: Tuwaishan, Baoban, and Erjia, which belong to the wall-rock alteration type. In terms of the petrography data, four alteration zones can be recognized from the ore-vein outwards: (1) the silicification zone; (2) the sericitization zone, (3) the chloritization zone; and (4) the calcitization zone. The geochemical kinetic simulation was carried out on sericitization and chloritization . Results of the study showed that the formation of the alteration zones is connected with the properties of hydrothermal fluids: the initial concentration of Al (O H)3, the diffusion coefficient and the velocity of fluid flow. The alteration zones in this field are the result of multiple interaction between hydrothermal fluids and wall rocks.

Characteristics of Element Migration in the Process of Wall-Rock Alteration in the Shibangou Gold Deposit,Western Henan

Abstract The Shibangou gold deposit in western Henan is associated with irregular quartz veinlets occurring in altered shear zones dissecting a dioritic intrusion. The altered shear zones are characterized by silicification, pyritization, sericilization, chloritization and K-feldspar alteration. Zoning of altered rocks adjacent to the Au-bearing quartz veins is obviously exhibited. Fine-grained sulphides and quartz veinlets of different ages and small-scale fissures are widely distributed in the central part of the altered zones. Major mineralization types in this gold deposit are Au-bearing quartz veinlets and altered rocks in the shear zones. Samples were collected from drilling cores according to the alteration zoning and mineralization type and all samples were analyzed for major and trace elements. Mass balance, volume change (fv=97.3–71.9%) and major element variation sequences are studied in terms of major elements. The changes of mobile components (SiO2, K2O, Fe2O3) and CaO) and immobile component (Al2O3) in the wall-rock alteration are discussed. The gold mineralization is associated with the enrichment of As, Ag, Hg and Pb and depletion of Cu and Zn. The study of compositional variation of altered rocks proves to be a very efficient method for defining the extent of wall-rock alteration, fluid activity and mineralization and enrichment.

Effect of Groundwater Radiolysis on the Wall-rock Alteration of Uranium Ore Deposits

Reported for the first the in this paper are the results of simulating experimnts on theγ-irradiation-induced oxidation of Fe2+ under the physicochemical conditions tr= 200℃,P= 50 MPa,Eh= -0.1V, PH=7.2) similar to tfor under which moderate-low temperature hydrothermal uraniumdeposits are formed . Evdence shows that the effect of groundwater radiolysis m to be the majormechanism of wall-rock alteration (hematitizaton ) of hydrothermal uranium deposits.Moreover, adiscussion was made of possible dets of radiolyss of the waterrock system on wall-rock alterationsincluding argillization and decoloration of uranium ore deposits on the basis of the experimentalresults.

Enhancing the spontaneous imbibition rate of water in oil-wet dolomite rocks through boosting a wettability alteration process using carbonated smart brines

Most fractured carbonate oil reservoirs have oil-wet rocks.Therefore,the process of imbibing water from the fractures into the matrix is usually poor or basically does not exist due to negative capillary pressure.To achieve appropriate ultimate oil recovery in these reservoirs,a water-based enhanced oil recovery method must be capable of altering the wettability of matrix blocks.Previous studies showed that carbonated water can alter wettability of carbonate oil-wet rocks toward less oil-wet or neutral wettability conditions,but the degree of modification is not high enough to allow water to imbibe spontaneously into the matrix blocks at an effective rate.In this study,we manipulated carbonated brine chemistry to enhance its wettability alteration features and hence to improve water imbibition rate and ultimate oil recovery upon spontaneous imbibition in dolomite rocks.First,the contact angle and interfacial tension(IFT)of brine/crude oil systems were measured for several synthetic brine samples with different compositions.Thereafter,two solutions with a significant difference in WAI(wettability alteration index)but approximately equal brine/oil IFT were chosen for spontaneous imbibition experiments.In the next step,spontaneous imbibition experiments at ambient and high pressures were conducted to evaluate the ability of carbonated smart water in enhancing the spontaneous imbibition rate and ultimate oil recovery in dolomite rocks.Experimental results showed that an appropriate adjustment of the imbibition brine(i.e.,carbonated smart water)chemistry improves imbibition rate of carbonated water in oil-wet dolomite rocks as well as the ultimate oil recovery.

Multi-scale data joint inversion of minerals and porosity in altered igneous reservoirs—A case study in the South China Sea

There are abundant igneous gas reservoirs in the South China Sea with significant value of research,and lithology classification,mineral analysis and porosity inversion are important links in reservoir evaluation.However,affected by the diverse lithology,complicated mineral and widespread alteration,conventional logging lithology classification and mineral inversion become considerably difficult.At the same time,owing to the limitation of the wireline log response equation,the quantity and accuracy of minerals can hardly meet the exploration requirements of igneous formations.To overcome those issues,this study takes the South China Sea as an example,and combines multi-scale data such as micro rock slices,petrophysical experiments,wireline log and element cutting log to establish a set of joint inversion methods for minerals and porosity of altered igneous rocks.Specifically,we define the lithology and mineral characteristics through core slices and mineral data,and establish an igneous multi-mineral volumetric model.Then we determine element cutting log correction method based on core element data,and combine wireline log and corrected element cutting log to perform the lithology classification and joint inversion of minerals and porosity.However,it is always difficult to determine the elemental eigenvalues of different minerals in inversion.This paper uses multiple linear regression methods to solve this problem.Finally,an integrated inversion technique for altered igneous formations was developed.The results show that the corrected element cutting log are in good agreement with the core element data,and the mineral and porosity results obtained from the joint inversion based on the wireline log and corrected element cutting log are also in good agreement with the core data from X-ray diffraction.The results demonstrate that the inversion technique is applicable and this study provides a new direction for the mineral inversion research of altered igneous formations.

FRACTURE MECHANICS CONDITIONS OF WALLROCK ALTERATION

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Spectrum of fluid/rock alteration in the IOCG system of eastern Gawler Craton

In this paper we present petrology and geochemistry from a range of metasomatically altered rocks within the Eastern Gawler Craton mineralised province of South Australia.The rocks represent four protolith types;granite,basalt,non-carbonate metasediment and calc-silicate metasediment.Alteration paragenesis varies in intensity and between the protolith types.I.The alteration paragenesis of granites has the first pervasive chlorite and the second filled hematite with two generations of chalcopyrite.After the

Hydrothermal Alteration of Basaltic Rocks at Eruptive Vents on Mount Cameroon Volcano, West Africa

The study of changes in rocks due to interaction with hydrothermal fluids at active volcanoes provides insights into wall rock alteration associated with ore deposits formed in the geological past. Therefore, the nature of mineral alteration and chemical changes experienced by wall rocks can be investigated at eruptive sites on active volcanoes and the results used to better constrain ore-forming processes. In this study, we investigated the alteration at eruptive sites at Mount Cameroon volcano. These eruptive vents lie along NE-SW-trending fissures that define the Mount Cameroon rift. The vents are surrounded by cones composed largely of pyroclastic materials and to a lesser extent lava. Fumaroles (volcanic gases) rising through the vents during and after the 1999 eruption have resulted in the alteration of the pyroclastic robble along the fissures and the inner walls of the cones. Consequently, altered basaltic materials are covered with thin films of reddish, yellowish to whitish secondary minerals. These coatings result from an interaction between the surfaces of the basaltic glass with volcanically-derived acidic fluids. Petrographic investigations and XRD analysis of the basalts have identified primary mineral phases, such as olivine, pyroxene (mainly augite) and feldspars. Alteration products revealed include ubiquitous silica as well as gypsum, magnetite, feldspar, alunite and jarosite. Jarosite occurrence indicates that SO2 is the primary volcanically-derived acid source involved in coating formation. High contents of sulfur identified in the basalts indicate that melts at Mount Cameroon can be sulfur saturated as backed by previous melt inclusion data. Whole rock geochemical analysis shows a gain in silica in the altered samples and this ties with the mass balance calculations although minor gains of Al2O3, , MgO, MnO, CaO and K2O are shown by some samples.

Wettability alteration and oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition of smart water and surfactants into carbonates

Naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs have very low oil recovery efficiency owing to their wettability and tightness of matrix.However,smart water can enhance oil recovery by changing the wettability of the carbonate rock surface from oilwet to water-wet,and the addition of surfactants can also change surface wettability.In the present study,the effects of a solution of modified seawater with some surfactants,namely C12 TAB,SDS,and TritonX-100(TX-100),on the wettability of carbonate rock were investigated through contact angle measurements.Oil recovery was studied using spontaneous imbibition tests at 25,70,and 90°C,followed by thermal gravity analysis to measure the amount of adsorbed material on the carbonate surface.The results indicated that Ca2+,Mg2+,and SO42-.ions may alter the carbonate rock wettability from oil-wet to water-wet,with further water wettability obtained at higher concentrations of the ions in modified seawater.Removal of NaCl from the imbibing fluid resulted in a reduced contact angle and significantly enhanced oil recovery.Low oil recoveries were obtained with modified seawater at 25 and 70°C,but once the temperature was increased to 90°C,the oil recovery in the spontaneous imbibition experiment increased dramatically.Application of smart water with C12 TAB surfactant at 0.1 wt%changed the contact angle from 161°to 52°and enhanced oil recovery to 72%,while the presence of the anionic surfactant SDS at 0.1 wt%in the smart water increased oil recovery to 64.5%.The TGA analysis results indicated that the adsorbed materials on the carbonate surface were minimal for the solution containing seawater with C12 TAB at 0.1 wt%(SW+CTAB(0.1 wt%)).Based on the experimental results,a mechanism was proposed for wettability alteration of carbonate rocks using smart water with SDS and C12 TAB surfactants.

Geochemical Characteristics and Significance of Major Elements, Trace Elements and REE in Mineralized Altered Rocks of Large-Scale Tsagaan Suvarga Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposit in Mongolia

The alteration types of the large-scale Tsagaan Suvarga Cu-Mo porphyry deposit mostly comprise stockwork silicification, argillization, quartz-sericite alteration, K-silicate alteration, and propylitization. The mineralized and altered zones from hydrothermal metallogenic center to the outside successively are Cu-bearing stockwork silicification zone, Cu-beating argillized zone, Cu-Mo-bearing quartz-sericite alteration zone, Cu-Mo-bearing K-silicate alteration zone, and pro- pylitization zone. The K-silicate alteration occurred in the early phase, quartz-sericite alteration in the medium phase, and argillization and carbonatization （calcite） in the later phase. Ore-bearing-altered rocks are significantly controlled by the structure and fissure zones of different scales, and NE- and NW-trending fissure zones could probably be the migration pathways of the porphyry hydrothermal system. Results in this study indicated that the less the concentrations of REE, LREE, and HREE and the more the extensive fractionation between LREE and HREE, the closer it is to the center circulatory hydrothermal ore-forming and the more extensive silicification. The exponential relationship between the fractionation of LREE and HREE and the intensity of silicification and K-silicate alteration was found in the Cu-Mo deposit studied. The negative Eu anomaly, normal Eu, positive Eu anomaly and obviously positive Eu anomaly are coincident with the enhancement of Na2O and K2O concentrations gradually, which indicated that Eu anomaly would be significantly controlled by the alkaline metasomatism of the circulatory hydrothermal ore-forming system. Therefore, such characteristics as the positive Eu anomaly, the obvious fractionation between LREE and HREE and their related special alteration lithofacies are suggested to be metallogenic prognostic and exploration indications for Tsagaan Suvarga-style porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in Mongolia and China.

Alteration and mineralization styles of the orogenic disseminated Zhenyuan gold deposit, southeastern Tibet: Contrast with carlin gold deposit

Orogenic disseminated and Carlin gold deposits share much similarity in alteration and mineralization.The disseminated orogenic Zhenyuan Au deposit along the Ailaoshan shear zone,southeastern Tibet,was selected to clarify their difference.The alteration and mineralization from the different lithologies,including meta-quartz sandstone,carbonaceous slate,meta-(ultra)mafic rock,quartz porphyry and lamprophyre were researched.According to the mineral assemblage and replacement relationship in all types of host rocks,two reactions show general control on gold deposition:(1) replacement of earlier magnetite by pyrite and carbonaceous material;(2) alteration of biotite and phlogopite phenocrysts in quartz porphyry and lamprophyre into dolomite/ankerite and sericite.Despite the lamprophyre is volumetrically minor and much less fractured than other host rocks,it contains a large portion of Au reserve,indicating that the chemically active lithology has played a more important role in gold precipitation compared to structure.LA-ICP-MS analysis shows that Au mainly occurs as invisible gold in fine-grained pyrite disseminated in the host rocks,with Au content reaching to 258.95 ppm.The diagenetic core of pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone enriched in Co,Ni,Mo,Ag and Hg is wrapped by hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,As,Sb,Au,Tl,Pb and Bi.Different host rock lithology has much impact on the alteration and mineralization features.Carbonate and sericite in altered lamprophyre show they have higher Mg than those developed in other of host rocks denoting that the carbonate and sericite incorporated Mg from phlogopite phenocrysts in the primary lamprophyre during alteration.The ore fluid activated the diagenetic pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone leading the hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,Mo,Ag,Sb,Te,Hg,Tl,Pb and Bi,but the hydrothermal pyrite in meta-(ultra)mafic rock is enriched in Co and Ni as the meta-(ultra)mafic rock host rock contain high content of Co and Ni.However,Au and As shear similar range in both types of host rocks indicating that these two elements most likely come from the deep source fluid rather than the host rocks.It was shown in the disseminated orogenic gold deposit that similar hydrothermal alteration with mineral assemblage of carbonate (mainly dolomite and ankerite),sericite,pyrite and arsenopyrite develops in all types of host rocks.This is different from the Nevada Carlin type,in which alteration is mainly dissolution and silicification of carbonate host rock.On the other hand,Au mainly occur as invisible gold in both disseminated orogenic and Carlin gold deposits.

Simulation of rock mass balance of two typical altered rocks in Wulong gold deposit of Liaoning, China

Wulong gold deposit hosted in granite and fine-grained d io rite dikes, is a typical gold deposit of quartz vein type. Granite and fine-gra ined diorite dikes in the ore deposit were altered by metallogenic fluid. Based on the altered zoning, the samples of petrochemistry were collected and major an d trace elements were analyzed systematically. Calculation of rock mass balance shows that the major elements (SiO 2, K 2O, P 2O 5, Fe 2O 3) in the two ty pical altered rocks are clearly added into the altered system, and that trace el ements (V, Y, Zr, Ni, Co, Sr) assume an increasing and decreasing tendencies in the altered granite and altered diorite dike, respectively. The fluid/rock ratio s are 30.17-181.00 and 115.44-692.67 respectively for altered granite and alte red diorite dike, they have profoundly effects on metallogenesis.

Estimate of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Hydrothermally Altered Soft Rocks Based on Strength Index Tests

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationships between results of index tests and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) in hydrothermally altered soft rocks of the Upper Miocene, which are typical of the soft rock found in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Index tests were performed using point load testing machine and needle penetrometer with irregular lump specimens under forced-dry, forced-wet, and natural-moist states. The relationships between irregular lump point load strength (IPLS) index and UCS, and needle penetration (NP) index and UCS were “UCS = approximately 19 IPLS index” and “UCS = 0.848 (NP index)0.619”, respectively, in soft rocks with a UCS below 25 MPa. These relationships could be applied to on-site tests of rocks with natural moisture content. The UCS could be calculated from IPLS and NP tests on soft rocks only when UCS was below 25 MPa, using the equations obtained as a result of this study.

金沙江上游白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学行为研究

金沙江构造结合带是典型的板块碰撞作用形成的构造混杂岩带,不仅地质结构复杂,而且发育了工程特性极差的特殊岩土体。本文在金沙江上游白格滑坡成因机理调查与分析过程中,新发现了巨型滑坡体后缘滑壁发育厚度较大、分布较连续的黏土化蚀变岩,是构成滑动带的重要组分。基于相关样品的原位测试和室内系统的物质组成、耐崩解、环形剪切、动三轴等物理力学试验研究,揭示了黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学特性及其在白格滑坡形成演化中的作用。主要结论如下:1)白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩是金沙江构造结合带中蛇绿岩蚀变的产物,蚀变程度高,蚀变系数介于0.64~0.86之间,黏土矿物成分以伊利石为主、伊/蒙混层矿物次之,遇水极易崩解,崩解指数达50%以上;2)黏土化蚀变岩中工程性质最差的是蚀变黏土,水和振动荷载作用下剪切强度弱化显著,含水率由10%增至20%后剪切强度降幅达34%,动强度远小于其静强度,并随着振动次数的增加不断降低,蚀变黏土是促进斜坡岩体结构面贯通、破坏的重要因素;3)白格滑坡滑动面的形成受节理结构面与黏土化蚀变岩联合控制,整体上可分为2种模式:黏土化蚀变岩厚层软弱夹层型和充填节理裂隙贯通型;4)金沙江上游发育的不少巨型高位滑坡与黏土化蚀变岩不良工程特性具有密切的关系,岩体结构与特殊岩性的组合是值得关注的区域性易滑地质结构。以上结论对于青藏高原东缘大江大河岸坡稳定性分析和防灾减灾具有较好的启示意义。

右江盆地大际山U-(Mo)矿床围岩蚀变特征及微量元素迁移规律——对区域内U、Au成生关系的指示

位于扬子地块西南缘的右江盆地,是全球第二大的卡林型Au矿(共伴生有Sb、Hg、Tl异常/矿化)矿集区,有着滇黔桂“金三角”的美誉。值得注意的是,该区除发育Au(-Sb-Hg-Tl)矿床外,还产有大量赋矿岩性和控矿构造相似的U矿床(点),成矿特色鲜明。前人对该区Au矿开展了大量研究,而U矿研究较少,对U、Au的成生关系尚不清楚。基于此,文章选取右江盆地内典型的U矿床——大际山U-(Mo)矿床为研究对象,通过开展岩矿相学研究和地球化学分析,厘定了矿化的围岩蚀变为硫化、沥青质化、磷铝锶石化、硅化和伊利石化,揭示了矿化过程中Re、Tl、Mo、U、Cd、Ni、Co、As、Sb、MREE的相对富集。蚀变矿物组合及元素迁移规律约束大际山U-(Mo)矿床中成矿物质可能来源于牛蹄塘组,成矿流体应为还原性有机流体与地表-近地表酸性、氧化性流体的混合,矿质沉淀发生在低温、酸性、还原环境中。综合分析认为,右江盆地内U、Au分布特征及矿床成因具有明显差异,二者应是不同成矿事件的产物。

宁陕县某金矿地质特征及富集规律

宁陕县某金矿地处秦岭中段南坡山地,金矿体主要赋存在燕山期NE-NNE向破碎蚀变带内的破碎蚀变岩及石英脉体中。目前,该矿正处于勘查阶段,只进行了基本的地质工作,研究程度较低。本文采用激电中梯测量和1:10000土壤化学测量圈定矿体后,通过钻探验证、槽探揭露、地质测量、取样分析等工作,查明金矿地质特征,分析成矿地质条件和矿床形成机制,概括矿物富集规律和找矿标志,为后期外围探矿和深部找矿提供真实可靠的理论依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上奥陶统赵老峪组岩石磁学研究

利用古地磁学手段定量约束华北板块早古生代古地理位置可为原特提斯造山作用及华北板块与冈瓦纳大陆的亲缘性研究提供重要科学依据。但华北板块早古生代以来经历了多期构造运动,其西部鄂尔多斯盆地含丰富油气资源,后期构造运动和油气运移均可能导致其早古生代地层遭受重磁化影响。对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组灰岩、凝灰岩样品进行了系统岩相学、岩石磁学及逐步退磁研究,包括光学显微镜鉴定实验、扫描电镜(SEM)实验、能谱分析(EDS)实验、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)实验、三轴等温热退磁实验、磁化率随温度变化(κ-T)实验、磁滞回线实验、一阶反转曲线(FORC)实验、系统热退磁实验以及热-交混合退磁实验,探讨了各类岩石的主要载磁矿物及其是否具备记录原生剩磁信息的潜能。结果表明:灰岩及凝灰岩样品的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿和(或)胶黄铁矿,部分样品还含少量赤铁矿(含杂质)和针铁矿,矿物颗粒的磁畴类型同时含有SD(单畴)和MD(多畴)两种。结合岩相学及退磁实验结果认为这些主要载磁矿物可能是与后期流体作用(有机质成熟及运移等)有关的次生矿物,其携带的剩磁信号不能直接用于约束板块早古生代古地理位置,或可用于约束鄂尔多斯盆地南缘下古生界油气运移成藏过程。

江西省宜丰县白市化山锂矿床地质特征及矿床成因探讨

白市化山锂矿床为宜丰地区近年新发现的超大型花岗岩型锂矿床,估算Li_(2)O资源量超100万t,平均品位为0.39%。为研究围岩蚀变及探讨矿床成因,在野外地质调查的基础上,开展了岩相学观察和Li_(2)O含量分析。结果表明,白市化山锂矿床成矿岩体为白水洞白云母(二长)花岗岩,与成矿关系密切的蚀变为钠长石化、白(锂)云母化。该矿床围岩蚀变具有明显的分带性,平面上由南西往北东、垂向上自上而下可以划分为强、中、弱钠长石化锂云母化白云母(二长)花岗岩三个蚀变矿化带。该矿床是岩浆高度分异演化使锂等稀有金属逐步富集形成,岩浆期后热液蚀变作用促使Li富集在花岗岩顶部、边部及其外接触带浅色云母中。