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Modellings of Infectious Diseases and Cancers under Wars and Pollution Impacts in Iraq with Reference to a Novel Mathematical Model and Literature Review
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作者 Mohemid Maddallah Al-Jebouri 《Open Journal of Pathology》 2023年第3期126-139,共14页
Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various p... Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point. 展开更多
关键词 Infectious Diseases New Mathematical Model IMMUNITY Environment Antibiotic Resistance WAR POLLUTION Iraq
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Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences
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作者 Kenneth Ray Olson David Richard Speidel 《Open Journal of Soil Science》 2023年第7期295-328,共34页
The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old... The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability. 展开更多
关键词 Ho Chi Minh Trail Khmer Rouge Cambodia Secret American War Pol Pot Killing Fields
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品味《Summer Wars》的夏日温馨——浅析《Summer Wars》中的人物形象及其动人情感 被引量:4
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作者 鲍玉珩 李悦 《电影评介》 2010年第17期37-39,共3页
日本动画《Summer Wars》采取的是人们司空见惯的小人物拯救世界的题材,却铸就了一部直抵观众灵魂的巨作。究其原因在于导演细田守温情而细腻的表达手法,让片中的每一个角色性格都十分鲜活,栩栩如生,跃然银幕,让所有观众都感同身受,爱... 日本动画《Summer Wars》采取的是人们司空见惯的小人物拯救世界的题材,却铸就了一部直抵观众灵魂的巨作。究其原因在于导演细田守温情而细腻的表达手法,让片中的每一个角色性格都十分鲜活,栩栩如生,跃然银幕,让所有观众都感同身受,爱不释手。 展开更多
关键词 角色分析 《Summer wars 人物形象 情感
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Secret Wars
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《计算机光盘软件与应用(COMPUTER ARTS数码艺术)》 2007年第9期94-95,共2页
Hip-hop一族们已经经历多年的MC之战了,那么为什么插画不能给大家提供一个相似的景观呢?Tom Dennis审视Secret Wars中的绘画元素……
关键词 SECRET wars 绘画元素 艺术家 插画技术
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Settlement of Internal Cutthroat Competition Amid IT Group Companies:Away from “Prisoners’ Dilemma” of Price Wars
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作者 陈朝龙 《Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China》 2006年第4期303-306,共4页
Cutthroat competition amid subsidiary companies of IT Group Company due to immanent characteristics of IT industry and grouping management mechanism infringes upon the collective profits. Two ways to avoid cutthroat c... Cutthroat competition amid subsidiary companies of IT Group Company due to immanent characteristics of IT industry and grouping management mechanism infringes upon the collective profits. Two ways to avoid cutthroat competition of group company with game theory are studied: the assessment objective made by IT group company for subsidiary companies focuses on profits not revenue; the supervisory department of group company shall intensify law enforcement strength and give severe punishment against illegal depreciation of the subsidiary company. 展开更多
关键词 IT industry group company subsidiary company price wars game theory
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Smartphone Wars
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作者 Katherine Damer 《ChinAfrica》 2013年第3期36-36,共1页
SMARTPHONE companies are in battle in China, the world's largest smartphone market. While not yet the largest in terms of profit, it surpassed the United States in 2011 to register the world's highest smartphone sal... SMARTPHONE companies are in battle in China, the world's largest smartphone market. While not yet the largest in terms of profit, it surpassed the United States in 2011 to register the world's highest smartphone sales volume, according to Strategy Analytics, an international market research and consulting firm. In this fiercely competitive environment, 展开更多
关键词 PHONE In Smartphone wars
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THE IVORY WARS
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作者 吴赟 《英语自学》 2000年第2期4-6,共3页
象牙,珍贵一如白金,价逾拱璧;可是,富有象牙的纳米比亚诸国却深受其苦。为了保护濒临灭绝的大象,国际公约规定禁止偷猎大象,买卖象牙。于是,蒙此荣幸的象群肆意横行,践踏庄稼,殃及无辜。象牙的财富似近在眼前却又遥不可及,人民遭其祸害... 象牙,珍贵一如白金,价逾拱璧;可是,富有象牙的纳米比亚诸国却深受其苦。为了保护濒临灭绝的大象,国际公约规定禁止偷猎大象,买卖象牙。于是,蒙此荣幸的象群肆意横行,践踏庄稼,殃及无辜。象牙的财富似近在眼前却又遥不可及,人民遭其祸害却无处伸冤。那么,这场象牙之战究竟何去何从呢? 展开更多
关键词 THE IVORY wars 濒临灭绝 纳米比亚
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Africa and the World Wars
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作者 Mauya Omauya 《ChinAfrica》 2014年第8期10-11,共2页
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the First World War and the 75th anniversary of the Second World War. Mauya Omauya a media editor and lecturer in international affairs at Kenya's Moi University, believes tha... This year marks the 100th anniversary of the First World War and the 75th anniversary of the Second World War. Mauya Omauya a media editor and lecturer in international affairs at Kenya's Moi University, believes that from slavery to colonialism and neocolonialism, Africa has been a victim of wars started far from its shores. His views follow: 展开更多
关键词 World Africa and the World wars
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Gastrointestinal problems in modern wars: clinical features and possible mechanisms 被引量:4
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作者 Wei-Feng Wang +3 位作者 Xiao-Xu Guo Yun-Sheng Yang 《Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China)》 CAS 2015年第2期69-77,共9页
Gastrointestinal problems are common during wars, and they have exerted significant adverse effects on the health of service members involved in warfare. The spectrum of digestive diseases has varied during wars of di... Gastrointestinal problems are common during wars, and they have exerted significant adverse effects on the health of service members involved in warfare. The spectrum of digestive diseases has varied during wars of different eras. At the end of the 20 th century, new frontiers of military medical research emerged due to the occurrence of high-tech wars such as the Gulf War and the Kosovo War, in which ground combat was no longer the primary method of field operations. The risk to the military personnel who face trauma has been greatly reduced, but disease and non-battle injuries(DNBIs) such as neuropsychological disorders and digestive diseases seemed to be increased. Data revealed that gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and noncardiac chest pain are common among military personnel during modern wars. In addition, a large number of deployed soldiers and veterans who participated in recent wars presented with chronic gastrointestinal complaints, which fulfilled with the Rome III criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs). It was also noted that many veterans who returned from the Gulf War suffered not only from chronic digestive symptoms but also from neuropsychological dysfunction; however, they also showed symptoms of other systems. Presently, this broad range of unexplained symptoms is known as "Gulf War syndrome". The mechanism that underlies Gulf War syndrome remains unclear, but many factors have been associated with this syndrome such as war trauma, stress, infections, immune dysfunction, radiological factors, anthrax vaccination and so on. Some have questioned if the diagnosis of FGIDs can be reached given the complexity of the military situation. As a result, further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease among military personnel. 展开更多
关键词 Military personnel VETERANS GULF War SYNDROME Functional gastrointestinal disorders IRRITABLE bowel SYNDROME DIARRHEA DYSPEPSIA
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Economic and Political Aspects of Wars and Armed Conflicts
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作者 Milena Palczewska 《Chinese Business Review》 2018年第8期421-429,共9页
War,as a social phenomenon,is studied unofficially by most disciplines of social sciences.This is due to the nature of the war itself,which is an extremely interdisciplinary phenomenon.In common thought,war is associa... War,as a social phenomenon,is studied unofficially by most disciplines of social sciences.This is due to the nature of the war itself,which is an extremely interdisciplinary phenomenon.In common thought,war is associated exclusively with the science of history,but in its essence,this phenomenon also includes economics and political sciences.War undeniably affects the political and economic processes in the state,both in a negative and positive way.Often,also the strategies of the state’s political activities and plans for economic development are conditioned by the occurrence of wars and armed conflicts. 展开更多
关键词 ECONOMY POLITICS WAR armed CONFLICT polemology
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Religious War: Al-Qaradawi During the Wars in Gaza
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作者 Shaul Bartal 《International Relations and Diplomacy》 2015年第2期99-115,共17页
Since Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has already conducted over three wars and a few other operations against Hamas. The last Gaza War lasted 50 days (July 7-August 26, 2014). This artic... Since Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has already conducted over three wars and a few other operations against Hamas. The last Gaza War lasted 50 days (July 7-August 26, 2014). This article shows how this conflict is in actuality a war between Islamic nationalism (represented by Hamas) and Jewish nationalism (represented by Israel). In this constant state of conflict, Hamas is supported by the famous Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a Muslim Brotherhood scholar and the head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars and other well-known Islamic institutions. An analysis of Qaradawi's views on the wars in Gaza explains why jihad in Palestine will continue and why there is no possible compromise solution. According to Qaradawi, the war against Israel is the most important type of jihad in the Arab world today (and not in Syria and Iraq). This is the first and foremost of all Muslim problems and must be supported by all Muslims. The Gaza Strip is only one battlefield in this war. 展开更多
关键词 Gaza War HAMAS Israel Qaradawi Palestine EGYPT Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
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The relationship between interannual dry/wet changes and nomadic wars in the Hexi Corridor region of China during the period 241–1912 A.D.
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作者 Fei TANG Zhilin SHI +2 位作者 Qinhua TIAN Xiaogang DU Yong ZHANG 《Science China Earth Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第6期1922-1931,共10页
The link between climate and war has long been a topic of great scientific and social interest.In this study,we investigate the influence of climate on warfare in China’s Hexi Corridor region since 241 A.D.Using the ... The link between climate and war has long been a topic of great scientific and social interest.In this study,we investigate the influence of climate on warfare in China’s Hexi Corridor region since 241 A.D.Using the superposed epoch analysis of tree-ring data and historical war data,we observe a notable correlation between interannual dry-wet variations and wars instigated by nomadic groups in the Hexi Corridor.However,this relationship is dynamic and influenced by the region’s relative unity.During periods in which the Hexi Corridor was ruled by multiple regimes,wars tended to follow dry climatic conditions,which may be due to the fact that unusual drought during these periods likely heightened competition for resources and land.Conversely,during times of regional unity,wars were more likely to occur when climatic conditions were wet because the expansion of rangelands and the accumulation of resources helped fuel the nomads’outward conquest.These findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between war and climate change.To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this relationship,continuous,high-resolution historical temperature and humidity datasets with broader and more uniform coverage are needed across multiple regions.In addition,collecting and examining disaggregated historical war data for regions with distinct characteristics is essential. 展开更多
关键词 DROUGHT Interannual dry and wet variations WAR The Hexi Corridor Tree ring Nomadic groups
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Quantitative analysis of the impact of droughts and floods on internal wars in China over the last 500 years 被引量:3
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作者 Harry F.LEE David D.ZHANG +2 位作者 PEI Qing JIA Xin Ricci P.H.YUE 《Science China Earth Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第12期2078-2088,共11页
Although many large-N quantitative studies have evidenced the adverse effects of climatic extremes on social stability in China during the historical period, most of them rely on temperature and precipitation as major... Although many large-N quantitative studies have evidenced the adverse effects of climatic extremes on social stability in China during the historical period, most of them rely on temperature and precipitation as major explanatory variables, while the influence of floods and droughts on social crises is rarely measured. Furthermore, a comparison of the climate-society nexus among different geographic regions and at different temporal scales is missing in those studies. To address this knowledge gap,this study examines quantitatively the influence of floods and droughts on internal wars in three agro-ecological(rice, wheat,and pastoral) regions in China in AD1470–1911. Poisson regression and wavelet transform coherence analyses are applied to allow for the non-linear and non-stationary nature of the climate-war nexus. Results show that floods and droughts are significant in driving internal wars in historical China, but are characterized by strong regional variation. In the rice region, floods trigger internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the wheat region, both floods and droughts cause internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the pastoral region, internal wars are associated with floods only at the multi-decadal time scale. In addition, the multi-decadal coherence between hydro-climatic extremes and internal wars in all three of the agro-ecological regions is only significant in periods in which population density is increasing or the upper limit of regional carrying capacity is being reached. The above results imply that the climate-war nexus is mediated by regional geographic factors such as physical environmental setting and population pressure. Hence, we encourage researchers who study the historical human-climate relationship to boil down data according to geographic regions in the course of statistical analysis and to examine each region individually in follow-up studies. 展开更多
关键词 Floods and droughts Climatic extremes Internal wars wars Social stability Ming-Qing period
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African Short Story Writers and Intrapersonal Conflicts: A Critical Perspective on a Selected Short Story
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作者 Clement Chukwuma Idegwu 《Sino-US English Teaching》 2024年第6期270-279,共10页
The article examines the concept of intrapersonal conflict,the ravaging wars within oneself,that which is truly deeper than indecisiveness,what is responsible for inner conflict,its origin,the consequences,and how to ... The article examines the concept of intrapersonal conflict,the ravaging wars within oneself,that which is truly deeper than indecisiveness,what is responsible for inner conflict,its origin,the consequences,and how to avoid it.It employs Dul Johnsons’“In the Jaws of Love”in his Why Women Won’t Make It to Heaven.The theory for the investigation is sociological theory which articulates the inevitable relationship between literature and society.The inquiry unearths that an individuals’attempt to satisfy the needs of one’s environment at the expense of sound reasoning,the individual’s inability to find a balance between the individual’s head and heart,and being religious are detrimental to one’s wellbeing.It creates intrapersonal conflict which is indeed destructive.The paper resolves that people should be able to tell themselves the truth,recognise and accept same,even if it comes from one with whom they disagree.It also explicates that people should not depend on religious and secular leader or people to take decisions for them,and that living in fear is devastating among other things. 展开更多
关键词 intrapersonal conflict ravaging wars within inevitable relationship unearths decisions
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Mental Health Consequences among Sudanese Due to the Armed Conflicts and Civil Unrest of 2023: One Year Later
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作者 Sahar Moawia Balla Elnour Nahla Yousif Osman Mohammed Saeed +7 位作者 Awadia Babiker Mohammed Osman Abeer Alawad Hassan Eman Mohamed Nour Hamad Alneel Mustafa Rowa Abdelmonem Sidig Hamato Malaz Mohamed Khair Alsafi Mohamed Amna Alnaim Mohamed Ahmed Osman Awab Abdelbagi Mustafa Ahmed Jalal Abdelrasool Hassan Eltaib 《Journal of Biosciences and Medicines》 2024年第4期21-37,共17页
Aim: To investigate depression, anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia levels among Sudanese citizens after a year has passed since the start of Armed Forces conflict in Sudan. Methods: An online survey was distributed. It is co... Aim: To investigate depression, anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia levels among Sudanese citizens after a year has passed since the start of Armed Forces conflict in Sudan. Methods: An online survey was distributed. It is composed of five parts, covering the following areas: 1) sociodemographic data;2) depression assessment;3) generalized anxiety disorder assessment;4) post-traumatic stress disorder assessment;and 5) insomnia assessment. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27 was used for data analysis;frequency and percentage were used to describe the qualitative variables. Spearman’s correlation analysis and Chi-square test were used for correlation and association analysis;a P-value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 283 participants, primarily female (76.0%), with a mean age of 35.26 ± 6.96 years. The majority of participants were married (50.5%) and had a university level of education (50.2%). At the start of the war, 70.3% of participants were inside the war zones, and at the time of data collection, 73.5% were outside Sudan. The length of stay in the war zone ranged from 1 to 300 days, with a mean of 48.59 ± 70.284 days. Additionally, 63.3% of participants stated that they did not receive any form of mental health intervention, and the remaining did not provide an answer. There was a high prevalence of moderate-severe depression (50.5%), moderate anxiety (35.3%), PTSD (56.5%), and sub-threshold insomnia (53.4%) among the participants. Correlation analyses revealed associations between demographic factors such as sex, age, marital status, and education and mental health issues. Notably, female participants showed a higher prevalence of PTSD (53.0%) compared to male participants (67.6%). Conclusions: There is a substantial impact of war-related trauma on mental health, revealing a high prevalence of moderate-severe depression, moderate anxiety, PTSD, and sub-threshold insomnia among the participants. This emphasizes the importance of tailored interventions and support systems to address the unique needs of individuals affected by war trauma. 展开更多
关键词 SUDAN WAR Conflict MENTAL Health
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PACT/WAR工艺在腈纶污水处理工程中的应用
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作者 李承武 《石油化工安全环保技术》 CAS 2024年第3期45-50,I0003,共7页
丙烯腈/腈纶污水污染物浓度高,含难生化处理的低聚物,处理难度大,成为困扰企业污水达标排放的难题。介绍了国内企业腈纶污水处理的工程实践及实验研究,采用PACT/WAR工艺处理腈纶污水的工程实例。工程运行表明:该工艺处理包括丙烯腈/腈... 丙烯腈/腈纶污水污染物浓度高,含难生化处理的低聚物,处理难度大,成为困扰企业污水达标排放的难题。介绍了国内企业腈纶污水处理的工程实践及实验研究,采用PACT/WAR工艺处理腈纶污水的工程实例。工程运行表明:该工艺处理包括丙烯腈/腈纶污水在内的炼油、化工污水,处理效果良好,能够达到一级直排标准。针对运行中出现的问题,提出相应的解决方案及优化建议。 展开更多
关键词 PACT WAR 腈纶污水 再生炭 脱总氮
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An Analysis of Specific Categories of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities for Children of Participants of the Air Force Health Study
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作者 George J. Knafl 《Open Journal of Epidemiology》 2024年第2期312-330,共19页
Background: The Air Force Health Study collected reproductive outcomes for live-born children of male Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Methods: Dioxin values for participants were obtained from blood samples. An... Background: The Air Force Health Study collected reproductive outcomes for live-born children of male Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Methods: Dioxin values for participants were obtained from blood samples. Analyses were conducted of occurrence of 16 specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities. Children were categorized as conceived before and after the start of participants’ Vietnam War service. Children conceived before the start of Vietnam War service were treated as being conceived when their fathers had unquantifiable dioxin values. Children conceived after the start of Vietnam War service for participants with missing dioxin values were excluded from primary analyses, but were used to assess the impact of their exclusion on conclusions. Correlation between values for specific categories for multiple children fathered by the same participant was accounted for. The dose-response relationship was treated as a step function increasing for dioxin values larger than adaptively identified individual thresholds changing with the specific category. Results: For 15 of 16 specific categories, the probability of occurrence increased substantially for a sufficiently high dioxin level above identified thresholds. Exclusion of children due to missing dioxin likely did not affect these results. Conclusions: Results supported the conclusion of substantial adverse effects on a wide variety of specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities due to sufficiently high exposures to dioxin, a toxic contaminant of Agent Orange used for herbicide spraying in the Vietnam War. Results may hold more generally, but might also have been affected by a variety of limitations. 展开更多
关键词 Agent Orange Air Force Health Study Birth Defects Developmental Disabilities DIOXIN Dose-Response Relationship Vietnam War
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Rebellion in Northern Manchuria During the Third Revolutionary War in China and Its Causes
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作者 WANG Wei JING Huilan 《International Relations and Diplomacy》 2024年第2期59-64,共6页
The frequent rebellions in Northern Manchuria during the Third Revolutionary War occurred in the special context of the struggle between the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)for Northeast China afte... The frequent rebellions in Northern Manchuria during the Third Revolutionary War occurred in the special context of the struggle between the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)for Northeast China after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.The rebellion reached its peak during the KMTs attack on Northeast China,followed by a second wave of rebellion after the defeat in the Defensive Battle of Siping.It tended to disappear after the downfall of the Jiang Pengfei Group.In addition to the blind recruitment of the CPC in traditional narratives,the instigation of the KMT,the traditional mutiny of the old army,the limitations of the early work of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army,the early activities of the KMT,and the regional conflicts between the local and foreign forces are also important reasons for the concentration of rebellions. 展开更多
关键词 the Third Domestic Revolutionary War North Manchuria REBELLION suppressing bandits
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Military Brain Science - How to influence future wars
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作者 Hai Jin Li-Jun Hou Zheng-Guo Wang 《Chinese Journal of Traumatology》 CAS CSCD 2018年第5期277-280,共4页
Military Brain Science is a cutting-edge innovative science that uses potential military application as the guidance. It was preliminarily divided into 9 aspects by authors: understanding the brain, protecting the br... Military Brain Science is a cutting-edge innovative science that uses potential military application as the guidance. It was preliminarily divided into 9 aspects by authors: understanding the brain, protecting the brain, monitoring the brain, injuring the brain, interfering with the brain, repairing the brain, enhancing the brain, simulating the brain and arming the brain. In this review, we attempt to propose the concept, content and meaning of the Military Brain Science, with the hope to provide some enlightenment and understandin~ of the research area. 展开更多
关键词 Military Brain Science Future wars Reshape the battlefield Military potential significance
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Review and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agricultural Herbicides as Military Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War
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作者 David R. Speidel Kenneth R. Olson 《Open Journal of Soil Science》 2024年第8期471-498,共28页
The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed ... The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War? 展开更多
关键词 Second Indochina War Cambodia Laos South Vietnam Vietnam War Tactical Herbicides Agent Blue Agent Orange Agent Purple Dioxin TCDD Arsenic
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