The Washback Effect of Automated Essay Scoring on Undergraduates

This study explores the washback effect that automated essay scoring has on undergraduates of China.The main purpose of this study is to explore the effect that the automated essay scoring has on the writing ability of undergraduates.There are some significant differences in scores of composition between the experimental group and the control group.It is found that the holistic scores of the experimental group are higher than those of the control group.Some striking differences are found in syntactic fluency and complexity.It is found that the experimental group is more complex in syntactic fluency and complexity than the control group.The research indicates that,under the proper guidance of teachers,the AES can effectively improve the writing scores of undergraduates.

A Study on Washback Effect of CET-6 Translation Test Towards College English Teaching and Learning

CET-6 is a nationwide and standardized test to evaluate college students' English levels. Now more than 10 million college students take part in the exam every year. On August 14, 2013, the CET-4 and CET-6 examination committee reformed the structure of the CET-6 papers. After that the sentence translation was changed into paragraph translation,the scores of translation section also increased to 15 points which is more difficult and more important than before. There is no doubt that CET-6will exert a great impact on the teaching and learning of College English in China. This thesis focuses on the washback effect of CET-6 translation test towards college English teaching and learning.First of all, this paper introduces the CET-6 translation test requirements, and the score requirements of translation part. The author also illustrates some significant language testing research of both domestic and foreign scholars, and explains the concept of reliability and validity. Secondly, through the survey method of interviews and questionnaire the author study the characteristics of teaching in college classroom, the effect of translation teaching, and how do students to study translation. The author makes a further research on the interaction between the translation test and the teaching and learning based on the relevant theories. At last, the author finds that the negative washback effect of the CET-6 translation test is greater than the positive one. The author reflects on the current translation teaching and learning in China, and hopes to minimize the negative effects of CET-6 translation test.

Evaluation on washback effects of College English Test Band 4

The paper is an evaluative research on the possible washback effects of College English Test. By comparing and analyzing the differences between the old and new tests, it points out three major changes and their possible washback effects on the process of English language teaching and learning： abandon the part of Grammar ＆ Vocabulary, increase the proportion of listening test and change the test reporting form.

A Study of Washback Effect on Nautical English for Second Mate and Third Mate

The impacts of testing on teaching and learning are called backwash effect which can be divided into positive effect and negative one.Nautical English test aims to assess students' English competence by means of the Examination of Seafarers for Competency Certificate.This is an important nationwide testing and is bound to exert effects on nautical English teaching and learning.This study investigates nautical English teachers and examinees through questionnaire and interview to have a general understanding of how they evaluate it,as well as what effects the testing have on teaching and learning.

Study on the Washback Effects of TEM 4 Writing on English Learning

Taken Alderson and Wall＇ s 15 Washback Hypotheses as the theoretical framework, this study aims to explore the washback effects of TEM4 Writing on English learning, to identify its negative and positive effects and to propose possible countmeasures about how to foster positive effects in English languge teaching and learning.

College English Test: Reliability, Validity and Washback Effect

The intent of this paper is to evaluate College English Test(CET)’s reliability,validity and washback effect in the con⁃text of language assessment by applying Brown’s framework of test usefulness.The result of literature review and discussion shows that CET’s student-related reliability and rater reliability for writing section are unfavorable while its test administration reliability and rater reliability for CETSET has been increasing;CET’s content and construct validity are getting improved but its criterionrelated validity has been violated due to students’inappropriate learning attitude;CET’s negative washback has been caused due to the overemphasis on passing rate,but previous surveys shows positive washback in teaching and learning as students’reading and oral communication abilities have been improved.In the end,three suggestions for CET’s development are summed up:empha⁃sis less on test result;inform students with the significance of CET’s reform;the relationship among testing,teaching and learning should be built into a mutual promotion format.

Investigating the Washback Effect of the New CET 4 Listening Comprehension Subtest on Language Learners

新大学英语四级听力考试旨在促进大学英语听力教学,并为教学提供正面的反拨效应。本文是对新大学英语四级听力考试对学生听力学习的反拨效应的实证研究。本文以Hughes(1993) 的反拨效应模式为理论基础,主要研究大学生对四级听力考试的态度以及受四级听力考试影响的学习行为。通过对西安地区329名非英语专业普通高校本科生的问卷调查,研究结果表明,四级听力考试对学生学习既起到了正面的反拨效应,也产生了负面的反拨效应。

An Empirical Study of the Washback of CET-4 Writing

This article is an empirical study on the washback of the writing section （i.e. writing subtest as in this paper） of College English Test Band Four （CET-4） on ELT in Chinese colleges and universities so as to promote the positive effects and diminish the negative ones. The study collected data from 181 college English learners, nine college English teachers and two CET-4 raters through interview, observation and documentary analysis. Findings indicate that CET-4 writing subtest produces more negative impacts than positive ones. Moreover, the findings also indicate that the washback of CET-4 writing is weakened by other sections of the test.

写作诊断测评反馈报告对写作学习的有效性研究——以优诊学(高校版)为例

近年来,反馈有效性作为验证诊断测评效度的重要依据而备受关注。但由于我国大规模英语诊断测评系统极少,鲜有实证研究探究诊断反馈报告的有效性。本研究采用问卷和访谈的方法,探讨优诊学(高校版)写作诊断测评对学习的反馈有效性。研究发现,学生对诊断反馈报告给予了积极评价,愿在学习中参考诊断反馈报告,这促进了学生的写作学习。但诊断反馈报告的反拨强度不高,多数学生并未积极参照反馈信息调整学习。研究也发现,学生的学习意愿、语言水平和教师的指导是影响写作诊断反馈有效性的重要因素。最后,本研究基于Shih(2007)的学习反拨效应模型提出诊断测评的学习反拨效应模型,提炼了诊断测评对学习产生的影响及其发生机制。

英语教师资格考试的反拨效应研究

为了解英语教师资格考试对学生学习的影响,通过混合研究设计对学生的考试认知和备考行为进行了问卷调查与访谈。结果表明:参加教资考试能使学生形成对教师基本条件的清晰认知,巩固已学的教育教学知识,形成正确的教育观念,促使学生自主学习英语教学知识。但是,考试还具有一些负面反拨效应,如学生机械记忆答题模板,缺少对教育教学知识的深入学习和理解,流行备考资源妨碍学生掌握先进的教学理念和方法。

“四川新三级”对高职英语教与学反拨效应的实证研究

该文通过问卷调查、访谈和课堂观察等研究方法,对四川省30名职业院校公共英语教师和764名职业院校非英语专业学生展开调查。旨在探讨四川省大学英语新三级考试(简称“四川新三级”)的反拨效应。研究结果显示,“四川新三级”对高职英语教与学产生了积极和消极的反拨效应,但正面影响超过负面影响。通过分析反拨效应产生的原因和结果,为高职英语教与学的实施提供借鉴。

大学生对新大学英语四级听力考试的态度研究——新大学英语四级听力考试对学生的反拨效应

新大学英语四级考试旨在按照大学英语课程教学要求全面衡量学生英语水平,并为教学提供正面的反拨效应。新四级考试中听力部分变化最大,因此有必要对其反拨效应进行实证研究。本文为该研究成果之一,主要研究学生对新四级听力考试的态度。通过对293名非英语专业二年级和三年级本科生的问卷调查,结果表明:新四级听力考试对学生态度的正面反拨效应主要体现在考试的必要性、内容设计科学性、主客观题形式、信度、评分标准、分数比重六个方面;负面反拨效应主要体现在其难度和分数报道两个方面。

四六级网考反拨效应下大学英语视听说教学模式研究

随着大学英语四六级网考的试点,网考目前已成为大学英语教师和学生关注的焦点。本文从理论基础、教学目标、教学程序、运用策略及教学评价等五个方面研究四六级网考反拨效应下的大学英语视听说教学模式,旨在从视、听、说教学改革的角度研究提高网考正面反拨效应的途径。

大学英语四级写作测试反拨效应调查

通过分析问卷调查数据来探讨了大学英语四级写作测试对写作教学产生反拨作用的潜在原因、特性及表现形式,呼吁对CET4写作测试的写作内容及评分标准应进行改革,从而切实提高学生的笔语输出能力。

民航英语口语测试对英语学习反拨效应的实证研究——中国民航飞行人员英语能力测试口语能力面试(OPI)个案分析

通过课堂观察、问卷调查和面对面访谈的方法,从4个维度进行定量与定性相结合的分析研究,旨在探讨中国民航飞行人员英语能力测试口语面试对学生英语学习的反拨效应。结果表明,口语能力面试对学生英语学习所产生的主要是正面反拨效应,其中,对民航专业英语学习的反拨效应显著,对通用英语学习的反拨效应较弱。

中国汉语水平考试对汉语作为第二语言教学的反拨效应

本文是对中国汉语水平考试（HSK）反拨效应的一次探索性研究的阶段性成果。文章首先介绍了反拨效应的相关概念和理论．指出了语言测试和语言教学密不可分的关系，应该重视语言测试对语言教学的反拨效应；其次，从目标、内容和方法三个方面着重探讨了语言测试是怎样影响语言教师的教学活动，分析了语言测试产生负面反拨效应的主客观原因；最后，通过调查问卷的方法，深入调查HSK对汉语作为第二语言教学活动的正面反拨效应和负面反拨效应。进而根据相关文献和本次调查研究结果。对如何提高语言测试的芷面反拨效应、减少负面反拨效应提出一些建议。

英语专业四级考试反拨作用实证研究

英语专业四级考试(TEM4)作为一项以教学大纲为基准的标准参照性考试,旨在促进《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》的全面贯彻落实,为提高高校英语专业的教学质量服务。对专四考试反拨作用做实证研究的主要目的是为了提高测试质量,从而进一步促进教与学。本研究以天津市四所高校英语专业的师生为对象,主要采用了问卷和访谈的方式。结果表明从整体上看,专四考试对英语专业的教与学产生了广泛的、较为积极的影响,但一部分教师对专四考试的性质缺乏足够的认识,这才使得他们对专四考试持有某些误解。在调查专四考试对学生的影响时,发现专四考试确实影响了学生的学习内容、方法与态度等,但这些影响在学习者因素上表现出一定的差异,如高分组及女同学总是对考试和语言学习持有较为积极的观点,男、女同学的专四成绩就有显著差异。第三学期、尤其是第四学期学生用于自学英语的时间高于第一和第二学期,但是TEM4考试成绩与第一、第二学期学生用于自学英语的时间显著相关,高分组和低分组在第一、第二学期自学英语的时间有显著差异。

英语专业四、八级测试对英语教学的互动与反拨作用——以理工类院校英语专业教学改革为例

本文讨论了英语专业教学大纲与四、八级考试的关系,分析调查了英语专业四、八级考试对专业教学,尤其是理工院校英语专业教学改革的反拨作用。通过访谈、问卷和网上调查发现,四、八级考试对教学和课程改革,尤其是人文课程设置方面有着积极的正向反拨作用。另一方面,论文指出四、八级考试带来的负面效应不能忽视,这根考试"指挥棒"用得好就能促进教学;用得不好,就会适得其反,不利于新时代英语人才的培养。

频繁的课堂测试对外语教学的促进作用

课堂测试是日常教学中经常使用的一种辅助手段.但是,由于一些大型化测试所带来的负面反拨效应,很多人对测试持一种反对态度,课堂测试的作用没有得到充分的重视.本文通过对一个控制组和两个实验组的不同处理,研究了频繁的课堂语言测试对中国英语语言教学和学习的作用.实验结果证明,频繁的测试未必一定能够促进学生的外语学习,测试的作用主要取决于测试的设计和测试在实际中的具体应用.在本研究中测试的作用主要取决于测试后所提供的反馈信息,从而又证明了反馈在学习中的强大作用.

中国文化在大学英语课程教学中的现实性研究——基于大学英语四、六级考试试卷结构和测试题型调整后的命题

大学英语四、六级考试试卷结构和测试题型调整的重要内容之一是将单句汉译英调整为内容涉及"中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展"的段落汉译英。本研究通过定性分析语言测试对语言教学的"反拨"效应发现,翻译题型调整将提升中国文化在大学英语课程教学中的现实性,因为大学英语课程教学引入中国文化知识和信息有助于满足多样化学习需求、提升教学效度和发展跨文化交际能力。