The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA

Water shortages within the western USA are resulting in the adoption of water-saving agricultural practices within this region. Among the many possible methods for saving water in agriculture, the adoption of subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） provides a potential solution to the problem of low water use efficiency. Other advantages of SDI include reduced NO3 leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control, better crop health, and harvest flexibility for many specialty crops. The use of SDI also allows the virtual elimination of crop water stress, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and tillage, and the ability to irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. Yet, SDI is used only on a minority of cropland in the arid western USA. Reasons for the limited adoption of SDI include the high initial capital investment required, the need for intensive management, and the urbanization that is rapidly consuming farmland in parts of the western USA. The contributions of SDI to increasing yield, quality, and water use efficiency have been demonstrated. The two major barriers to SDI sustainability in arid regions are economics （i.e., paying for the SDI system）, including the high cost of installation; and salt accumulation, which requires periodic leaching, specialized tillage methods, or transplanting of seedlings rather than direct-seeding. We will review advances in irrigation management with SDI.

A Review on Development Water-Saving Agriculture in Asia

The development of water-saving agriculture is of great significance not only for increasing farmers’ production and income, but also for protecting water resources. The purpose of this paper is to learn from the experience of Israel, Japan, Korea and Singapore, improve the low efficiency of agricultural water use in China, and solve the problem of water shortage, promote the development of agriculture. This article concludes that the experience of water-saving agriculture in Israel is advanced irrigation technology, sound laws and regulations, and emphasis on science and technology. Japan’s water-saving agriculture is characterized by an efficient irrigation program and a strict agricultural water management policy. Korea’s experience in water-saving agriculture is that it has a strict water management system, with the government subsidizing the cost of irrigation projects and integrating water into agricultural development planning. Singapore’s experience in water-saving agriculture is to raise awareness of water conservation and to use step water prices. In order to promote the sustainable development of water-saving agriculture in China, the research on water-saving agriculture in the future can be carried out from the aspects of agricultural production or related agricultural technology.

A Review on Water-Saving Agriculture in Europe

This paper aims to analyze the research on the current situation of water-saving agriculture development in Europe. Water-saving agriculture in Europe started early, governments and farmers in various countries have a strong awareness of water-saving in agriculture and have achieved certain results. Due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of up-to-date field research, the complexity of various agricultural disciplines and categories, and the lack of information sharing, the current cognition of recent progress in the development of water-saving agriculture in Europe is not comprehensive enough. This paper selects four representative European countries: Spain, Germany, Italy, and Denmark as the research objects. Based on the existing research of Chinese and Western scholars, this paper analyzes and studies the current situation of water-saving agriculture in Europe. It has far-reaching significance for other countries in the world to have further development in water-saving agriculture and to protect water resources.

Problems and Development Countermeasures of Agricultural Water-Saving Irrigation

Agriculture is the biggest water user in China,and the development of agricultural water-saving has great significance to the national economy and social development. In this paper,the present situation of water used in agriculture irrigation and water-saving potential were analyzed,and the ＂ bottleneck＂ and main problems existing in water-saving irrigation in China were discussed. From the aspects of engineering investment channels,agricultural water-saving policies and management system,reform of agricultural water price and water right transfer,improvement of farmers＇ water-saving consciousness,and promotion of rural land transfer,suggestions were proposed for the development of China＇s agricultural water-saving in future,which will provide a technical support for the sustainable use of agricultural water resources in China.

Determinants of agricultural water saving technology adoption:an empirical study of 10 provinces of China

In recent years, China has been faced by an increasingly severe water shortage due to the continual growth of demand on water resources. Although the Chinese government has been actively promoting the agricultural water-saving technology adoption, it is ill-informed of the adoption degree of the current agricultural watersaving technologies as well as the function of the governmental policies, Therefore, this paper＂ analyzes the aforesaid problems based on investigative data of 10 provinces in China. The results demonstrate that although there is a rapid increase of adopted agricultural water-saving technologies, the actual adoption area is rather limited. Moreover, the governmental policies and scarcity of water resources are the deierminants of agricultural water-saving technology adoption. Ultimately, the paper proposes some policy suggestions.

Analysis on the Water-saving Irrigation Technique Based on the Perspective of Food Safety

The paper analyzed the important role of water saving in protecting the food safety,introduced the present development of agricultural water-saving technique,pointed out the potential risks of water resources,and proposed the future development of water-saving irrigation.

Implications of Israeli Agricultural Water Price Sharing System to China

This paper introduces Israeli agricultural water price sharing system. According to Israeli agricultural water cost composition,water price sharing by farmers as well as government subsidy and its forms,the financial subsidy-based agricultural water price system has been established on the basis of the farmers' income in our country and reasonable water price sharing,thus to promote the development of water-saving agriculture in China.

基于层次分析-熵权法的内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水水平综合评价

在我国北方干旱半干旱地区,农业灌溉是水资源消耗的主要途径,农业水资源利用效率的高低,直接决定着区域可利用水资源量。为探究我国北方农牧交错带农业用水水平,以内蒙古农牧交错带农业灌溉用水为研究对象,在综合分析用水现状的基础上,通过层次分析—熵权法和模糊综合评价相结合的方法,选取体现农牧交错带农业用水特征的代表性指标,构建农牧交错的农业用水水平综合评价体系,对2020年内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水进行综合评价。结果表明:内蒙古农牧交错带各旗县间农业灌溉用水量相差较大,整体呈现东高西低趋势,灌溉水量为582.41~4905.86 m^(3)/hm^(2),灌溉水利用效率为51%~84%;各旗县农业用水综合评价得分为2.26~3.67,农业用水水平整体处于中等偏上,29个旗县中较高水平占比44.80%,中等水平占比55.20%;与作物水分利用效率(WUE)对比,构建的综合评价体系可以更真实地反映出农牧交错带农业用水实际情况,对于农牧交错带中农业用水水平处于中等偏下水平的旗县地区,需加大力度发展农业节水措施,提升农业水资源利用效率。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统精准控制模型的研究

为进一步提升我国农业灌溉系统的综合作业效率,体现灌溉的先进性与科学性,提出以精准控制模型为切入点,以物联网技术为主体支撑平台,针对其作业系统展开设计与优化。通过引入物联网强大的系统性架构,规范与强化各网络节点的部署与协作关系,科学搭建用于实现精准灌溉控制的数学模型,同时导入合理的系统软件设计程序与硬件功能组件配置,形成完整集成式的农业智能灌溉系统。结果表明:基于物联网平台技术的精准控制模型应用后,整体的作业效率得到显著提升,系统精准度、系统响应率分别相对提高了6.25%和7.68%,动作延迟率相对降低了2.72%,灌溉节水效率提升至91.50%。物联网平台下的精准控制模型应用效果良好,设计理念正确,可为灌溉领域实施节能降耗提供参考。

中国农业节水十年:成就、挑战及对策

水是农业的命脉。在水资源紧缺形势下,保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给,必须实施农业节水,发展高水效农业。在系统总结过去10年我国农业节水在保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给、促进区域农业可持续发展和生态环境改善、促进现代农业转型升级和提质增效以及带动农业节水产业发展等方面取得的巨大成就基础上,分析了当前我国农业节水与国际先进水平的差距,以及在农业节水相关基础数据观测和长期积累、节水评价指标体系和考核标准、灌溉面积盲目扩张与农业适水发展、灌区续建配套节水改造和高标准农田建设衔接、高效节水灌溉与农艺技术配套、农业水价综合改革与节水灌溉工程设施可持续运行机制和政策、农业节水科技创新与节水产业发展等方面面临的问题和挑战,提出了促进农业节水高质量发展的建议。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统的参数检测方法研究

为提升农业灌溉系统检测环节准确性及整体作业效率为目标,基于物联网灌溉及参数检测方法应用展开设计。以当前灌溉作业机理及通信结构布局为出发点,通过建立合理正确的参数检测架构,选定高效适应的参数检测方法,实现整体灌溉系统功能优化。进行灌溉系统作业监测试验,结果表明:参数数据通信监测准确率及系统执行效率分别提升至93.70%与95.89%,系统丢包率相对降低至0.79%,平均节水效率相对提升了6.39%。基于物联网平台进行参数检测的有效性与适应性改进,较好地满足了智能灌溉的发展趋势,其方法研究理念对于灌溉系统及类似农机培育系统开发应用具有参考价值。

基于自然地下水矿化度分布的北方沿海区水稻适宜规模研究

基于自然地下水矿化度分布规律,探究北方沿海区水稻合理种植规模具有重要的节水压盐意义。本研究以唐山市为例,基于地下水矿化度监测及Landsat遥感影像等数据,分析了水稻种植规模时空分布,结合水稻生长的矿化度阈值,利用叠加分析法提出适宜种植规模和调整措施。结果表明:受水资源短缺影响,1991年以来唐山沿海区的水稻种植面积逐年减少,现状水稻种植面积基本稳定在6.28万hm^(2)。地下水矿化度大于3、1~3 g/L和小于1 g/L的区域分别为水稻保留区、探索退减区和优先调减区,面积分别为4.80、1.69和1.05万hm^(2)。结合国家粮食安全要求,唐山市沿海区适宜水稻种植面积为5.00~5.33万hm^(2)。研究成果为北方沿海区水田的开发利用和粮食节水增产策略提供了新思路。

社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的理论与实践研究

社会资本是水利基础设施建设重要的资金筹措渠道。建立社会资本参与农业水价综合改革机制,鼓励和引导社会资本参与到农田水利基础设施的投资建设、运营管理和维修养护等方面,能够扩大农田水利设施建设有效投资、提高农田水利基础设施和相关公共服务的供给能力,发挥“两手发力”的要素资源配置优势、提升水资源管理能力、优化水资源配置格局,促进农业用水方式由粗放向节约集约转变,提高水资源整体承载能力。文章从理论层面研究提出了社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的总体思路,梳理了社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的方式与内容;并以陆良县恨虎坝项目区为例,从实践层面总结归纳社会资本参与恨虎坝项目区农业水价综合改革的做法及成效,以期为相关地区推进农业水价综合改革提供参考。

新疆灌区农业节水发展现状与对策建议

水是新疆可持续发展的生命线,也是新疆农业发展的瓶颈。农业是新疆用水大户,占经济社会总用水量的90%以上,南疆农业用水占比更高。新疆节水潜力重点在农业,农业节水是新疆经济社会可持续发展的根本出路。为提高新疆农业水资源利用效率,促进农业高质量发展,本文梳理回顾了新疆灌区农业节水发展历程,分析了农业节水发展现状及存在问题,结合新时期国家对新疆农业发展的新定位、新要求,提出了大力发展适水型现代农业、加大高效节水工程建设、持续推进降盐节水、加强数字化灌区建设、加强农业节水宣传培训、健全农业节水服务体系等对策建议,以期为新疆现代农业可持续发展和保障国家粮棉油安全提供有力支撑。

农技培训、技术获取与农户节水灌溉技术采纳行为——基于同伴效应的有调节的中介效应

为探究农技培训、技术获取、同伴效应和农户节水灌溉技术采纳的影响关系和机制路径,使用课题组在水资源匮乏代表区——内蒙古地区2022年的505份微观农户数据,基于中介效应模型、调节效应模型、有调节的中介效应模型开展研究。研究发现:(1)调研农户采用节水灌溉行为较多,但农户实际节水灌溉的耕地面积占家庭总耕地面积的比例较低;(2)参加农技培训、降低技术获取难度、高同伴效应均能促进农户采纳节水灌溉技术和增加采纳面积;(3)农户可以通过参加农业技术培训,降低节水灌溉技术的获取难度,进而促进对节水灌溉技术的采纳行为,另外同伴效应还对技术获取具有替代作用,同时高同伴效应还会提高农业技术培训对农户节水灌溉采纳的影响,但不会促进农户的采纳面积增加。基于以上分析,建议多渠道、多形式、多方位创新政府培训方式,吸引更多农户参与;降低农户获取节水灌溉技术的经济成本和技术成本;发挥同伴效应的积极作用,引领更多农户参与使用节水灌溉技术。

农业保险对农户节水灌溉技术采纳行为的影响研究

利用469份农户调查数据,探究农户购买农业保险对其节水灌溉技术采纳行为的影响,进而剖析农业风险转移效果评价和异质性风险偏好在其中的作用机理。研究显示:农业风险转移与降低工具呈现互补关系,具体表现为农户购买农业保险将直接促进节水灌溉技术的采纳,并将通过提高其农业风险转移效果评价间接促进节水灌溉技术的采纳。此外,道德风险和挤出效应将限制农业风险转移与降低工具互补性的发挥,表现为风险厌恶型农户购买农业保险将降低其采纳节水灌溉技术的可能性。为提高农户的风险抵御能力,需提升农业风险转移工具的保障效果,完善农村的普惠金融服务体系,降低农户采纳农业风险转移与降低工具的资金约束。同时,应协调农业风险转移与降低工具的关系,深入开展指导服务,实现农业保险与节水灌溉技术的协同推广,共同助力乡村振兴。

冬小麦-夏玉米两熟农田节水效应的可行性

2001-2003年在中国科学院禹城综合试验站研究了冬小麦一夏玉米两熟农Kt节水效应的可行性。结果表明，本地区降雨量主要集中在夏玉米生育时期，月蒸散量呈“M”型变化，双峰一般出现在冬小麦与夏玉米的抽穗开花时期，而且两年的蒸散积累趋势纵向比较均显示出其一致性的特点，这是研究耗水规律的基础环节。土壤水分从时间分布来看，在灌溉降雨的水分供应下，冬小麦期间土壤水分呈下降的趋势，而夏玉米期间土壤水分却有所升高。土壤水分从空间分布来看，土壤水分变化趋势较一致，呈“Z”型变化，0～60cm层次的土壤水分动态变化幅度较大。实验证明夏玉米产量与前季冬小麦产量有一定的互补作用，全年WUE与灌水量成负相关。冬小麦-夏玉米两熟农田实行冬小麦灌溉而夏玉米不灌的灌水措施可行。

世界农业强国的水利保障措施及其启示

农业是国民经济和社会发展的基础,水利是农业的命脉。在中国水资源总量不足、且时空分布不均匀的背景下,加强水利基础设施建设、提高农业水资源利用效率是农业强国建设的重要支撑条件。通过文献调研,对世界农业强国的水利发展经验、教训进行了归纳总结。在此基础上,结合中国农业发展和水资源利用的特点,提出中国农业强国建设中的水利保障建议:积极推动中国特色的水权制度体系建设,完善国家及区域水网实现水资源空间均衡,通过地表水、地下水和非常规水资源综合利用和联合调度提高供水保障程度,大力发展以高效节水灌溉和高效旱作农业为支撑的适水农业。

2BMFS-3型穴灌半精量玉米播种机的设计

为了适合保护性耕作的需要、解决旱田旱期播种出苗保苗的问题,达到节水、免耕、侧深施肥和半精量播种的目的,研制了与小四轮拖拉机配套的节水型免耕施肥播种机。该机能够一次性完成破茬松土、侧深施肥、穴灌、半精量播种、覆土镇压等多项作业,对麦茬地按时复播玉米等作物具有重要的意义。

山东省灌溉农业节水潜力计算分析——以02-04年为例

山东属严重缺水省份,农业用水量约占了总用水量的74%,其它行业用水缺口大。农业灌溉用水的利用率较低,尚有较大节水潜力。本文从山东灌溉农业的作物需水量出发,综合考虑了有效降水、地下水补给、输水损失、田间损失等因素,计算出了山东省的灌溉农业整体需水量,与02年-04年实际灌溉用水量相比得出了山东农业此三年平均理论节水潜力为33.63×108m3。继而利用现实调节因子,得出了山东02年-04年农业实际平均节水潜力为30.27×108m3。为山东水资源宏观调控利用及节水规划提供理论依据。