Effect of Water Control before Transplanting and Rooting Powder Treatment on Tobacco Seedling Quality and Physiological Properties at Green Stage

Cultivating strong seedlings is an important guarantee for the production of high-quality flue-cured tobacco, while there are many disadvantages in tobacco floating system that is commonly adopted in China. To improve the tobacco floating system, with Xiangyan No.3 as experimental material, the effects of water control before transplanting and rooting powder treatment on tobacco seedling quality and physiological properties at green stage were investigated. The results showed that： （1） water control showed small influence on tobacco seedling quality, while rooting powder treatment and water control ＋ rooting powder treatment showed great influence on tobacco seedling quality, mainly represented by reduced plant height, thickened stem and increased dry matter accumulative amount; （2） water control before transplanting and rooting powder treatment all improved leaf chlorophyll content and root vigor of tobacco seedlings, and the effect of water control ＋ rooting powder treatment was best, followed by rooting powder treatment and water control; （3） all treatments increased the nitrate reductase and invertase activity, and reduced the MDA content of tobacco seedlings, and the effect of water control ＋ rooting powder treatment was best, followed by rooting powder treatment and water control. Mean- while, the treatment effect 10 d before the transplanting was better than that 5 d before the transplanting. In overall, the improvement effects of water control 10 d before transplanting ＋ rooting powder treatment on tobacco seedling quality and physiological properties at green stage were the best.

Water Control Practice and Characteristics of Historical Water Control Celebrity Jiang Shidu

Firstly,Jiang Shidu and his historical background were introduced.His water control practice and characteristics were analyzed in detail,such as drawing water to irrigate farmland,opening up waterways for grain transportation by ship,guaranteeing the supply of fresh water to salt ponds,transforming drainage channels,establishing urban water supply system,and constructing military defense projects.

A bull-heading water control technique of thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent

Aimed at the disadvantages of secondary damage to oil layers caused by the conventional bull-heading water control technique, a thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent for water control was synthesized by water solution polymerization and applied in the field with a new secondary temporary plugging technique. The optimization and performance evaluation of thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent were carried out through laboratory experiments. The optimized formula is as follows:(6%-8%) acrylamide +(0.08%-0.12%) ammonium persulfate +(1.5%-2.0%) sepiolite +(0.5%-0.8%) polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent is suitable for formation temperatures of 70-90 ?C, it has high temporary plugging strength(5-40 k Pa), controllable degradation time(1-15 d), the apparent viscosity after degradation of less than 100 m Pa?S and the permeability recovery value of simulated cores of more than 95%. Based on the research results, secondary temporary plugging technique was used in a horizontal well in the Jidong Oilfield. After treatment, the well saw a drop of water cut to 27%, and now it has a water cut of 67%, its daily increased oil production was 4.8 t, and the cumulative oil increment was 750 t, demonstrating that the technique worked well in controlling water production and increasing oil production.

Study on Safeguard System of Eco-tourism Compensation of Hukou Section during Ecological Water-control Project of Poyang Lake

Through analysis on the background to develop eco-tourism and necessity for ecological compensation,based on specific condition of Hukou County,in line with the situation to develop eco-tourism during ecological water control project of Poyang Lake,residents' interest protection system and ecological benefit safeguard system for eco-tourism compensation were put forward.

Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regulation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory

The small and scattered enterprise pattern in the county economy has formed numerous sporadic pollution sources, hindering the centralized treatment of the water environment, increasing the cost and difficulty of treatment. How enterprises can make reasonable decisions on their water environment behavior based on the external environment and their own factors is of great significance for scientifically and effectively designing water environment regulation mechanisms. Based on optimal control theory, this study investigates the design of contractual mechanisms for water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises. The enterprise is regarded as an independent economic entity that can adopt optimal control strategies to maximize its own interests. Based on the participation of multiple subjects including the government, enterprises, and the public, an optimal control strategy model for enterprises under contractual water environmental regulation is constructed using optimal control theory, and a method for calculating the amount of unit pollutant penalties is derived. The water pollutant treatment cost data of a paper company is selected to conduct empirical numerical analysis on the model. The results show that the increase in the probability of government regulation and public participation, as well as the decrease in local government protection for enterprises, can achieve the same regulatory effect while reducing the number of administrative penalties per unit. Finally, the implementation process of contractual water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises is designed.

Cause of over Water Quality Standard and Control Measures of State-controlled Sections in Northern Water-deficient Area of Jiangsu

Taking state-controlled section of Xuzhou Peiyan river as an example,the current water quality was monitored,and the cause of over water quality standard was analyzed.The results showed that the pollutants of Peiyan river were mainly from the urban river segment,and the immediate cause of over standard was tributary pollutants in urban river segment with the runoff into rivers.So we should strengthen the maintenance of drainage control and gate-han,accelerate the construction of urban wastewater treatment facilities and supporting pipe network,promote rural decentralized sewage treatment,prevent and control livestock and poultry pollution,pesticides and fertilizers pollution,and intercept non-point source pollution by using eco-technology.

Analysis and experimental study on resistance-increasing behavior of composite high efficiency autonomous inflow control device

Bottom water coning is the main reason to reduce the recovery of horizontal bottom water reservoir. By water coning, we mean the oil-water interface changes from a horizontal state to a mound-shaped cone and breaks through to the wellbore. Autonomous inflow control device(AICD) is an important instrument maintain normal production after bottom water coning, however, the resistance increasing ability of the swirl type AICD is insufficient at present, which seriously affects the water control effect. Aiming this problem, this paper designs a multi-stage resistance-increasing and composite type AICD. The separation mechanism of oil-water two phases in this structure, the resistance form of oil-water single phase and the resistance-increasing principle of water phase are analyzed. Establishing the dual-phase multi-stage separation and resistance-increasing model, and verified by measuring the throttling pressure drop and oil-water volume fraction of the AICD, it is found that the composite type AICD has the effect of ICD and AICD at the same time, which can balance the production rate of each well section at the initial stage of production, delay the occurrence of bottom water coning. In the middle and later stages of production, water-blocking can be effectively increased to achieve water control and stable production.After structural sensitivity analysis, the influence law of various structural parameters on the water control performance of composite AICD was obtained. The simulation calculation results show that,compared with the existing swirl type AICD, composite AICD has higher sensitivity to moisture content,the water phase throttling pressure drop is increased by 4.5 times on average. The composite AICD is suitable for the entire stage of horizontal well production.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

Application of Cooling Water in Controlled Runout Table Cooling on Hot Strip Mill

The controlled runout table cooling is essential in determining the final mechanical properties and flatness of steel strip.The heat of a hot steel strip is mainly extracted by cooling water during runout.In order to study the heat transfer by water jet impingement boiling during runout,apilot facility was constructed at the University of British Columbia.On this pilot facility,the water jet impingement tests were carried out under various cooling conditions to investigate the effect of processing parameters,such as cooling water temperature,water jet impingement velocity,initial strip temperature,water flow rate,water nozzle diameter and array of water nozzles,on the heat transfer of heated strip.The results obtained contribute to the optimization of cooling water during runout.

Analysis and control on anomaly water inrush in roof of fully-mechanized mining field

Caving of mine roofs from water inrush due to anomalous pressure is one of the major disasters and accidents that can occur in mines during production.Roof water inrush can trigger a wide range of roof collapse,causing major accidents from breaking roof supports while caving.These failures flood wells and do a great deal of damage to mines and endanger mine safety.Our objective is to analyze the anomalies of water inrush crushing the support at the #6301 working face in the Jisan Coal Mine of the Yanzhou Mining Group.Through information of water inrush to the roof,damage caused by tectonic movements,information on the damage caused by roof collapse and the theory about the distribution of pressure in mine abutments,we advice adjusting the length of the working face and the position of open-off cut relatively to the rich water area.In the case of anomalous roof pressure we should develop a state equation to estimate preventive measures with＂transferring rock beam＂theory.Simultaneously, we improve the capacity of drainage equipment and ensured adequate water retention at the storehouse. These are all major technologies to ensure the control and prevention against accidents caused by anomalous water inrush in roofs,thus ensuring safety in the production process of a coal mine.

Orthogonal analysis of water model study on the optimization of flow control devices in a six-strand tundish

Improper flow control devices in a multi-strand tundish can cause some problems, for example, liquid steel cannot reach every nozzle at the same time and the liquid steel in nozzles far away from the entry zone has a lower temperature. The water model experiment of a six-strand tundish of Tianjin Iron ＆ Steel Co. Ltd. was performed, a new ＂U＂ type baffle was obtained, and its parameters were defined by perpendicular analysis. The ＂U＂ baffle can not only improve those imperfections, but also prolong the residence time of nonmetallic inclusions, which is good for their flotation and separation.

Theory and Practice of Water Pollution Prevention and Control for Inflowing Rivers in Taihu Valley

The pollutants from the 15 rivers inflowing into Lake Taihu accounted for about 80% of the total amount of the pollutants inflowing into Lake Taihu. Therefore, overall treatment of the inflowing rivers of Taihu Lake is of great importance to the improvement of water environment in the valley and the eutrophication status in th lake. Firstly, the basic ideas, key taches and main methods for water pollution control of inflow rivers of Taihu Lake was put forward in this article, Basic on these theories, the pollutant source status in the comprehensive treatment zone of the 15 major inflow rivers was analysized, the countermeasures of pollution control and main regulation projects were introduced, and the total abatement of pollutants was predicted. With the implement of regulation projects, the number of rivers with water quality worse than Grade V among the 15 major inflow rivers had come from 9 to 3, and the eutrophication status of Taihu Lake had changed from medium level to light level. The overall treatment of the major inflow rivers of the Taihu Lake had achieved initial success.

Technology and Practice of Stabiliing Oil Production and Controlling Water Cut in Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia

In this paper, by in-depth geological research of Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia, the geological body has been re-ascertained; combined with fine study of reservoir engineering, based on the understanding of the distribution of remaining oil horizontal wells have been given full play to stabilizing oil production and controlling water cut, reducing the producing pressure drop, improving well productivity and other advantages, and the development and deployment has been optimized; horizontal wells have been applied to solve problems such as old well casing damages, shutting down wells, low-productivity and low- efficiency wells, and high water cut wells to improve the utilization rate of old wells; through separate layer system improved injection production pattern, adjustment wells have been optimized and deployed, and part measures wells have been preferably selected to tap the residual oil improve the degree of reserves control realize the stabilization of oil production and control of water cut in an old oilfield, and further improve the development effects.

Nanobiotechnology for the Detection and Control of Waterborne Parasites

Nowadays, the fast development of nanobiotechnology, has led to rapid diagnosis of important infectious diseases such as arboviruses-borne diseases, vector-borne infections and waterborne parasites diseases and others in order to reduce and avoid further dissemination of the infections within the general population. Furthermore, new nanomedicines based on the application of silver and gold nanoparticles which are less toxic, more effective, and that does not generate resistance could help to solve the problems of parasitic disease like leishmaniasis and chagas disease. It turns out that the combination of nanoparticles with antibiotics not only reduces the toxicity of both agents towards human cells but also enhances their ability to destroy bacteria by facilitating the binding of antibiotics to the microbes. Moreover, combining nanoparticles with antimicrobial peptides and essential oils with nanoparticles generates genuine synergy against microbial resistance.

Iodization of Village Water Supply in the Control of Endemic Iodine Deficiency in Rural Sarawak, Malaysia

A simple water iodizing system, which incorporates the Venturi principle in combination with the controlled release mechanism of a silicone-sodium iodide elastomer, for the iodization of rural piped-water supply in the control of endemic iodine deficiency has been developed and its effectiveness evaluated in three Iban longhouse villages in the iodinedeficient district of Lubok Antu, Sarawak. Urines were collected for iodine assays from women aged 15-40 years before and at 6 and 12 months after the connection of the iodinating device; goiter assessment was performed on the women at the start and end of the 1-year study. Water samples were collected for iodine assays at 2-weekly intervals. In all three villages, significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions,reaching levels recommended for an iodine-suffcient population, were observed; goitre prevalences were reduced in all the villages (by 22.6% to 35.8%). The iodine levels in the water ranged from 34 μg/l to 212 μg/L. In the control village, median urinary iodine excretions remained essentially unchanged but a small increase in goiter prevalence was observed. The iodized water was well received by the villagers and no adverse effects of water iodization were observed. The system functioned unattended throughout the one year period. The cost of providing supplemental iodine via the iodizing device is approximately 60 cents (U.S.) per family per year which is affordable by either the Government or the villagers. It is concluded that the iodizing system offers a new cost-effective strategy for the control of endemic iodine deficiency in Sarawak and may have applications in other areas with similar water sources

Current Situation and Comprehensive Control Measures of Water Environment in the Chaohu Lake

Based on the analysis of current situation of water environment in the Chaohu Lake,general ideas and measures of controlling the water environment were proposed. In respect of control ideas,controlling outbreaks of blue-green algae should be as one of control goals; it is needed to combine reducing the quantity of blue-green algae with decreasing eutrophication level to make the decrease in the quantity of blue-green algae larger than their natural increase until outbreaks of blue-green algae are eliminated; all kinds of techniques should be combined closely,integrated and innovated,and corresponding safeguard measures should be adopted. In respect of control measures,controlling sources of pollution and intercepting pollutants are basic measures,of which improving sewage treatment capacity and standard greatly is a key measure,and actively controlling pollution from large-scale livestock and poultry breeding is one of main measures; rivers polluted heavily should be controlled,and using microorganisms to purify small and moderate rivers can be as one of preferred techniques; blue-green algae should be dredged deeply to reducing their quantity; water should be transferred from the Yangtze River to the Chaohu Lake or the Hauihe River to purify water bodies and increase environmental capacity; reed wetland should be restored on a large scale to increase vegetation coverage from 5% to 20%; dredging should be combined with the elevation of basement of restored reed wetland.

Experimental study on water-saving and emission-reduction effects of controlled drainage technology

Field experiments and laboratory analysis were carried out to determine the effects of controlled drainage（CTD） and conventional drainage（CVD） technologies on drainage volume, concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and total phosphorus（TP）, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, rice yield,and water utilization efficiency. Results show that CTD technology can effectively reduce drainage times and volume; NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP concentrations, from the first to the fourth day after four rainstorms decreased by 28.7%e46.7%, 37.5%e47.5%, and 22.7e31.2%, respectively,with CTD. These are significantly higher rates of decrease than those observed with CVD. CTD can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses in field drainage, compared with CVD; the reduction rates observed in this study were, respectively, 66.72%, 55.56%, and 42.81% for NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP. Furthermore, in the CTD mode, the rice yield was cut slightly. In the CVD mode, the water production efficiencies in unit irrigation water quantity, unit field water consumption, and unit evapotranspiration were, respectively, 0.85, 0.48, and 1.22 kg/m^3, while in the CTD mode they were 2.91, 0.84, and 1.61 kg/m^3 din other words, 3.42, 1.75, and 1.32 times those of CVD. Furthermore, the results of analysis of variance（ANOVA） show that the indicators in both the CVD and CTD modes, including the concentrations of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, the losses of NH4^＋ -N, NO3^-N, and TP, irrigation water quantity, and water consumption, showed extremely significant differences between the modes, but the rice yield showed no significant difference.

Application of an expert system using neural network to control the coagulant dosing in water treatment plant

The coagulation process is one of the most important stages in water treatment plant, which involves many complex physical and chemical phenomena. Moreover, coagulant dosing rate is non-linearly correlated to raw water characteristics such as turbidity, conductivity, PH, temperature, etc. As such, coagulation reaction is hard or even impossible to control satisfactorily by conventional methods. Based on neural network and rule models, an expert system for determining the optimum chemical dosage rate is developed and used in a water treatment work, and the results of actual runs show that in the condition of satisfying the demand of drinking water quality, the usage of coagulant is lowered.

Influential factors and control of water inrush in a coal seam as the main aquifer

In this paper, a combination of field measurement, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were used to study the main control factors of coal mine water inrush in a main aquifer coal seam and its control scheme. On the basis of revealing and analyzing the coal seam as the main aquifer in western coal mine of Xiao Jihan coal mine, the simulation software of PHASE-2D was applied to analyze the water inflow under different influencing factors. The results showed that water inflow increases logarithmically with the coal seam thickness, increases as a power function with the permeability coefficient of the coal seam, and increases linearly with the coal seam burial depth and the head pressure; The evaluation model for the factors of coal seam water inrush was gained by using nonlinear regression analysis with SPSS. The mine water inrush risk evaluation partition within the scope of the mining field was obtained,through the engineering application in Xiao Jihan coal mine. To ensure the safe and efficient production of the mine, we studied the coal mine water disaster prevention and control measures of a main aquifer coal seam in aspects of roadway driving and coal seam mining.