Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

The Application of PPE Model Based on RAGA in Benefit Evaluating of Rice Water Saving

Through applying PPE model based on RAGA to evaluate the benefit of rice water saving,the author turns multi-dimension data into low dimension space.So the optimum projection direction can stand for the best influence on the collectivity.Thus,the value of projection function can evaluate each item good or not.The PPE model can avoid jamming of weight matrix in the method of fuzzy synthesize judgement,and obtain better result.The author wants to provide a new method and thought for readers who are engaged in investment decision-making of water saving irrigation and other relative study.

Cotton's Water Demand and Water-Saving Benefits under Drip Irrigation with Plastic Film Mulch

The primary purpose of this research was to give suitable irrigation program according to the growth period and water requirement.A cotton field experiment with mulched drip irrigation was conducted at the National Field Observation and Research Station for Oasis Farmland Ecosystem in Aksu of Xinjiang in 2008.Water balance method was adopted to study the water requirement and water consumption law of cotton under mulched drip irrigation in Tarim Irrigated Area.Statistical analysis of experimental data of irrigation indicates that the relationship between yield of cotton and irrigation presents a quadratic parabola.We fit the model of cotton water production on the basis of field experimental data of cotton.And the analysis on water saving benefit of cotton under mulched drip irrigation was done.Results indicate that water requirements for the irrigated cotton are 543 mm in Tarim Irrigated Area.The water requirements of seedling stage is 252 mm,budding stage is 186 mm,bolling stage is 316 mm and wadding stage is 139 mm.the irrigation amount determines the spatial distribution of soil moisture and water consumption during cotton life cycle.However,water consumption at different growth stages was inconsistent with irrigation.Quantitatively,the water consumed by cotton decreases upon the increase of irrigation amount.From the perspective of water saving,the maximal water use efficiency can reach 3 091 m3/ha.But the highest cotton yield needs 3464 m3/ha irrigation water.In summary,compared to the conventional drip irrigation,a number of benefits in water saving and yield increase were observed when using plastic mulch.At the same amount of irrigation,the cotton yield with plastic mulch was 30.2% higher than conventional approaches,and the efficiency of water utilization increased by30.2%.While at the same yield level,29.3% water was saved by using plastic mulch,and the efficiency increased by 41.5%.

Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

Evaluating Economic Benefits of Water Diversion Project for Environment Improvement: A Case Study

The research in this paper was based on the project of water diversion from the Yangtze River to the Taihu Lake which significantly improves water environment of the lake and brings obvious economic benefits for surrounding areas. An analytical framework is developed on evaluating benefits of water supply to Huzhou city from project of water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake, including: (1) the value-added of water supply on the project are divided into four parts according to the characteristics of Hangzhou- Jiax-ing-Huzhou Plain area. (2) The utilization ratio of water diversion is defined based on the features of water resources. (3) The water supply effects on industries and residents’ living are explored using partition coeffi-cient method in Huzhou city. Grey relation technique is used to examine the relationship between water use and industrial development in Huzhou, which aims to clarify the rationality of partition coefficient method. The results indicate that benefit of water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake to tertiary industry of Huzhou city is the highest, while that of industry is the lowest.

An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Benefits and Costs of Wastewater and Solid Waste Management to Improve the Living Environment: The Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia

Absence of wastewater and solid waste facilities impacts the quality of life of many people in developing countries. Implementation of these facilities will benefit public health, water quality, livelihoods and property value. Additional benefits may result from the potential recovery of valuable resources from wastewater and solid waste, such as compost, energy, phosphorus, plastics and paper. Improving water quality through implementation of wastewater and solid waste interventions requires, among others, an analysis of i) sources of pollution, ii) mitigating measures and resource recovery potentials and their effect on water quality and health, and iii) benefits and costs of interventions. We present an integrated approach to evaluate costs and benefits of domestic and industrial wastewater and solid waste interventions. To support a policy maker in formulating a cost and environmentally effective approach, we quantified the impact of these interventions on 1) water quality improvement, 2) resource recovery potential, and 3) monetized benefits versus costs. The integration of technical, hydrological, agronomical and socio-economic elements to derive these three tangible outputs in a joint approach is a novelty. The approach is demonstrated using the heavily polluted Indonesian Upper Citarum River in the Bandung region. Domestic interventions, applying simple (anaerobic filter) technologies, were economically most attractive with a benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 3.2, but could not reach target water quality standards. To approach the target water quality, both advanced domestic (nutrient removal systems) and industrial wastewater treatment interventions were required, leading to a BCR of 2. We showed that benefits from selling recovered resources represent here an additional driver for improving water quality and outweigh the additional costs for resource recovery facilities. While included benefits captured some of the major items, these may have been undervalued. Based on these findings, water quality interventions justify their costs and are socially and economically beneficial.

暴雨条件下水土保持措施对坡面产流产沙的影响

[目的]探究暴雨条件下水土保持措施对坡面产流产沙的影响,可对科学制定高效的水土流失防治措施提供依据。[方法]依托北京密云区石匣小流域水土保持科技示范园的7个径流小区,选取了2010—2021年20场自然暴雨观测数据,运用统计和相关分析等方法探讨了不同水土保持措施对产流产沙和面源污染的影响,并分析了降雨、土壤、植被因子与产流产沙之间的相关性。[结果](1)在2010—2021年研究区年降雨总量相对平缓,但年降雨频率有所增加、暴雨发生次数呈现出上升趋势。(2)在20次暴雨条件样本中,荆条的减流率和减沙率分别为94.13%和99.76%,减流减沙效益优于刺槐+侧柏+鱼鳞坑、玉米+梯田等其他组合。荆条、刺槐+侧柏+鱼鳞坑对面源污染的防治效果较好,污染指标显著低于平均水平。(3)降雨因子、植被因子与径流泥沙的相关性分析显示,平均雨强、I30、I60与径流量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.54,0.73,0.7;平均雨强、I60与泥沙量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.58,0.5;植物盖度与径流量、泥沙量明显负相关,相关系数分别为-0.51,-0.58。[结论]综合考虑暴雨条件下的径流泥沙数据,我们认为在保障经济效益的前提下,推荐该地区采用荆条作为优先水土保持措施。

建立科学评价体系促进水土保持措施的可持续发展

为促进水土保持措施的可持续发展,分析了当前水土保持工作的局限性,重点关注管理不足、监测体系不完善以及科研与技术创新滞后等问题。针对这些挑战,建议建立综合评价指标体系,优化数据收集与监测手段,并选择适当的评价方法,以科学评估水土保持措施的实际效果及其长期影响,促进水土保持的科学决策。通过构建多维度评价指标体系和实施综合数据监测,为有效开展水土保持工作提供指导,从而促进生态环境改善与可持续发展,确保在应对日益严峻的水土流失问题时,实现资源的高效利用与生态平衡的维护。

Ecosystem Health and Comprehensive Ecological Benefit Assessment of an Artificial Wetland in Western Jilin Province

[Objective] This research aimed to assess the state of ecosystem health and comprehensive ecological benefit of an artificial wetland in western Jilin Province. [Method] To investigate the effects of reclaimed water from Yingtai Oil Production Plant on the wetland ecosystem, a comprehensive ecological assessment index of an artificial wetland in the west of Jilin Province was established to measure the ecological economic and social benefits. The quantitative evaluation on the ecosystem health and comprehensive ecological benefit of the artificial wetland were carried out from 2003 to 2010 and were measured by means of the square difference method. [Result] After eight years of irrigation by reclaimed water, the levels of ecosystem health and benefit of the artificial wetland improved from Grade IV to Grade II, and the ecological environment, economic and social development of the wetland tended to improve. [Conclusion] The results indicated that the use of reclaimed water for irrigation of wetland ecosystems was a suitable way to control drought in arid and semi-arid regions.

水蓄冷在高效机房项目当中的应用分析与研究

本文通过分析发现空调能耗在建筑能耗占比大,且当前空调冷热源机房的能效比不高。通过比较水蓄冷系统及冰蓄冷系统的优缺点,并结合实际项目的特点及现状,选择了适合本项目的机房冷热源形式-水蓄冷系统。文中详细介绍了水蓄冷技术在高效机房中的应用,系统分析了其运行策略、设计要点及实际应用方案。对改造后采用水蓄冷系统的实际案例的冷站能效比EER及冷机的综合能效COP指标进行节能对比分析研究,研究结果表明,采用水蓄冷技术不仅能实现电网的削峰填谷,平衡电力供需,还能大幅降低用户的运行成本,从而带来显著的经济效益。通过具体项目实例的分析,总结了水蓄冷系统在设计和运行中的关键技术和经验,为类似项目的推广提供了重要的参考依据,对实现建筑节能和碳达峰、碳中和目标具有重要意义。

A study of benef its compensation mechanism for agricultural water rights trading under the restriction of ecological reconstruction:a case study of Shiyang River basin

Agricultural water allocation system based on priority rights has caused regional conflicts and downstream ecological degradation. It is the urgent need to introduce the concept of the initial water rights and establish benefits compensation mechanism to resolve such problems. This paper takes the Shiyang River basin as an example to calculate the opportunity cost of 0.97×10^8 m^3 of agricultural water encroached by the middle reach based on initial water right allocation system under which water is allocated in accordance with the ratio between agricultural population of two different regions concerning the downstream ecological reconstruction needs with Bio-economic model （BEM）. The results suggest that the total economic loss of Minqin County for ecological reconstruction amounts to 2.5 7×10^8 yuan, of which 1.68×10^8 yuan is ecological compensation, representing the economic loss Minqin suffered for ecological reconstruction which shouM burden beneficial groups of ecological reconstruction and 0.89 ×10^8 yuan is the economic loss Minqin suffered due to Liangzhou＇s encroachment behavior which should be compensated by Liangzhou.

Water pollution control planning for the Taizi River watershed

Water pollution control planning for the Taizi River watershed,a typical Chinese case study,is presented in this paper. Based on comprehensive analysis.water quality in the watershed was assessed and predicated;water quality models for the river and reservoir were built;and function of water bodies and environmental assimilative capacity were determined ;and then the planning for industrial pollution sources and concentrated sewage treatment were made respectively.

Comparison of Two Dripper Line Designs to Assess Cotton Yield,Water Use,and Net Return in Northwest China

This study aimed to compare the effects of two types of drip irrigation line design on cotton yield, water use, and net returns. The experiments were carried out in the arid region of Xinjiang, Northwest China, during 2009-2010 growing years. The two types of lateral placement are commonly used by the local farmers in the area： double lines （two laterals controlling four rows） and single line designs （one lateral controlling four rows）. The results indicated that less irrigation water was applied by single line compared with double lines design. This implies that more irrigation water could be saved using single line, by reducing the water consumption of cotton. The emergence rates for double lines were 2 and 6% higher than those for single line design in 2009 and 2010. The seed cotton yields for double lines design were 5.76 and 6.41 Mg ha-1 which were 13 and 9% higher than for single line design in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Single lines could however lower the investment cost compared to double lines, which produced 10 and 7% more net income in 2009 and 2010, respectively. By contrast, the double lines was more profitable and suitable for the farmers in Northwest China than single line design.

滴灌条件下不同覆盖材料对玉米产量效益及土壤水分的影响

为探明不同覆盖材料对滴灌水肥一体化条件下玉米产量和土壤水分分布的影响,以普通PE地膜和裸地为对照,分析全生物降解膜、加厚PE地膜、玉米秸秆等3种材料覆盖下对玉米产量和水分的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆、加厚PE地膜和生物降解膜覆盖后玉米产量为13114.5~13708.5 kg/hm^(2),较普通PE地膜增产1.4%~6.0%;水分利用效率为24.17~25.11 kg/(mm·hm^(2)),较普通PE地膜提高2.3%~3.8%。产值与效益均高于普通PE地膜,均以玉米秸秆处理最高,分别为38383.8、24283.8元/hm^(2);生物降解膜次之,分别为37674.0、21624.0元/hm^(2);加厚PE地膜排第3,分别为36720.6、21570.6元/hm^(2)。收获后覆盖处理土壤水分均呈典型的“双峰”曲线,上层含水量高于下层,对深层土壤水分影响较大。在降水量低、蒸发量高的沿黄灌区,覆膜的主要作用是减蒸保水,用可生物降解的环保型降解地膜、易回收型的加厚PE地膜或固炭培肥型的秸秆替代普通PE膜可行。

Value of Water Based upon Retail Sales Tax Revenue

In quantifying the benefits of compost amendments to soils for agricultural and urban use in terms of water conservation, there are many difficulties in conveying “value” of water due to the many different aspects of value to individuals and organizations. Perhaps the most universal metric for value is through the net monetary impact of water. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the benefits by placing a dollar value on the amount of water conserved by amending soils with compost. In most of the literature, the value of water is rarely defined, and when it is the value presented is actually the “cost” of water production or reclamation. However, to truly understand the impacts of water conservation, a fuller vision of the value of water is needed beyond the costs of water. In this paper, the value of water is developed for the Rapid City, South Dakota area. With a value of water established, the benefits of soil compost amendments are calculated by evaluating the reduction of irrigation water needed for comparable crops and the value of the conserved water. In developing a value of water for Rapid City, South Dakota, the direct costs for water production are compared with the retail value of water and the economic activity enabled by a water supply. The average cost of water production for South Dakota cities averaged $0.004 per gallon ($0.001/Liter). The analysis of retail value and economic impact showed that water is valued at $0.71 per gallon ($0.19/Liter) for Rapid City and nine other South Dakota communities when calculated using the community’s retail sales records and economic reports. Efforts to find similar findings for the US were not found. With the value of water established for Rapid City and other South Dakota communities, the value benefits of compost amendments on water conservation are shown in direct monetary terms.

Environmental Assessment of Infrastructure Projects of Water Sector in Baghdad, Iraq

In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.

中国与“一带一路”国家粮食贸易驱动的虚拟水流动时空格局及其节水效益

粮食贸易是“一带一路”国家经济贸易合作中至关重要的部分之一,可以带动粮食生产全过程所需的虚拟水流动。将单位粮食产品虚拟水量纳入粮食贸易数据系统,进而揭示中国与“一带一路”国家间粮食贸易驱动的虚拟水流动时空格局,并测算粮食贸易所实现的全局性节水效益。研究发现:(1)研究时段中国粮食贸易所驱动的虚拟水净进口量逐年上升,净进口结构以稻米和玉米为主。(2)中国粮食虚拟水进口来源国结构稳定但相对单一,建议粮食贸易对象多元化;粮食虚拟水出口量较少,出口对象国相对分散。(3)结合水资源禀赋可以看出,在进口不可避免的前提下,中国考虑进口地区水资源禀赋后的粮食进口虽然未显示水资源节约,但浪费量大幅减少;粮食出口稀缺节水量为正,具有一定的节水效益。基于研究结果,提出我国可通过降低粮食进口国集中度,优化粮食贸易空间布局,在保障粮食安全的同时,通过虚拟水贸易实现水资源有效节约,拓展节水的思路与路径。

南水北调工程效益统计工作有关对策建议

南水北调东、中线一期工程通水以来发挥了显著效益,做好效益统计工作对做好一期工程调度运行管理、为推进南水北调后续工程高质量发展提供决策参考具有重要意义。为更加科学全面、更高质量开展南水北调工程效益统计分析工作,通过对南水北调效益统计工作开展情况及成果进行系统梳理总结,结合实际情况查找在效益统计工作系统性、效益指标体系和指标统计口径等方面存在的问题,并从深化思想认识、完善指标体系、建立保障机制、深化基础研究、开展系统分析等方面提出有针对性的对策建议,以为高质量做好南水北调工程效益统计分析工作提供支撑。

Feasibility of Protection Zones for Water Resources in Arid Areas: Case Study;Duyuk Nueimah Shosa Springs, Jericho, Palestine

Urbanization and different human-economic activities put increasing pressure on the ground water quality, which is considered as the main drinking water resources in Palestine. Protecting the spring water resources in Palestine is one major issue for the continuity of the availability of the water resources. An economic feasibility study was conducted for the Nuewimah-Shosha-Dyuk spring system in order to assess the economical factor for the induced methodology of the protection zones. The spring system has multiple users from different sectors (i.e., domestic, agriculture, commercial and public use) and multi-year cost benefit analysis technique used to show the feasibility of water protection zones on the long run. The study shows that even in arid areas in Palestine, small quantities are derived from springs-implementation of water protection zones is still feasible;the results of this study emphasize on importance and feasibility of water resources protection zones.