Single and joint effects of HHCB and cadmium on zebrafish （Danio rerio） in feculent water containing bedloads

As an important type of emerging pollutants, ecological toxicity and risk of artificial musks are increasingly concerned. Thus, single and joint toxic effects of 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8- hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran （HHCB） as one of the most widely applied artificial musks and cadmium （Cd） as an toxic metal on zebrafish （Danio rerio） were investigated by the exposure of zebrafish to various concentrations of HHCB or/and Cd in feculent water containing bedloads. The results indicated that the joint effect of HHCB and Cd changed during different exposure times within 120 h. The index of the antioxidant enzyme system including superoxide dismutase （SOD） and perox- idase （POD）, and malondialdehyde （MDA） were sensitive and induced in the zebrafish stressed by Cd, and content of soluble protein （SP） was sensitive to HHCB and could be used as a biomarker for HHCB. Joint effects on antioxidant enzymes depended more on the effect of single Cd in the first one or two days. However, in the rest exposure days, the effect of HHCB began to dominate in the joint effect during the exposure process.

Strengthening pelletization of manganese ore fines containing high combined water by high pressure roll grinding and optimized temperature elevation system

Pelletization is one of useful processes for the agglomeration of iron ore or concentrates. However, manganese ore fines are mainly agglomerated by sintering due to its high combined water which adversely affects the roasting performance of pellets. In this work, high pressure roll grinding(HPRG) process and optimization of temperature elevation system were investigated to improve the strength of fired manganese ore pellets. It is shown that the manganese ore possesses good ballability after being pretreated by HPRG twice, and good green balls were produced under the conditions of blending 2.0% bentonite in the feed, balling for 7 min at 16.00% moisture. High quality roasted pellets with the compressive strength of 2711 N per pellet were manufactured through preheating at 1050 °C for 10 min and firing at 1335 °C for 15 min by controlling the cracks formation. The fired manganese pellets keep the strength by the solid interconnection of recrystallized pyrolusite grains and the binding of manganite liquid phase which filled the pores and clearance among minerals. The product pellets contain high Mn grade and low impurities, and can be used to smelt ferromanganese, which provides a possible way to use imported manganese ore fines containing high combined water to produce high value ferromanganese.

Preparation of Microcapsules Containing Water Droplets Stabilized with Solid Powder and Application to Blowing Agent

We have tried to prepare the microcapsules containing water droplets stabilized with solid powder by utilizing the (W/O)/W emulsion. The water droplets as core material were stabilized in the monomer droplets with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a particulate surfactant. Before adding the TiO2 powder into the monomer phase, the powder was modified with triethoxyvinylsilane to adjust the degree of hydrophobicity and to promote adhesion on the interface between the inner water phase and the monomer phase in the (W/O) emulsion. It was investigated how the degree of hydrophobicity of the TiO2 powder affected the stability of water droplets in the (W/O) emulsion and the (W/O) droplets in the (W/O)/W emulsion. Moreover, the microcapsule diameters were measured before and after the expansion operation where the water droplets microencapsulated were applied as a blowing agent. The expansion ratio was increased with increase in the stability of the water droplets and the amount of water microencapsulated.

WATER SOLUBLE DISPERSE DYES CONTAINING CARBOXY-METHYL-SULFONYL GROUP

Water soluble disperse dyes of either monoazo or anthraquinone types containing the carboxymethylsulfonylgroup（-SO2CH2COOH）were synthesized.Ammonium salts of this type of dyes are more soluble thanother salts.These dyes are suitable for pad dyeing or printing on polyester fiber and polyester/cottonblends in either weak acid,neutral or weak alkali medium without a dispersing agent.The formation of-SO2CH3 group from -SO2CH2COOH group after fixing on the fiber was proved.

Experiment of Water Soluble Fertilizers Containing Humic Acid in Tomato Planting

As a natural macromolecular organic compound,humic acid can promote plant growth.Water soluble humic acid fertilizers refer to liquid or solid water soluble fertilizers made by adding appropriate amounts of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium macroelements or zinc,boron,iron,molybdenum,manganese,copper and other trace elements or organic matter,based on humic acid in the required proportions for plant growth.In order to verify the application effect of humic acid containing water soluble fertilizer produced by Tai’an Gold Land Chemical Co.,Ltd.,in tomato production in Daiyue District,Tai’an City,a fertilizer effect application experiment of humic acid containing water soluble fertilizer on tomato planting was specially carried out.The results showed that the water soluble fertilizer containing humic acid could obviously improve the agronomic characters of tomato;the yield was significantly increased;the effect of increasing the income of tomato growers was obvious.

Preparation of Microcapsules Containing Water and Effect of Water Content on Expansion Behavior

The research work was conducted in order to establish the optimum conditions for preparing the expanded polystyrene beads without harmful substances and was aimed at the preparation of the microcapsules containing water and investigation of the effect of the water content on the expansion behavior of microcapsules. Microcapsules were prepared with the suspension polymerization method and the suspension polymerization in parallel with interfacial polycondensation method using the multiple emulsion (W/O)/W and adding a few additives. With increasing the crosslinking agent concentration in the suspension polymerization method, the water content increased from R = 5.8 wt% (CT = 0) to R = 8.2 wt% (CT = 4 wt%) and then, decreased to R = 7.5 wt% (CT = 9.0 wt%), while the expansion ratio increased from E = 1.01 (CT = 0) to E = 2.20 (CT = 4 wt%) and then, decreased to E = 1.01 (CT = 7.0 wt%). With increasing the added amount of wax in the suspension polymerization method, the water content gradually increased from R = 2.5 wt% to R = 8.0 wt%, while the expansion ratio increased from E = 1.01 to E = 1.5 and then, decreased. The water content and the expansion ratio could be increased by conducting suspension polymerization in parallel with interfacial polycondensation reaction from R = 5.0 wt % to R = 8.0 wt % and from E = 1.01 to E = 1.3, respectively. The maximum expansion ratio of E = 2.58 in this work was obtained under the conditions of crosslinking agent concentration of CT = 4.0 wt %, the added amount of wax of 3.0 g, addition of Agarose and the expansion temperature of T = 150°C.

Structural Characterization and Octanol/water Partition Coefficients(LogP) Prediction for Oxygen-containing Organic Compounds

New descriptors were constructed and structures of some oxygen-containing organic compounds were parameterized. The multiple linear regression（MLR） and partial least squares regression（PLS） methods were employed to build two relationship models between the structures and octanol/water partition coefficients（LogP） of the compounds. The modeling correlation coefficients（R） were 0.976 and 0.922, and the ＂leave one out＂ cross validation correlation coefficients（R（CV）） were 0.973 and 0.909, respectively. The results showed that the structural descriptors could well characterize the molecular structures of the compounds; the stability and predictive power of the models were good.

超级13Cr不锈钢在油田模拟液中的应力腐蚀研究

为延长超深井超级13Cr不锈钢油管的生命周期,降低生产过程中复杂钻完井工作液及地层产出流体导致的应力腐蚀,开展了应力腐蚀产生机理分析,并提出了应对策略;基于聚合成膜缓蚀机理研发了缓蚀剂;在模拟工况和标准工况下,评价了超级13Cr不锈钢在酸液及加/未加缓蚀剂的返排液中的应力腐蚀情况。结果表明,加入缓蚀剂的酸液达到缓蚀要求;在返排液中,超级13Cr不锈钢的宏观腐蚀速率较大;在酸液及返排液中,超级13Cr不锈钢发生应力腐蚀,且在返排液中应力腐蚀较严重;在实验温度为140℃、压力为10 MPa的条件下,超级13Cr不锈钢在返排液中7 d后的应力腐蚀裂纹宽度为3~5μm,而加入体积分数为1%的缓蚀剂后测试72 h,超级13Cr不锈钢试片未产生应力腐蚀,说明该缓蚀剂可抑制超级13Cr不锈钢在高温环境中的应力腐蚀开裂。研究结果对超深井钻完井安全施工及安全生产具有借鉴意义。

Effect of water quenching processing parameters on the mechanical properties of a cold-rolled C-Mn-containing steel sheet

Cold-rolled advanced high-strength steel sheets have become the material of choice for the automotive industry because of their unique attributes of high strength and balanced mechanical properties.High-hydrogen gas jet cooling and water quenching are the most commonly used ultrafast cooling technologies for producing martensite-containing high-strength steel sheets.The water quenching technology ensures the fastest industrial cooling rate of 1 000 K/s;therefore,it has the highest potential with respect to saving alloys.In this study,the water quenching of a C-Mn-containing steel sheet is simulated during continuous annealing to investigate the effect of water quenching and tempering parameters on its mechanical properties.The results reveal that at low quenching temperatures,the strength of the steel sheet decreases as the soaking temperature increases.However,at high quenching temperatures,a high soaking temperature corresponds to increased strength after quenching,regardless of whether the material was austenitized in the single austenite zone or the inter-critical zone.Therefore,a high quenching temperature always results in a high strength and a high yield ratio after quenching.Low-temperature overaging(tempering) considerably influences the yield strength and yield ratio,and the extent of this influence is correlated with the soaking temperature.

含改性氯化合物对N2/细水雾抑制LPG爆炸影响研究

为了提高对液化石油气(liquefied petroleum gas,LPG)的抑爆效能,采用自主设计的半开式有机玻璃管道搭建了N2/细水雾抑爆实验平台,从爆炸超压、火焰传播速度及其峰值来临时间、火焰结构等4个方面分析含改性氯化合物N2/细水雾抑爆效果。结果表明:含氯化合物对表面活性剂具有选择性,KCl、NaCl和NH4Cl与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AeO9)、有机硅表面活性剂(Sicare2235)等2种表面活性剂之间的协同增效效果更优,爆炸超压峰值、火焰传播速度峰值均明显降低,且峰值来临时间明显延长;十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)仅与NaCl共同作用时抑爆效果有明显提升,与其他3种氯盐共同作用时没有增效效果甚至产生促爆现象;FeCl2与表面活性剂协同时会出现爆炸增强现象;含氯化合物与表面活性剂共同作用时,复合溶液的表面张力存在最佳值,即表面张力在20 mN/m时,抑爆效能最佳。化学动力学数值模拟结果表明:含改性氯化合物N2/细水雾能够有效降低绝热火焰温度,消耗关键自由基,中断燃烧链式反应,其抑爆的协同增效机理主要体现在N2惰化稀释、表面活性剂调控水雾粒径增加冷却效应和抑制链式反应3个方面。

电容式含水传感器极板间油液更替时间研究

液压系统中的水污染严重影响系统工作可靠性,因此利用含水传感器实时准确地响应系统油液含水率的变化对液压系统的健康维护至关重要。电容式含水传感器通过测量介电常数的变化来间接测量水分含量,而电容极板间油液更替的时间直接反应传感器的动态响应特性。选择了两种仿真方法对极板间油液的更替情况进行了分析,并搭建试验系统进行了验证,结果表明,物质组分输运模型更适合仿真分析电容型含水传感器的响应特性。提出的仿真方法为电容式含水传感器动态响应特性的分析提供一种新的思路,分析结果可为电容式含水传感器的采样时间选择提供参考,以获得准确可靠的含水率检测结果。

西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态环境损伤特征及修复机制

我国煤炭开发重点已战略西移,实现煤炭资源绿色开采与生态协调发展,成为保障国家能源安全的重要举措之一。西部煤层大多数埋藏浅、上覆基岩薄、煤层厚,有利于一次采全高大规模井工开采或露天开采。但该地区气候干旱少雨、生态条件脆弱,大规模高强度对矿区及周边生态环境造成的损伤大。由于对开采过程中生态损伤演变机制及采后修复机理尚不清楚,没有成熟的修复理论和方法作指导,成为制约该地区煤炭高质量发展的重大难题。针对上述难题开展系统研究,认为精准勘测煤炭开采全周期工作面地质-水文地质条件和矿区生态演化特征,有助于阐明开采诱致上覆土岩破损机理、水资源散失富集与循环调运规律、生态损伤演变机理和承载力,并揭示采后矿区土岩层、水资源循环、生态自适应机理。采用植物-微生物组合修复方法,初步构建井工和露天矿山人工与自然协同的水-土-生立体耦合修复理论,提出了生态修复机制的新思考,在浅埋深矿区开采形成的裂缝发育犹如农田松土一般,成为生态修复新的契机,促进水-土-生再分配,并利用微生物修复技术,可促进矿区生态环境的正向协同发展,实现西部煤矿脆弱生态区开发“金山银山”,再造“绿水青山”的思维转变。

水蒸气在褐煤孔隙中的吸附行为:试验研究与分子动力学模拟

深入理解水在褐煤上的吸附是褐煤干燥提质技术的理论基础之一。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和低温氮吸附/脱附试验分析了褐煤的含氧官能团和孔隙结构,利用水蒸气吸附/脱附试验和分子动力学(MD)模拟探究了水蒸气在褐煤孔隙中的吸附行为。研究结果表明:褐煤样品丰富的含氧官能团和较多的微孔、中孔(孔径约2 nm),为水蒸气提供了吸附位点和吸附场所。水蒸气在煤样上的吸附过程可分为3个阶段。第1阶段,相对蒸气压(P/P_(0))<0.21,水分子直接吸附于含氧官能团上,此时的吸附速度最大;第2阶段(P/P_(0)=0.21~<0.71),水分子与已吸附的水分子相互作用,促使水团簇逐渐生长;第3阶段(P/P_(0)≥0.71),水团簇填充孔隙,并发生毛细凝聚,此时的吸附速度略大于第2阶段。根据Dent模型对水蒸气吸附等温线的拟合结果,吸附类型属于多级吸附,包括初级吸附(第1阶段)和次级吸附(第2、3阶段)。初级吸附能(-48.77 kJ/mol)显著大于水的液化热(E L=-43.99 kJ/mol),而次级吸附能(-42.28 kJ/mol)略小于E L,表明吸附于褐煤的水呈液态。水蒸气脱附过程存在明显的脱附迟滞现象,表明水蒸气吸附稳定,较难去除,其中高压迟滞发生在P/P_(0)≈0.4~0.9,主要由毛细凝聚和“墨水瓶”效应引起;而低压迟滞发生在P/P_(0)<0.4,由水分子与含氧官能团间强相互作用引起。MD模拟结果与水蒸气吸附/脱附等温线分析结果一致,水分子优先吸附在孔隙中,与孔隙壁的含氧官能团形成氢键,且其扩散系数(2.98×10^(-5)cm^(2)/s)与液态水的分子扩散系数相近。

两步法高效含氚净化水空气载带系统研究

针对现有含氚净化水空气载带技术排放效率低、环境适应性差的问题,提出一种基于溴化锂制冷驱动溶液除湿和高效雾化加湿的两步法含氚净化水空气载带系统,搭建了载带量大于2 t/d的试验样机,并在不同工况下开展了载带实验研究。结果显示:试验样机在空气温度3~50℃、空气相对湿度0~90%的环境工况下可安全、高效地排放含氚净化水,试验样机在典型工况、高湿工况、高温工况下,载带量分别为100.8、119.9、96.0 kg/h,与一步法相比,载带量分别提升了298.4%、508.6%、60.0%。这表明,基于两步法的含氚净化水空气载带系统可大幅拓宽含氚净化水安全排放的环境适应范围,且排放效率较高,可为含氚净化水的排放应用提供参考。

含聚丙烯酰胺污水处理技术的研究进展

我国许多油田已步入开采中后期,聚合物驱油技术在我国油田开采中已被广泛应用,由此导致采出水中含有大量的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)聚合物,PAM无法有效循环,从而引发严重的环境污染问题。因此,开发对含PAM污水高效的处理技术迫在眉睫。介绍了含PAM污水的来源及危害,并从物理法、化学法和生物法等角度综述了近年来国内外处理含PAM污水的最新研究进展,总结了各种方法的优缺点,对未来的研究方向也进行了展望。

考虑零碳航线的集装箱运输网络抗毁性研究

随着世界各国对航运碳排放的重视,零碳航线作为减少碳排放的创新方式备受关注。集装箱运输过程可以利用复杂网络拓扑的形式呈现,虽然零碳航线的加入不会改变航运网络的结构,但由于零碳航线上港口的独特性质和作用,会对集装箱运输网络产生一定影响。本文根据港口实际数据构建引入零碳航线的集装箱运输网络模型,以网络效率、最大联通子图规模、绿色港口抗毁性指数这3个指标衡量网络的抗毁性能。通过模拟实验选择蓄意攻击触发网络级联效应,分析容量参数、绿色港口数、负载分配系数对集装箱运输网络抗毁性的影响。结果表明,零碳航线的加入对集装箱运输网络抗毁性能影响较大;25%的港口为绿色港口时,能兼顾网络的三方面抗毁性能,包括网络全局效率、绿色港口抗毁性指数和最大连通子图规模;负载分配系数为4时能够提高运输网络的抗毁性能,削弱零碳航线加入造成的影响。重要节点受到攻击后,网络效率、最大联通子图规模均大幅度下降。

集装箱循环水绿色养殖技术

为探索绿色高效水产养殖模式,探究尾水处理新方法,提升设施渔业的综合效益,在对传统集装箱进行改造后,增加蔬菜种植模块,利用水产养殖尾水浇灌蔬菜,并利用蔬菜种植净化水质,实现水体循环高效使用。通过标准化、模块化的绿色循环养殖,建立水质监测、粪污收集、恒温供氧、鱼菜共生和智慧渔业等功能模块,实现资源的高效利用和标准化智能化生产的目标。通过多年试验发现,集装箱式鱼菜共生系统可以实现年均效益1 511.24元/m^(2),年种植4~5茬蔬菜。达到水产养殖和蔬菜种植协同共生,实现养鱼不换水而无水质隐忧,种菜不施肥而正常生长的生态共生效应。

合水油田含聚合物采出水处理技术的研究与应用

长庆合水油田采出水废水中含有大量的聚合物、水凝胶,采出水水体发黑、黏度大、乳化稳定性强、难破乳,难以用常规污水处理方法进行处理。在对水质成份进行详细分析后,认为水体发黑的原因是其中的二价铁离子与硫化物形成了黑色的硫化铁胶体固形物。用“氧化→解聚→絮凝”新工艺对合水油田采出水进行处理,效果十分显著。首先对含聚水中聚合物氧化解聚,破坏其结构稳定性,然后用适量的过碳酸钠(SPC)使硫化铁胶体脱色,随后再进行絮凝沉淀,使用200~350ppm的SPC和2~5ppm的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺和聚合硫酸铁组合的复合絮凝剂,可以使含聚采出水的悬浮物下降到30mg·L^(-1)以下,pH约为7.0,且有效降低了水体的色度和浊度,其中浊度降低率达到98.02%,铁离子去除率为96.46%。较好地解决了含聚废水水体发黑、不易沉降、难处理等问题,有效改善了采出水水质,达到回注要求。

含腐植酸水溶肥对空心菜生长及土壤养分性状的影响

为研究不同含腐植酸水溶肥施用量及施肥方式对空心菜品质、土壤含碳量、养分含量、土壤酶活性的影响,设置8个处理,分别为空白(CK)、常规化肥(CF)、根施腐植酸水溶肥全量替代(RT_(1))、根施腐植酸水溶肥50%替代(RT_(0.5))、根施腐植酸水溶肥25%替代(RT_(0.25))、叶施腐植酸水溶肥全量替代(LT_(1))、叶施腐植酸水溶肥50%替代(LT_(0.5))、叶施腐植酸水溶肥25%替代(LT_(0.25)),测定收获后土壤理化性质以及空心菜产量品质指标,采用主成分分析法对施肥效果进行综合评价。结果表明,RT_(1)较CF产量、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和可溶性固形物含量分别提升了11.5%、8.7%和8.8%;LT_(1)较CF可溶性固形物、粗蛋白和维生素C含量分别提升了17.6%、15.5%和11.0%,但产量和土壤SOC含量分别下降了2.9%和11.3%。空心菜产量与土壤速效氮和SOC含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与pH和速效钾、速效磷含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明速效氮养分和有机质的添加对于促进空心菜的生长和增加产量起重要作用。根据主成分分析结果,施加含腐植酸水溶肥有利于高品质蔬菜生产及提高土壤质量,根部施用全量含腐植酸水溶肥替代化肥(RT_(1))效果最佳。研究结果可为提高作物产量品质和土壤质量,实现化肥减施并增加土壤固碳能力提供参考。