Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

Essentials of Drip Irrigation System for Saving Water and Nutrients to Plant Roots: As a Guide for Growers

Many regions around the world are characterized by limited water resources, where the average annual per capita renewable water is about 1000 -1700 cubic meters. For instance, in china the problems of water supply are widely known globally. Though, China is facing main problem which is how to distribute water, instead of water shortage in itself. Therefore, restricted resources of water are increasingly stressed in the future by many factors such as excessive clouds of water, pollution and climate change. On the other hand, most studies have been indicated that the agricultural sector is one of the sectors that will face a large water deficit in the future due to the high demand for food, competition for water resources, drought and the high consumption of water due to the acquisition of traditional surface irrigation techniques. In spite of introduce modern irrigation methods such as drip irrigation in agriculture by developing irrigation methods and eliminating old traditional irrigation methods, however, its efficiency is related to the qualifying of farms and users of irrigation water, where they are the main users of irrigation water in water resources management. The considerable challenge facing agriculture is to raise irrigation efficiency depending on water-saving irrigation systems to provide water resources for crops. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide farmers with important points about using drip irrigation technology, to raise their technical level in using irrigation water, through their guidance to the best techniques and to avoid some common mistakes in design, utilization, management and maintenance of drip irrigation system.

Water-saving Potential in aeolian sand soil under straight tube and surface drip irrigation in Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China

Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip krigation （D1]. Subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） is one good approach to curb this inefficiency, but in a new irrigation method, straight tube irrigation （STI）, the irrigation tubes do not need to be buried and thus STI is recommended to increase the irrigation efficiency under normal surface-applied DI. STI consists of only connectors and water-transference tubes that can directly transfer irrigation water from the lateral emitters in the drip line to the root zone of plants. Five-month field experiments were carried out in aeolian sand soil in the forest-belts of the Taklimakan Desert, which have poor water storage capacity, to compare the potential water saving between STI and DI. The preliminary results showed that, compared with DI, STI （1） improved the soil water content in soil depths from 40 to 100 cm under the soil surface; （2） achieved the same irrigation effects in relatively shorter irrigation durations; （3） had very little water loss due to deep seepage; and （4） formed a layer of dry sand about 10 to 30 cm thick immediately below the soil surface, which lessened evaporation loss of soil water beneath the emitters on the soil surface. This demonstrates that STI can maximize the water-saving potential of DI through the reduction of wetted soil perimeters on the soil surface. This is valuable information for water-saving engineering applications and projects with STI in arid and semiarid regions.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.

Technologies for Efficient Use of Irrigation Water and Energy in China

While the shortage of water and energy is a well-recognized worldwide natural resources issue, little attention has been given to irrigation energy efficiency. In this paper, we examine the potential energy savings that can be achieved by implementing improved irrigation technologies in China. The use of improved irrigation management measures such as a flow meter, irrigation scheduling, and/or regular maintenance and upgrades, typically reduces the amount of water pumped over the course of a growing season. The total energy saved by applying these improved measures could reach 20%, as compared with traditional irrigation methods. Two methods of irrigation water conveyance by traditional earth canal and low pressure pipeline irrigation （LPPI） were also evaluated. Our study indicated that LPPI could save 6.48x 109 kWh yr1 when applied to 11 Chinese provinces. Also, the COz emission was reduced by 6.72 metric tons per year. Among these 11 surveyed provinces, the energy saving potential for two provinces, Hebei and Shandong, could reach 1.45 x 109 kWh yr^-1. Using LPPI, potential energy saved and CO2 emissions reduced in the other 20 Chinese provinces were estimated at about 2.97×109 kWh yr-1 and 2.69 metric tons per year, respectively. The energy saving potential for Heilongjiang, a major agriculture province, could reach 1.77× 109 kWh yr-1, which is the largest in all provinces. If LPPI is applied to the entire country, average annual energy saving of more than 9 billion kWh and average annual CO2 emission reduction of more than 9.0 metric tons could be realized. Rice is one of the largest users of the world＇s fresh water resources. Compared with continuous flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation （ITI） can improve yield and water-use efficiency in paddy fields. The total increments of net output energy and yield by ITI in paddy fields across China could reach 2.5× 1016 calories and l07 tons, respectively. So far only a small part of agricultural land in China has adopted water and energy saving technologies. Therefore, potential water and energy savings in China by adapting improved irrigation technology could be significant and should be carefully studied and applied.

Comparison of Two Dripper Line Designs to Assess Cotton Yield,Water Use,and Net Return in Northwest China

This study aimed to compare the effects of two types of drip irrigation line design on cotton yield, water use, and net returns. The experiments were carried out in the arid region of Xinjiang, Northwest China, during 2009-2010 growing years. The two types of lateral placement are commonly used by the local farmers in the area： double lines （two laterals controlling four rows） and single line designs （one lateral controlling four rows）. The results indicated that less irrigation water was applied by single line compared with double lines design. This implies that more irrigation water could be saved using single line, by reducing the water consumption of cotton. The emergence rates for double lines were 2 and 6% higher than those for single line design in 2009 and 2010. The seed cotton yields for double lines design were 5.76 and 6.41 Mg ha-1 which were 13 and 9% higher than for single line design in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Single lines could however lower the investment cost compared to double lines, which produced 10 and 7% more net income in 2009 and 2010, respectively. By contrast, the double lines was more profitable and suitable for the farmers in Northwest China than single line design.

基于物联网农业灌溉系统精准控制模型的研究

为进一步提升我国农业灌溉系统的综合作业效率,体现灌溉的先进性与科学性,提出以精准控制模型为切入点,以物联网技术为主体支撑平台,针对其作业系统展开设计与优化。通过引入物联网强大的系统性架构,规范与强化各网络节点的部署与协作关系,科学搭建用于实现精准灌溉控制的数学模型,同时导入合理的系统软件设计程序与硬件功能组件配置,形成完整集成式的农业智能灌溉系统。结果表明:基于物联网平台技术的精准控制模型应用后,整体的作业效率得到显著提升,系统精准度、系统响应率分别相对提高了6.25%和7.68%,动作延迟率相对降低了2.72%,灌溉节水效率提升至91.50%。物联网平台下的精准控制模型应用效果良好,设计理念正确,可为灌溉领域实施节能降耗提供参考。

气候行动最前线的高标准农田生产气象保障

以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化已经严重威胁到全球粮食安全,高标准农田建设作为农业适应气候变化的重要措施已经在中国推广实施。为助力气候变暖影响下的高标准农田生产,文章梳理了国际土地整理与我国高标准农田建设历程,并从高标准农田适宜性评价、土地要素配置的粮食效应、高标准农田监督管理和高标准农田建设效益评价四个方面综述了高标准农田的最新研究进展,指出目前缺乏高标准农田生产气象保障相关研究。在此基础上,针对高标准农田旱涝保收、抗灾能力强和生态良好“三位一体”的要求,提出气象助力高标准农田生产应加强三个方面研究:农田生态系统气候水资源相互作用与农田节水灌溉;主要粮食作物气象灾变精准监测模拟与快速解析归因;农田生态气象风险敏感因子检测及其气象监测评价,以实现气象为农服务提质增效,助力高标准农田高产增效。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统的参数检测方法研究

为提升农业灌溉系统检测环节准确性及整体作业效率为目标,基于物联网灌溉及参数检测方法应用展开设计。以当前灌溉作业机理及通信结构布局为出发点,通过建立合理正确的参数检测架构,选定高效适应的参数检测方法,实现整体灌溉系统功能优化。进行灌溉系统作业监测试验,结果表明:参数数据通信监测准确率及系统执行效率分别提升至93.70%与95.89%,系统丢包率相对降低至0.79%,平均节水效率相对提升了6.39%。基于物联网平台进行参数检测的有效性与适应性改进,较好地满足了智能灌溉的发展趋势,其方法研究理念对于灌溉系统及类似农机培育系统开发应用具有参考价值。

高含沙水滴灌灌水器堵塞机制及防堵技术研究进展

为解决黄河水中粒径小于0.10 mm细小泥沙颗粒引发的滴灌灌水器堵塞问题。通过文献调研,回顾了高含沙水滴灌条件下灌水器物理堵塞机制相关研究进展,并提出了进一步研究方向。细小泥沙颗粒含量较高的浑水滴灌时,滴头堵塞主要是含沙量、泥沙粒径与颗粒级配耦合作用的结果。滴灌系统工作条件如工作压力的动态变化有助于移除流道内黏、粉等细颗粒堵塞物质,促进较大泥沙颗粒排出流道;灌溉水温越高,滴头抗物理堵塞性能越强;对浑水加气和磁化处理可改变毛管内水流水力特性及悬浮泥沙运动规律,增强水流拖拽力,减小管道内泥沙淤积量。此外,施肥增强了水体中泥沙颗粒间的絮凝作用,对浑水水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞具有明显加速作用。浑水含沙量、粒径和颗粒级配是引发滴头物理堵塞的重要因素,确定易引发滴头堵塞的敏感含沙量、颗粒粒径段,选用适宜肥料种类和施肥浓度阈值,优化滴灌系统工作条件参数是改变毛管内泥沙颗粒运移和沉积规律、延缓滴头堵塞进程、提高水肥一体化滴灌水肥利用效率的有力措施;采用统一的灌水试验方法,充分利用现代测试手段,结合生产实际有针对性地改进工程技术处理措施是解决滴头堵塞问题的必要途径。

西南水稻主产区用水现状与绿色高效灌排技术

西南水稻主产区面临季节性干旱、工程性缺水等生产问题,绿色高效灌排技术是该区域实现节水稳产增效的关键举措,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了包括云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市在内的西南地区水稻生产用水现状和灌排技术现状,阐述了西南水稻主产区绿色高效灌排体系的基本特征、绿色高效灌排的具体技术类型,提出了由稻田精准需水预报、灌区精量配水管理、田间高效用水管理、田间高效排水管理构成的绿色高效灌排技术模式。研究发现,西南水稻主产区水资源丰富但时空分布不均,节水灌溉和排水技术落后且对各地区气候条件、水资源量、地形的适用性有较大差异。建议研发稻田灌排高效协同调控新技术、推广绿色高效灌排技术体系、优化稻田水肥运筹模式、开发稻田智能灌排与信息化管理系统、构建水稻绿色高效灌排技术多维推广体系,据此推动西南水稻主产区节水提质增效与绿色减污降排多赢。

新型灌溉技术在果树中应用的研究进展

果树是我国农业中重要的支柱产业,而我国水资源匮乏是影响果树生产的瓶颈问题。近年,研究学者根据果树的需水特性、生长发育规律、栽培环境条件等因素,研制多种新型节水灌溉技术,并得到较好的试验印证效果,该文将国内外有关新型灌溉技术在果树中的研究进行综合阐述,并对今后新型灌溉技术进行展望,以期将新型灌溉技术更好地服务于果树生产、提高果园管理水平提供借鉴。

京郊山区果园高效灌溉技术研究与应用

北京地区有大量的山区果园,分布在京郊西南部、北部与东北部,与平原区果园相比,山区果园的地形一般较为复杂,地形存在落差,存在大量的坡地且坡度较大,果园灌溉的供水条件较差等特征。文章结合切身的技术服务工作,以房山区佛子庄乡东班各庄村北山坡苹果园为对象,通过采集果园地理信息数据,现场踏勘,工程测绘,结合果树生长状况及实际管理措施等,从果园高效节水灌溉技术适宜性选配出发,应对山坡地形变化引起压力不均匀变异进行压力补偿,面向复杂地形地质条件,开展水肥药一体化灌溉系统集成,是山坡高效灌溉技术推广的关键。

高密度栽培条件下灌水量对河西灌区玉米群体质量及水分利用效率的影响

提高种植密度是玉米产量持续增长的重要措施,探讨高密度栽培下的合理灌溉定额对保障玉米高产及水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。2023年4—10月在河西灌区张掖节水农业试验站开展田间试验,研究高密度栽培条件下不同灌水量(270.0、390.0、510.0、630.0 mm)对玉米群体质量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,玉米的干物质量、产量呈增加趋势,高灌水量(630.0 mm)下的干物质量和产量均最高,中等灌水量(510.0 mm)下干物质量、产量分别高达32013.36、16000.31 kg/hm2,仅比高灌水量处理分别低2.89%、3.13%,而在390.0、270.0 mm灌水量下显著降低。各处理的光合势、生长速率随生育进程的推进先增加后降低,其中吐丝期后20 d达到最大,且随灌水量增加而增大;吐丝期后20 d至灌浆中期,510.0、390.0 mm灌水量下的光合势下降幅度为0.38%、2.40%,生长速率下降幅度为26.16%、30.19%,均低于高灌水量处理和低灌水量(270.0 mm)处理。玉米水分利用效率随灌水量、耗水量增加先上升后下降,390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理下水分利用效率分别为26.21、25.14 kg/(hm2·mm),差异不显著;而产量最高的高灌水量处理及耗水量最低的低灌水量处理仅为22.77、23.98 kg/(hm2·mm),均低于390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理。综合考虑玉米产量与水分利用效率等指标,在种植密度为11.70万株/hm2条件下,510.0 mm为玉米生育期适宜灌水量,可实现增产节水目标。

无线灌溉控制系统的设计与试验

南疆的温带大陆性气候为棉花生长提供了良好的自然条件,该地区棉花种植范围广,但干旱少雨。为解决传统灌溉方式自动化程度低、水资源浪费严重等问题,本文以LoRa无线通信、传感器、远程控制等技术,设计了一套基于LoRa通信技术的农业灌溉控制系统。该系统采用高精度土壤墒情传感器,远程在线采集土壤温湿度,远程控制电磁阀开关等控制方式,获得作物最佳灌溉时间、灌溉水量。试验结果表明:应用该系统进行灌溉后,灌溉效率有了显著提高,灌溉均匀度可达95%以上,效果良好,可为大田灌溉提供参考。

新疆灌区农业节水发展现状与对策建议

水是新疆可持续发展的生命线,也是新疆农业发展的瓶颈。农业是新疆用水大户,占经济社会总用水量的90%以上,南疆农业用水占比更高。新疆节水潜力重点在农业,农业节水是新疆经济社会可持续发展的根本出路。为提高新疆农业水资源利用效率,促进农业高质量发展,本文梳理回顾了新疆灌区农业节水发展历程,分析了农业节水发展现状及存在问题,结合新时期国家对新疆农业发展的新定位、新要求,提出了大力发展适水型现代农业、加大高效节水工程建设、持续推进降盐节水、加强数字化灌区建设、加强农业节水宣传培训、健全农业节水服务体系等对策建议,以期为新疆现代农业可持续发展和保障国家粮棉油安全提供有力支撑。

农技培训、技术获取与农户节水灌溉技术采纳行为——基于同伴效应的有调节的中介效应

为探究农技培训、技术获取、同伴效应和农户节水灌溉技术采纳的影响关系和机制路径,使用课题组在水资源匮乏代表区——内蒙古地区2022年的505份微观农户数据,基于中介效应模型、调节效应模型、有调节的中介效应模型开展研究。研究发现:(1)调研农户采用节水灌溉行为较多,但农户实际节水灌溉的耕地面积占家庭总耕地面积的比例较低;(2)参加农技培训、降低技术获取难度、高同伴效应均能促进农户采纳节水灌溉技术和增加采纳面积;(3)农户可以通过参加农业技术培训,降低节水灌溉技术的获取难度,进而促进对节水灌溉技术的采纳行为,另外同伴效应还对技术获取具有替代作用,同时高同伴效应还会提高农业技术培训对农户节水灌溉采纳的影响,但不会促进农户的采纳面积增加。基于以上分析,建议多渠道、多形式、多方位创新政府培训方式,吸引更多农户参与;降低农户获取节水灌溉技术的经济成本和技术成本;发挥同伴效应的积极作用,引领更多农户参与使用节水灌溉技术。

土地流转、集体行动对塔里木河流域农户节水灌溉技术采纳行为的影响——基于政府补贴的调节效应

节水灌溉技术采纳是提高农业用水效率、促进农业可持续发展的关键。基于塔里木河流域1216户农户调查,运用探索性因子分析法、二元Logit模型和bootstrap中介检验方法探索土地流转、集体行动对塔里木河流域节水灌溉技术采纳行为的影响以及政府补贴的调节效应。结果表明:①土地流转面积不会对节水灌溉技术采纳行为产生影响,土地流转期限、土地流转价格会对节水灌溉技术采纳行为产生正向影响。②集体行动对节水灌溉技术采纳行为具有正向影响,并在土地流转影响节水灌溉技术采纳行为路径中起到正向的中介作用。③政府补贴在集体行动影响节水灌溉技术采纳行为路径中具有正向的调节效应。因此,为了促进农户节水灌溉技术采纳,应当进一步加快农地流转,建立农业节水灌溉技术推广宣传平台,完善集体行动架构,加大资金支持,营造良好的农业节水氛围。

江苏高效节水灌溉发展现状及对策研究

发展高效节水灌溉是江苏现代农业发展的必由之路。总结了江苏高效节水灌溉现状,分析发展高效节水灌溉的潜力和需求,从自然条件、技术装备、投入保障、管护水平等角度剖析发展的制约因素,提出选择适宜发展模式、强化科技支撑、加强典型示范引领、注重宣传发动等对策措施。