Water source identification in mines combining LIF technology and ResNet

The problem of mine water source has always been an important hidden danger in mine safety production.The water source under the mine working face may lead to geological disasters,such as mine collapse and water disaster.The research background of mine water source identification involves many fields such as mining production,environmental protection,resource utilization and technological progress.It is a comprehensive and interdisciplinary subject,which helps to improve the safety and sustainability of mine production.Therefore,timely and accurate identification and control of mine water source is very important to ensure mine production safety.Laser-Induced Fluorescence(LIF)technology,characterized by high sensitivity,specificity,and spatial resolution,overcomes the time-consuming nature of traditional chemical methods.In this experiment,sandstone water and old air water were collected from the Huainan mining area as original samples.Five types of mixed water samples were prepared by varying their proportions,in addition to the two original water samples,resulting in a total of seven different water samples for testing.Four preprocessing methods,namely,MinMaxScaler,StandardScaler,Standard Normal Variate(SNV)transformation,and Centering Transformation(CT),were applied to preprocess the original spectral data to reduce noise and interference.CT was determined as the optimal preprocessing method based on class discrimination,data distribution,and data range.To maintain the original data features while reducing the data dimension,including the original spectral data,five sets of data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)dimensionality reduction.Through comparing the clustering effect and Fisher's ratio of the first three dimensions,PCA was identified as the optimal dimensionality reduction method.Finally,two neural network models,CT+PCA+CNN and CT+PCA+ResNet,were constructed by combining Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)and Residual Neural Networks(ResNet),respectively.When selecting the neural network models,the training time,number of iterative parameters,accuracy,and cross-entropy loss function in the classification problem were compared to determine the model best suited for water source data.The results indicated that CT+PCA+ResNet was the optimal approach for water source identification in this study.

Mechanism of nitrogen loss driven by soil and water erosion in water source areas

Nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be controlled by reducing the amount of fertilizer applied,but pollution caused by soil and water erosion in hilly areas can only be controlled by conservation forests.The catchment area around Fushi Reservoir was selected as a test site and mechanisms of N loss from a vertical spatial perspective through field observations were determined.The main N losses occurred from June to September,accounting for 85.9-95.9%of the annual loss,with the losses in June and July accounting for 46.0%of the total,and in August and September for 41.9%.The N leakage from the water source area was effectively reduced by 38.2%through the optimization of the stand structure of the conservation forests.Establishing well-structured forests for water conservation is crucial to ensure the security of drinking water.This preliminary research lays the foundation for revealing then loss mechanisms in water source areas and improving the control of non-point source pollution in these areas.

Legislation on protection of drinking water sources and local management practices in the Pearl River Delta region of China

The protection of drinking water sources is vital to urban development and public health.In this study,the current situation of the mandatory protection area for drinking water source in the Pearl River Delta region was investigated using a method combining Google Earth with the field survey.The gaps between management practices and legislation requirements were analyzed.Finally,several countermeasures for water resource protection were proposed as follows:to promote delineation in a more scientific way,to safeguard the sanctity of the law,to make better plan on water saving,and to encourage public participation in supervision and management.

Genotoxicity evaluation and a primary risk assessment of organic pollutants in the drinking water sources of Nanjing, China

An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In this study, the comet assay was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity to human body caused by organic concentrates in the drinking water sources of Nanjing City from Yangtze River of China, and health and ecology risk due to expose to these organic pollutants were evaluated with the multimedia environmental assessment system （MEAS）. For all the water samples, they were collected from four different locations in the drinking water sourcr samples, es of Nanjing City. The results of the comet assay showed that all the organic concentrates from the water samples could induce different levels DNA damages on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a statistically significant difference （p〈0.01） was observed compared with the solvent control, which demonstrated the genotoxicity was in existence. According to the ambient severity （AS） of individual compound, we had sorted out the main organic pollutants in the drinking water source of the four waterworks, and the results showed that there was some potential hazard to human body for all the source water, namely the total ambient severity （TAS） of health for each water source was more than 1. However, the TAS of ecology for each water source was less than 1, which indicated that it was safe to ecology. The results of this investigation demonstrate the application of the comet assay and the MEAS in aquatic environmental monitoring studies, and the comet assay found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable for genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water source.

Stable isotope analysis of water sources for Tamarix laxa in the mega-dunes of the Badain Jaran Desert, China

The complex interactions in desert ecosystems between functional types and environmental conditions could be reflected by plant water use patterns. However, the mechanisms underlying the water use patterns as well as the water sources of Tamarix laxa in the mega-dunes of the Badain Jaran Desert, China, remain unclear. This study investigated the water sources and water use patterns of T. laxa using the stable oxygen isotope method. The δ18O values of xylem water, soil water in different layers(0–200 cm), rainwater, snow water, lake water, atmospheric water vapor, condensate water, and groundwater were measured. The sources of water used by T. laxa were determined using the IsoSource model. The results indicate that T. laxa mainly relies on soil water. At the beginning of the growing season(in May), the species is primarily dependent on water from the middle soil layer(60–120 cm) and deep soil layer(120–200 cm). However, it mainly absorbs water from the shallow soil layer(0–60 cm) as the rainy season commences. In September, water use of T. laxa reverts to the deep soil layer(120–200 cm). The water use patterns of T. laxa are closely linked with heavy precipitation events and soil water content. These findings reveal the drought resistance mechanisms of T. laxa and are of significance for screening species for ecological restoration.

Connotation and principles of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas based on the theory of externality

Understanding the connotation and principles of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas is the basis and guarantee for establishing and improving the ecological compensation mechanism of water source reserve areas.First,this paper reviews the three stages of ecological compensation research progress.Based on the review,using the theory of externality,the ecological environment system of water source reserve areas is then analyzed.This paper argues that the connotation of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas is a kind of institutional arrangement,which is designed to internalize externalities.Finally,based on the understanding of the connotation of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas,five principles for establishing and improving the ecological compensation mechanism are proposed,including the principle of fairness and justice,the principle of equivalence of equality and responsibility,the principle of flexibility and effectiveness,the principle of "earmark funds,and implementation by law," and the principle of government compensation supplemented with market compensation.

Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.

Protection Planning for Rural Centralized Drinking Water Source Areas in Chongqing

Protection planning is made for rural centralized drinking water source areas according to current situations of rural drinking water and existing problems of centralized drinking water source areas in Chongqing,and in combination with survey,analysis and evaluation of urban-rural drinking water source areas in whole city.There are engineering measures and non-engineering measures,to guarantee drinking water security of rural residents,improve rural ecological environment,realize sustainable use of water resource,and promote sustainable development of society.Engineering measures include conservation and protection of water resource,ecological restoration,isolation,and comprehensive control of pointsource and area-source pollution.Non-engineering measures include construction of monitoring system for drinking water source area,construction of security information system for rural centralized drinking water source area,and construction of emergency mechanism for water pollution accidents in rural water source areas.

Characteristics of groundwater and urban emergency water sources optimazation in Luoyang,China

The construction of emergency water sources is the material basis for ensuring urban water safety,and it is also an inherent requirement for maintaining social stability and development.The hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater in Luoyang City from the aspects of the division of groundwater aquifer groups,water yield property and groundwater dynamics were described in this paper.Two emergency water sources were selected on basis of comprehensively considering groundwater resources and ecological environmental effects,groundwater quality and exploitation technology,etc.Then it further analysed the aquifer types,water yield properties and groundwater recharge,runoff and discharge conditions of the two emergency water sources,and evaluate the groundwater resources quantity of the water sources.The results are that the shallow underground aquifer in Luoyang City is thick,coarse,and stable in lithology and thickness.The two water sources enjoy good exploitation potential and can be used as backup water sources to supply water in the event of a water source crisis.

Methane hydrate formation comparisons in media with and without a water source supply

Water is a necessary element during gas hydrate formations. Therefore, by analyzing water depletion changes in media, the reaction characteristics of methane hydrate in media can be studied. In this study, two water sources supplying some liquid water which may be consumed by the methane hydrate formation reactions were designed and assembled. Using them, the full formation processes of methane hydrate was studied. Experimental results show the following： If heat released from nucleation reaction of methane hydrate is diffused rapidly, the nucleation ratios will be enhanced discernibly. While the hydrate is formed, a force is generated that sucks fresh water from the source into the vicinity of the hydrate, slowing down the cementation process and causing some hydrate grain dissociation. As a result of cementation differences, the hydrate reaction processes with different water sources present linear or quadratic equation characteristics. After a few repeated dissociation and formation processes of some hydrate grains caused by the fresh water, the gas amounts contained in hydrate will be significantly enhanced.

Study on Control Scheme for Nonpoint Source Pollution in Dahe Reservoir Water Source Protection Area of Dianchi Lake Basin

[ Objective] The research aimed to study control scheme for nonpoint source pollution in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin.[ Method] On the basis of the SPOT5 satellite remote sensing imagery in 2010 and field investigation of GPS record, ecological design for nonpoint source pollution control in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin was conducted. Then, the effects of optimization measures were evaluated by the reductions of N and P outputs on different land-use types. E Resultl Control functions of the water source protection area on soil erosion and the emissions of N, P and other pollutants would be promoted after optimization. The optimization meas- ures had a significant effect for prevention and control of the non-point source pollution in the water source protection area. [ Conclusion] The re- search provided scientific basis for promoting ecological construction of the small green basin in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Di- anchi Lake basin.

Isolation,identification,characterization and antibiotic sensitivity profile of pathogenic Legionella pneumophila isolates from different water sources

Objective:To investigate the prevalence,isolation,identification,characterization,antibiotic profile and pathogenicity of Legionellae isolated from various set of waters.Methods:A total of 400 water samples were collected from different water sources.Water samples were pretreated using acid treatment followed by concentration and culture on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar.Parameters like ability of Legionella isolates to grow in various p H range,effect of different concentrations of chlorine and effect of different temperature optima were set up.Biochemical tests were performed to separate Legionellae into species.Antibiotic sensitivity tests and test for pathogenicity were also conducted on isolated strains.Results:The rates of isolation of Legionella pneumophila(L.pneumophila) in different water sources were found to be 20%(lakes),10%(ponds),8%(water-tanks) and 1%(rivers).Most of the isolates could grow in variable p H 6–8 and it could also survive the normal level of chlorination and even at temperature of 42 C.Isolated species of Legionellae resulted in identification of 5 different species,L.pneumophila being the dominant one.Strains of L.pneumophila were resistant to many antibiotics.Inoculation of Legionellae into intracerebral route of suckling mice revealed that L.pneumophila was the most virulent.Conclusions:Serious and fatal L.pneumophila infections may be transmitted through water.Legionella can survive under various conditions in various water sources.L.pneumophila is the important pathogen causing human disease.Great challenge prevails to health care professionals because these Legionellae acquired antibiotic resistance to many routinely prescribed antibiotics.

A retrospective survey on the effect of Kaschin-Beck disease prophylaxis by a change of water sources

In order to provide further references for studing on the causes of Kaschin-Beck discase (KBD) and measuring for its prevention and treatment from a macroscopic view, we analyzed the natural growth and declineof KBD and the effects of selenium and humic acid on its occurrence from an epidemiologic angle. In this article through a retrospective survey on the spots of disease areas by comparison between a change in water sources and that without. It was proved that a change in water sources was an effective measure for the prevention of KBD occurrence, and the pathogenic factor of KBD was one (or several kinds) of organic compounds or active radicals related to water.

Double-endpoint Genotoxicity Quantification and PAHs Characterization of Drinking Water Source alongside Polluted Yinghe River with High Tumor Mortality

The etiology for the high tumor mortality in heavy polluted Yinghe river basin is still unclear and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)belong to the priority pollutants in water based on the former surveillance data.In order to explore the potential genotoxicants contributing to the double-endpoint genotoxicity of polluted drinking water source,12 groundwater and 3 surface water samples were collected from 3 villages and the nearby rivers alongside Yinghe river basin,respectively and their comprehensive genotoxicity was estimated with a bioassay group of sOS/umu test and micronucleus(MN)test(MNT).Some groundwater samples showed positive genotoxicity and all surface water samples were highly genotoxic.Eight groundwater samples showed DNA genotoxic effct with the average 4-NQO equivalent concentration(TEQ_(4-NQO))of 0.067μg/L and 0.089μg/L in wet and dry season,respectively.The average MN ratios of groundwater samples were 14.19‰ and 17.52‰ in wet and dry season,respectively.Groundwater samples showed different genotoxic effect among 3 villages.The total PAHs concentrations in all water samples ranged from 8.98 to 25.17 ng/L with an average of 14.97±4.85 ng/L.BaA,CHR,BkF,BaP and DBA were the main carcinogenic PAHs contributing to the genotoxicity of water samples.In conclusion,carcinogenic PAHs are possibly related to the high tumor mortality in the target area.Characterization of carcinogenic PAHs to genotoxicity of drinking water source may shed light on the etiology study for high tumor mortality in Yinghe river basin.Key words:genotoxicity test;drinking water source;high tumor mortality;Yinghe river basin;polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)

Variation in water source of sand-binding vegetation across a chronosequence of artificial desert revegetation in Northwest China

Water is the most important limiting factor in arid areas,and thus water resource management is critical for the health of dryland ecosystems.However,global climate change and anthropogenic activity make water resource management more difficult,and this situation may be particularly crucial for dryland restoration,because of variation in water uptake patterns associated with artificial revegetation of different ages and vegetation type.However,there is lacking longterm restorations that are suitable for studying this issue.In Shapotou area,Northwest China,artificial revegetation areas were planted several times beginning in 1956,and now form a chronosequence of sand-binding landscapes that are ideal for studying variability in water uptake source by plants over succession.The stable isotopesδ18O andδ2H were employed to investigate the water uptake patterns of the typical revegetation shrubs Artemisia ordosica and Caragana korshinskii,which were planted in different years.We compared the stable isotope ratios of shrub stem water to groundwater,precipitation,and soil water pools at five layers(5−10,10−40,40−80,80−150,and 150−300 cm).The results indicate that Artemisia ordosica derived the majority of their water from the 20−150 cm soil layer,whereas Caragana korshinskii obtained water from the 40−150 cm soil layer.The main water sources of Artemisia ordosica and C.korshinskii plants changed over time,from deeper about 150 cm depth to shallow 20 cm soil layer.This study can provide insights into water uptake patterns of major desert vegetation and thus water management of artificial ecosystems,at least in Northwest China.

Discussion on possibilities of taking ground ice in permafrost as water sources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during climate warming

Large amounts of ground ice are born with permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Degradation of permafrost resulted from the climate warming will inevitably lead to melting of ground ice.The water released from the melting ground ice enters hydrologic cycles at various levels,and changes regional hydrologic regimes to various degrees.Due to difficulties in monitoring the perma-frost-degradation-release-water process,direct and reliable evidence is few.The accumulative effect of releasing water,however,is remarkable in the macro-scale hydrologic process.On the basis of the monitoring results of water-levels changes in some lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and combined with the previous results of the hydrologic changing trends at the regional scale,the authors preliminarily discussed the possibilities of the degrading permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a potential water source during climate warming.

Water sources of plants and groundwater in typical ecosystems in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin

Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions （δ18O and δD） of soil water and shallow groundwater of a riparian forest, an artificial shrub forest, and Gobi of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin are used to study the recharge water sources of those ecosystems. IsoSource software is used to determine the δ180 values for root water of Populous euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in the riparian forest ecosystem, Haloxylon ammodendron in the artificial shrub forest, and Reaumuria soongorica in the Gobi, as well as for local soil water and groundwater, and precipitation in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Our results showed that soil water and shallow groundwater of the riparian forest and the artificial shrub forest were recharged by river water which originated from precipitation in the upper reaches, and strong evaporation occurred in the artificial shrub forest. Soil water of the Gobi was not affected by Heihe River water due to this area being far away from the river channel. The main water sources of Populous euphratica were from 40-60-cm soil water and groundwater, and of Tamarix ramosissima were from 40-80-cm soil water in the riparian forest ecosystem. In the artificial forest, Haloxylon ammodendron used 200-cm saturated-layer soil water and shallow groundwater. The Reaumuria soongorica mainly used soil water from the 175-200-cm depth in the Gobi. Therefore, soil water and groundwater are the main water sources which maintain survival and growth of the plants in the extremely arid regions of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin.

Preliminary Study on the Ecological Compensation of the Primary and Secondary Reserves in Drinking Water Source Area of the Shitoukoumen Reservoir

The Shitoukoumen Reservoir is one of main drinking water source areas in Changchun City,and there is a contradiction between the protection and the economic development of water source areas. In this paper,the primary and secondary reserves in drinking water source area of the Shitoukoumen Reservoir are taken as research objects. Based on the theory of ecological compensation,the ecological compensation standard is accounted and determined from different perspectives,and the suggestion of the phased ecological compensation in water source areas is proposed.

Form Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen in a Reservoir as Drinking Water Source

Based on field detected water quality data, the distribution characteristics of different forms of nitrogen in a reservoir as drinking water source in Dongguan, which locates at the Pearl River Delta of China, have been analyzed in order to provide theoretical bases for prevention and reduction of eutrophication. The analyzed results show that nitrogen forms in the influent area of the reservoir are given priority to ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, whose proportion is more than 45% respectively, and this is probably caused by the pollution of inflow water quality;but in the effluent area, the forms are given priority to nitrate nitrogen, whose proportion is as high as 96% and above;also the proportion of ammonia nitrogen drops by more than 80% during the process from the influent area to the effluent area, and this shows that the natural process of nitrification and denitrification can be well accomplished in the reservoir. We recommend here that to reduce the input amount of ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen into the reservoir is the most efficient way to prevent or mitigate eutrophication of water body.