Assessment of Photochemical Reflectance Index as a Tool for Evaluation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Cotton and Peanut Cultivars Under Water Stress Condition

The relationships between photochemical reflectance index （PRI） and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were examined to assess suitability of PRI as a remote-sensing tool for the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using cotton and peanut crops under water stress condition. Five cotton and six peanut cultivars were grown using Andosole soil in pots maintained at two water levels; the control and water stress treatment （WS） of 100 and 50% of the daily transpiration, respectively. Higher non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） was exhibited by peanut than that of cotton by the water stress. On the other hand, the decreases of the actual quantum yield of photosystem II （△F/F＇m） and PRI by the water stress in cotton were larger than those in peanut. There were positively significant correlation coefficients between PRI and △F/F＇m in cotton at noon and in the afternoon including the control and WS. The correlations of PRI with NPQ were negatively significant at noon and in the afternoon for cotton, and in the afternoon for peanut. No clear relationship was found among these parameters in the morning probably due to the diurnal increase in global solar radiation. It was concluded that there would be a possibility to detect the effects of water stress on △F/F＇m and NPQ by PRI with some exceptions, although PRI could not note varietals differences in △F/F＇m and NPQ for each treatment.

Effect of water stress at different periods on seed yield and water use efficiency of guar under Shambat conditions

Water stress effects on seed yield and water use efficiency of three indeterminate guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) lines (L12, L18 and L33) were investigated in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum for two seasons (2005 and 2006). The guar lines were subjected to water stress induced by withholding irrigation for three weeks. Three water stress treatments were imposed 35, 50 and 65 days after sowing (DAS), and a control treatment irrigated every two weeks. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications;with water regime treatments assigned to the main plots and guar lines to the subplots. Data were recorded on seed yield (t.ha–1), number of pods per plant, 1000- seed weight (g), harvest index (HI) and water use efficiency at harvest. The results indicated that exposure of several cultivars of guar to water stress at the three stages of growth didn’t induce any significant effect on number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and water use efficiency (WUE). On the other hand there was significant reduction in harvest index as a result of imposition of water stress at 35 and 50 DAS. It was also evident that plants re-watered after the stress recovered and had the same values as the control treatment.

The driving force of water resource stress change based on the STIRPAT model:take Zhangye City as a case study

A prominent contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has restricted local development in social and economic aspects of Zhangye City,located in a typical arid region of China.Our study quantified the Water Resource Stress Index(WRSI)from 2003 to 2017 and examined the factors of population,urbanization level,GDP per capita,Engel coefficient,and water consumption per unit of GDP by using the extended stochastic impact by regression on population,affluence and technology(STIRPAT)model to find the key factors that impact WRSI of Zhangye City to relieve the pressure on water resources.The ridge regression method is applied to improve this model to eliminate multicollinearity problems.The WRSI system was developed from the following three aspects:water resources utilization(WR),regional economic development water use(WU),and water environment stress(WE).Results show that the WRSI index has fallen from 0.81(2003)to 0.17(2017),with an average annual decreased rate of 9.8%.Moreover,the absolute values of normalized coefficients demonstrate that the Engel coefficient has the largest positive contribution to increase WRSI with an elastic coefficient of 0.2709,followed by water consumption per unit of GDP and population with elastic coefficients of 0.0971 and 0.0387,respectively.In contrast,the urbanization level and GDP per capita can decrease WRSI by−0.2449 and−0.089,respectively.The decline of WRSI was attributed to water-saving society construction which included the improvement of water saving technology and the adjustment of agricultural planting structures.Furthermore,this study demonstrated the feasibility of evaluating the driving forces affecting WRSI by using the STIRPAT model and ridge regression analysis.

Effects of different inputs of organic matter on the response of plant production to a soil water stress in Sahelian region

The aim was to study the effects of organic management like the application of organic matters on crop production. This research is placed in the context of climate change impact mitigation. A field experiment was conducted during the dry season. Rainfall inputs were simulated by irrigation to study the effects of water stress during the flowering period of a grain on the agronomic and the physiological behavior of the plant. The measurements were made on the volumetric soil moisture, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, straw and weight of 100 grains. The water use efficiency (WUE) and yield losses were evaluated. The results of the volumetric soil moisture showed that the use of localized input under water stress (STR-T1) recorded the lowest moisture in the surface horizons. Treatment with localized input under water stress with or without fertilization (STR-T1, STR-T1 + N) showed an ability of stomatal regulation compared to the control (STR- T0) and the input application by spreading (STR- T2). (STR-T1 + N) has initiated an early stomatal closure of the plant because of the effect of nitrogen. However, despite a more pronounced water stress with stomatal closure, the LAI and the grain yield were greater with (STR-T1) and (STR-T1 + N). The results showed that the inputs of localized organic fertilization with or without nitrogen grain yields were the highest regardless of the hydric regime applied. However the losses of grain yield were higher in treatments with organic inputs in spreading and localized under water stress. The WUE by the crop was reduced compared to the control with organic inputs under STR. In this study we show that the use of organic matter increases de farmers risk and this notion of risk is high and it is necessary to consider this risk in the proposals of technical innovations.

Quantitative modeling of freshwater stress in the nine water basins of Tanzania

Freshwater scarcity is a global issue of environmental concern that threatens agricultural production and human health.In this study,we established freshwater stress indices(WSIs) for the nine water basins of Tanzania by using the quantity of freshwater available and various water uses.The relationship between water availability and different water uses,including environmental water requirements,was analyzed,with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis performed by a Monte Carlo simulation technique.Extreme WSI values close to 1.00 were obtained in the Rufiji,Pangani,and Wami-ruvu basins,Internal drainage,and Lake Rukwa,while low and moderate WSI values ranging from 0.03 to 0.84 were found in Lake Victoria and the Ruvuma,Tanganyika,and Nyasa basins.This study adds further knowledge on the level of freshwater scarcity,relationships between water availability and different water uses,and suggests policy options to reduce freshwater scarcity at the basin level for sustainable water supply.

Sentinel-1 Radar Data Assessment to Estimate Crop Water Stress

Water is an important component in agricultural production for both yield quantity and quality. Although all weather conditions are driving factors in the agricultural sector, the precipitation in rainfed agriculture is the most limiting weather parameter. Water deficit may occur continuously over the total growing period or during any particular growth stage of the crop. Optical remote sensing is very useful but, in cloudy days it becomes useless. Radar penetrates the cloud and collects information through the backscattering data. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was extracted from Landsat 8 satellite data and used to calculate Crop Coefficient (Kc). The FAO-Penman-Monteith equation was used to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ETo). NDVI and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were calculated from satellite data and integrated with air temperature measurements to estimate Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). Then, both CWSI and potential crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were used to calculate actual evapotranspiration (ETa). Sentinel-1 radar data were calibrated using SNAP software. The relation between backscattering (dB) and CWSI was an inverse relationship and R2 was as high as 0.82.

Analysis of Adaptive Response of Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) Varieties from DR-Congo to Water Stress

Maize production in tropical Africa is often negatively affected by drought. The main objectives of the present study were to 1) analyze the impact of water stress on the agro-morphological performance of two varieties of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) compared to two normal maize varieties and 2) assess their adaptive response in contrasting water environments. Agro-morphological responses to water deficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) were assessed in controlled experiments using four maize varieties, two normal maize (Zm725 and Mus1) and two quality protein maize (Mudishi1 and Mudishi3) varieties. They were subjected to three water regimes (100%, 60%, 30% water retention capacity) at the beginning of the bloom stage, using a Fischer block design with four replications. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among varieties, water regimes and their interactions for plant growth and production parameters were observed. Reduction of water supply to plants caused changes in aerial and underground plant growth. Plant stem height, foliar expansion, and root system development characterizing vegetative growth showed variation in varietal response to water regimes. Mus1 (normal maize variety) was the best adapted to variations in water regimes because they developed an important root volume to adapt to the effects of water deficit while maintaining their morphological and productive characteristics.

作物干旱指数（CWSI）和土壤干旱指数（SWSI）

本文根据邯郸地区的大范围观测资料，对小麦的作物干旱指数（ＣＷＳＩ）和裸地的土壤干旱指数（ＳＷＳＩ）及其与土壤水分的关系进行了研究，并分析了ＣＷＳＩ和ＳＷＳＩ的影响因素和在旱情监测中的实用性。

基于CWSI和土壤水分修正系数的冬小麦田土壤含水量估算

2000年10月～2001年7月在西北农林科技大学灌溉实验站冬小麦田内,进行了利用作物冠层温度定量估算冬小麦田土壤含水量的试验研究。根据水分亏缺条件下作物蒸发蒸腾量计算公式及作物水分胁迫指标(CWSI)的定义,得到了基于CWSI和土壤水分修正系数Ks的不同生育阶段冬小麦田土壤含水量估算公式,其中Ks采用了康绍忠的幂函数形式(KM)及Dooreboos的线性公式(DM)。用该公式对冬小麦田土壤含水量在4个生育阶段进行了估算,并对估算值和实测值进行对比和误差分析。分析结果表明:在出苗越冬期和越冬返青期KM和DM模型对土壤水分的估算偏高,其原因是由于麦田土地裸露导致CWSI观测中出现了较大误差;在返青抽穗开花期和灌浆成熟期KM模型估算冬小麦根层土壤含水量较适宜,误差在15%以内,DM模型误差较大达到30%。

基于CWSI诊断温室草皮水分胁迫的实验研究

通过观测夏季温室不同灌溉条件下草皮的冠层温度、气温、大气湿度以及土壤含水量等因素,利用Isdo经验模式确定了冠气温差的下限方程。通过观察不同水分处理条件下草皮CWSI的日变化,得出了利用CWSI诊断草皮水分状况的最佳时机。研究分析了作物水分胁迫指数与其他一些反映作物水分状况的指标,包括土壤含水量、叶片蒸腾速率以及叶片含水量之间的关系,CWSI验理论模式与上述这些指标关系良好,表明其很好地反映了作物的水分胁迫特征。

基于CWSI和实际耗水量的膜下滴灌作物需水量研究

通过田间试验,建立了膜下滴灌棉花CWSI和水汽饱和差VPD的定量关系,确定了棉花各生育阶段CWSI下基线的特定表达形式。对膜下滴灌条件下棉花生长发育、光合动态与根系分布规律以及不同水分处理的耗水量、产量与品质指标进行了观测。对不同水分处理棉花的CWSI进行了定期观测,得到了棉花CWSI与棉花耗水量的关系。

‘娇红1号’红花玉兰对水分胁迫的生理响应

以‘娇红1号’1年生嫁接苗为试材,设置盆栽土壤含水量为田间最大持水量(FWC)的20%(HD)、40%(LD)、60%(CK)、80%(LF)、100%(HF)5个处理,测定不同处理条件下‘娇红1号’叶片的光合特性和生理指标分析‘娇红1号’红花玉兰对水分胁迫的生理响应,探究‘娇红1号’红花玉兰在江西等江南丘陵区的引种效应。结果表明:在水分胁迫下,HD处理下的‘娇红1号’苗木在胁迫第10天全部死亡(其余的存活率为100%),CK下‘娇红1号’叶片的叶绿素含量先降后升,其余处理都随着胁迫时间的加长而降低。P_(n)和G_(s)的日变化出现双峰现象,T_(r)日变化呈现先升后降趋势,C_(i)日变化呈现上升趋势,WUE和L_(s)的日变化呈现下降趋势。CK处理的P_(n)、G_(s)、C_(i)和T_(r)日均值最大,HF处理下WUE和L_(s)最大。随着胁迫时间的延长,‘娇红1号’苗木叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和MDA含量呈现先升后降的变化趋势。Pro含量和SOD活性呈现上升趋势。APX活性呈现先降后升再降的变化趋势,且在胁迫维持到第40天时CK处理下最低。可见,60%~80%FWC的条件下最利于‘娇红1号’红花玉兰的生长。

基于CWSI及干旱稀遇程度的农业干旱指数构建及应用

土壤湿度降低会使作物生长受到水分胁迫,严重时发生农业干旱,对粮食安全造成不利影响,准确识别和有效监测农业干旱具有重要的现实意义。前人研究中,通常仅根据当前水分亏缺程度识别干旱事件,而不考虑其稀遇特征。该文基于蒸散发构建了综合考虑当前水分亏缺程度和干旱事件稀遇程度的农业干旱指数IEDI(integrated evapotranspirationdeficitindex),并基于该指数分析了中国东北3省2000-2014年农业干旱演变规律,探讨了气象要素对农业干旱以及农业干旱发生时段对粮食产量的影响。结果表明:1)与仅考虑水分亏缺程度的指标相比,综合考虑干旱稀遇程度的IEDI能更加有效地识别干旱年际差异,历史干旱事件、旱灾成灾面积和粮食产量验证了该指数的合理性;2)东北三省旱灾成灾面积与IEDI的相关系数均大于0.75,其中,吉林省最大,为0.88;粮食产量与IEDI的相关系数均大于0.60,其中,辽宁省最大,为0.78;3)吉林西部、辽宁西部易发生严重农业干旱,对气象干旱敏感程度高;4)当干旱发生的起始月份固定时,随干旱持续时间增加,干旱指数与产量的相关性先增强后减弱;当干旱持续时间固定时,干旱指数与产量的相关性与干旱发生的起始月份显著相关。总之,结合了干旱事件稀遇程度的指数可以有效识别农业干旱,为农业干旱监测提供了合理依据。

不同水分胁迫处理对陆地棉核心种质资源的影响

为研究不同水分胁迫下陆地棉对干旱的响应能力并筛选棉花抗旱关键指标和优异抗旱种质资源,选取30份陆地棉核心种质为试验材料,以全生育期正常灌水处理为对照,设置播种后和花铃期各浇水1次和花铃期断水2次2种胁迫处理,在蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期测定相应指标,通过描述性统计分析、差异分析、主成分分析和相关性分析,采用抗旱综合度量值(D)进行各材料的抗旱性评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫对不同棉花材料的生长发育均有不同程度的影响,播种后和花铃期各浇一水处理的D值离散较大(0.285~0.774),能更清晰地区分不同品种的抗旱性。利用D值可将30份材料分为4类:第Ⅰ类为抗旱材料,包括‘中棉所41’‘新陆早7号’等6个品种;第Ⅱ类为中抗材料,包括‘晋棉46’‘新陆早31号’等11个品种;第Ⅲ类为敏感材料,包括‘中棉所17’‘鲁1138’等5个品种;第Ⅳ类为高敏材料,包括‘新陆中8号’‘酒棉8号’等8个品种。果枝始节数、果枝数、株高、皮面产量和衣分5个指标对干旱较为敏感,可作为棉花抗旱评价的关键指标。以上研究结果可为棉花抗旱育种提供参考。

应用基于红外热画像技术的CWSI简化算法判断作物水分状态

以不同水分处理下的冬小麦为研究对象,通过基于红外测温技术的Jackson理论模式和Jones简化模式分别计算作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI),并以理论模式计算值为参考,对Jones模式反映华北地区冬小麦水分胁迫的表现进行初步分析。结果表明,两种计算模式得出的CWSI值与不同水分处理下的冬小麦根层土壤含水量均有较好的相关性,但Jones模式可更好地指示作物缺水状态,对叶片气孔导度的变化更敏感。根据研究结果初步确定了冬小麦高产条件下的CWSI阈值。本研究显示Jones简化模型能准确反映作物水分状态,并易于实现田间多点观测,可用于准确指导农田灌溉。

基于冠层温度的温室葡萄CWSI模型试验研究

探讨并建立了适合于镇江丘陵地区温室葡萄水分状况监测的作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)模型。通过田间实验和观测,得到了适合温室葡萄的CWSI经验模型中的经验关系。初步的检验和分析表明,这一模型是合理的,可以用于温室内葡萄基于冠层温度信息的水分状况监测。

玉米作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)基线差异原因初探

为了探讨相同作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)基线,在不同试验条件下存在差异的原因,于2010年及2011年连续2年在南方红壤区进行了不同施肥处理的玉米小区试验。结果表明,不同的氮素处理,玉米形态学指标及叶龄存在差异,其中不施氮的处理与施氮的处理差异显著(P<0.05),施氮多和施氮少的处理差异较小。在玉米不同的生育期,CWSI下基线不完全相同。施肥能够影响玉米冠气温差的降低程度,施用氮肥越多,冠气温差降幅越大,从而可使不同施肥处理的CWSI下基线产生差异。此外,在作物发生干旱时,施用不同类型的肥料还能够影响作物冠气温差的增加程度,其中施用化肥处理玉米冠气温差要比施用有机肥和不施肥的处理高,施用有机肥处理的玉米冠气温差也较不施肥的处理高。研究结果认为,相同作物CWSI基线的差异与作物本身品种,以及不同生长条件下作物生长状况之间的差异密切相关,而气候条件是造成这种差异的辅助因素。

基于SWAT的沁河流域水压力指数计算及生态脆弱性分析

生态脆弱性是综合反映流域生态系统健康水平的重要属性,而水资源是维持流域生态系统健康和可持续发展的关键因素。因此,从水资源领域评估流域生态脆弱性并分析其时空变化特征对于应对流域水资源短缺压力和改善流域生态系统健康水平具有重要的研究价值。以沁河流域为研究对象,构建流域SWAT模型,引入水压力计算公式,从蒸散发量的角度,量化分析沁河流域2010-2016年生态脆弱性的时间变化和空间分布特征。结果表明:①SWAT模型经过率定与验证后,纳什系数E NS和相关系数R 2均符合模型精度标准,表明该模型在沁河流域具有良好的适用性。②流域年际水压力指数值随时间递减,表明沁河流域生态脆弱性及生态系统状态逐年好转,蒸散发量是主要影响因素。③流域水压力指数年内变化大,本年度12月到次年度2月的生态脆弱性较强;结合相关研究结果,认为降水和冰雪天气是主要影响因素。④流域整体生态脆弱性状况逐年改善,但流域内部生态脆弱性空间差异化呈现扩大趋势。

避雨条件下水分胁迫对中稻不同生育期生长指标及产量的影响

为了查清不同程度的干旱胁迫对中稻生长指标及产量的影响,以杂交稻“天优华占”为材料进行盆栽试验,在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期和乳熟期设置轻旱、中旱、重旱三个水分胁迫水平,以正常间歇灌溉为对照(CK),监测土壤含水率,测量各生育期不同水分梯度下的株高、分蘖数、叶绿素含量和叶面积,分析各生育期不同干旱胁迫对水稻生长指标和产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫在拔节—孕穗期对株高抑制最显著,分蘖期对分蘖数和叶面积影响最明显,抽穗—开花期对叶绿素的合成影响最大且日需水量最高;干旱胁迫对产量最敏感的时期是抽穗—开花期,不同胁迫水平均会减少水稻的有效穗数、千粒重和结实率,三个胁迫水平较正常水平(CK)分别减产27.57%、44.23%、46.32%;采用相关分析得出影响产量相关度从大到小依次为千粒重、结实率和有效穗。因此,确保抽穗—开花期的水分供给能够有效改善水稻的千粒重、有效穗和结实率,提高水稻的产量和水分利用效率。

腐蚀环境下锚杆慢应变速率拉伸实验研究

针对锚杆在腐蚀性介质水中易发生腐蚀而导致锚杆支护失效的问题,对煤矿常用锚杆进行化学成分分析,采用慢应变速率应力腐蚀试验机进行SSRT试验,并对比了断口形貌。研究结果表明:标准溶液中锚杆表现出较高的应力腐蚀敏感性,塑性参数的敏感程度大于强度参数,塑性参数均低于在空气中的数值;表面处理锚杆依然表现出应力腐蚀敏感性,主要表现为延伸率的降低,特别在应变速率为1×10^(-5)s^(-1)和1×10^(-7)s^(-1)表现更加明显。此外,拉伸速率与SCC的断口形貌具有直接相关性,拉伸速率越大,断裂方式越接近塑性断裂,拉伸速率较小导致材料出现脆性断裂特征。总体来看,在设计和使用腐蚀性锚杆时,需要考虑其应力腐蚀敏感性指数,并且在实际使用中要注意控制拉伸速率,以减小试样应力腐蚀敏感性的影响。