Study on Mechanism of Water Inrush of Karst Tunnels

Water inrush,which is one of the challenging issues and hot topics in the tunneling industry,is very easy to occur during the construction of karst tunnels.The mechanism of water inrush of karst tunnels is discussed and analyzed in the paper:the water inrush of karst tunnels is generally divided into three steps,i.e.,the forming of the hazard source,the forming of the water inrush passage and the failure of the anti-inrush rock mass.The failure of the anti-inrush rock mass of karst tunnels are classified into 5 types,i.e.,the integral tensile-shear failure,the hydraulic fracturing,the infiltration induced sliding of the filling medium,the loss of key blocks and the comprehensive water inrush mode.The failure mechanism is studied on basis of typical cases and by means of numerical simulation or theoretical analysis.Conclusion is drawn that most of the water inrushes in actual tunneling are comprehensive water inrushes,which are the comprehensive results of the interrelation and interaction of various water inrush types,and that different types of water inrushes have related continuity and progressive evolution relationships under certain conditions.

A state‑of‑the‑art review on rock seepage mechanism of water inrush disaster in coal mines

Water inrush is one of the most dangerous disasters in coal mining.Due to the large-scale mining and complicated hydrogeological conditions,thousands of deaths and huge economic losses have been caused by water inrush disasters in China.There are two main factors determining the occurrence of water inrush:water source and water-conducting pathway.Research on the formation mechanism of the water-conducting pathway is the main direction to prevent and control the water inrush,and the seepage mechanism of rock mass during the formation of the water-conducting pathway is the key for the research on the water inrush mechanism.This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of seepage mechanisms during water inrush from three aspects,i.e.,mechanisms of stress-seepage coupling,fow regime transformation and rock erosion.Through numerical methods and experimental analysis,the evolution law of stress and seepage felds in the process of water inrush is fully studied;the fuid movement characteristics under diferent fow regimes are clearly summarized;the law of particle initiation and migration in the process of water inrush is explored,and the efect of rock erosion on hydraulic and mechanical properties of the rock media is also studied.Finally,some limitations of current research are analyzed,and the suggestions for future research on water inrush are proposed in this review.

Formation mechanisms of water inrush and mud burst in a migmatite tunnel：a case study in China

This paper presents a case study of water inrush and mud burst occurring in a migmatite tunnel to study its formation mechanisms. The geological investigation and mineralogical analysis showed that water inrush and mud burst in the migmatite was closely related to the component of the host rock. High content of soluble minerals,e.g.,calcite and dolomite,would make the migmatite rock prone to be fragmentized,isintegrated and eventually form different sorts of connected or semi-connected veins. The field exploration revealed most cavities in the magmatite tunnel were eroded by groundwater and formed large interconnected networks. The two faults and the dike in the magmatite tunnel became the preferred paths and provided great convenience for plenty of precipitation and mud slurry. Due to high water pressure and blast disturbance,the cavities can soon connect each other as well as all sorts of veins,forming a complex ground channel for water inrush and mud burst. To estimate the potential occurrenceof water inrush and mud burst,the water bursting coefficient was employed. The results showed the water bursting coefficient of the magmatite tunnel was much bigger than the threshold values and it can be used to explain the accident of water inrush and mud burst occurring in the magmatite tunnel.

Structural mechanism and construction method of mud and water inrush in Xiangyun tunnel of Guangtong-Dali railway

Mud and water inrush in tunnel is a common problem in the construction process. Nowadays, the research and classification on this are mostly focused on karst situations. According to the characteristics of the surrounding rock and damage forms of the tunnel in the studied area, the author analyzed the geological and structural characteristics of mud and water inrush in tunnel and obtained their construction type. Meanwhile, the advanced water detection under the complex geological conditions was studied by using induced polarization method, transient electromagnetic method and three-dimensional seismic method, it can be concluded that the water-rich fracture zone exists within the detection range with a risk of large mud and water inrush disaster. The concrete construction treatment measures are put forward:①cement-water glass binary slurry is selected as the material for ground and hole grouting, its advantage is that the gel time can be controlled, and it has certain grout ability in the strata with large permeability coeffcient, which is conducive to excavate construction immediately after grouting.②applying the mature retrograde grouting construction can reduce grouting time and improve the excavation efficiency.

Mechanical model of water inrush from coal seam floor based on triaxial seepage experiments

In order to study the mechanism of confined water inrush from coal seam floor,the main influences on permeability in the process of triaxial seepage experiments were analyzed with methods such as laboratory experiments,theoretical analysis and mechanical model calculation.The crack extension rule and the ultimate destruction form of the rock specimens were obtained.The mechanism of water inrush was explained reasonably from mechanical point of view.The practical criterion of water inrush was put forward.The results show that the rock permeability "mutation" phenomenon reflects the differences of stress state and cracks extension rate when the rock internal crack begins to extend in large-scale.The rock ultimate destruction form is related to the rock lithology and the angle between crack and principal stress.The necessary condition of floor water inrush is that the mining pressure leads to the extension and transfixion of the crack.The sufficient condition of floor water inrush is that the confined water’s expansionary stress in normal direction and shear stress in tangential direction must be larger than the internal stress in the crack.With the two conditions satisfied at the same time,the floor water inrush accident will occur.

Analysis on the Characteristics and Laws of Tunnel Hydraulic Inrush in Karst Area

As highways are extended to deep mountains,high altitudes,and special geological conditions,tunnel construction becomes more and more challenging,especially the construction of tunnels in karst areas.Due to the particularity of the regional geological structure,karst is well developed in the southwest of our country,especially at areas where the problem of tunnel water inrush in karst areas is more prominent.To further ensure the safe construction and operation of tunnels,the characteristics of tunnels in karst areas is analyzed in this article.

隧道突涌水灾害缩尺物理模型试验研究综述

随着我国经济的快速发展,隧道工程建设越来越多地面临着大埋深、高地应力、高地温、高渗透压力等复杂地质环境,运用物理模型试验开展复杂环境下隧道突涌水灾变机理与安全防控研究已成为岩石力学的热点问题。结合近年来国内外针对隧道突涌水灾变缩尺物理模型试验开展的研究工作,重点对该类物理模型的流固耦合相似理论、相似材料研制、渗透压加载方法等内容进行了系统梳理,并对下一步的可能发展方向进行展望。参考部分文献和突水典型案例后,总结了流固耦合相似准则和高地应力下的相似准则、相似材料选用方案及材料配比、试验中的水压加载方案,认为未来关注的重点包括考虑温度场的物理模型试验相似准则的研究和涌水涌泥与突水突泥间渐变过程的研究2个方面。

煤矿“Y”型断层分支底板断裂力学判据及模拟研究

【目的】断层分支作为主断层的一部分普遍存在,不易引起人们重视,但断层分支是引起突水的主要因素之一。【方法】以安徽刘庄煤矿为工程地质背景,在考虑Mohr-Coulomb准则岩体压剪断裂判据基础上,建立断层分支渗流与应力双重影响下的断裂力学灾变模型,分析得出断层分支发生劈裂破坏时的临界水压及断层分支到底板破碎区最小安全距离,研究断层倾角、最小主应力、主断层长度和渗透水压对临界水压及最小安全距离的影响规律和主控影响因素,并模拟分析断层分支在采动影响下塑性区及渗流场的演化特征,开展现场压水试验的验证工作。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)断层分支倾角越大越易发生突水;最小主应力越大,断层分支裂隙越不容易发生扩展;(2)当主断层倾角为60°且断层分支与主断层夹角为60°时,模拟分析结果显示在工作面推进至断层分支正上方位置时,断层导升通道整体活化贯通;当工作面推过断层分支正上方10 m后,断层分支尖端裂隙与工作面底板破坏带贯通并引起底板突水;(3)通过现场压水试验验证了理论计算的正确性,证实断层分支会造成底板裂隙提前与断层相互贯通,引起工作面出水。研究结果可为煤矿采场底板含此类断层分支时的防水煤柱留设提供一定参考。

岩溶地层地铁车站深基坑渗漏灾害成因分析

[目的]富水岩溶深基坑施工开挖常发生基坑侧壁或底部突涌灾害问题,应针对富水溶洞地层深基坑开挖时的渗流稳定性进行深入研究。[方法]依托佛山地铁3号线中山公园站深基坑开挖工程,对深基坑渗流特性及坑底涌水机理进行深入研究,建立了基坑-土体-溶洞三维数值模型,采用等效渗透系数法对岩溶-地层渗流场进行耦合模拟。[结果及结论]通过仿真模拟分析,获得了不均匀地层中岩溶区富水程度对基坑渗流场及涌水量的影响规律,阐明了基坑底部土体竖向平均水力坡降演变特性,揭示了该地岩溶区基坑底部突涌水机理,研究结果可为富水岩溶地区深基坑工程的设计与施工提供参考。

我国不同类别煤层顶板水害致灾机理与防控路径

我国是世界上成煤和赋存条件最复杂的国家,煤层顶板水文地质条件的多样性和复杂性,采动覆岩裂隙场与渗流场耦合的相互性和时变性以及煤层顶板突水的独特性和危害性,造成顶板水害是我国尤其是西部煤矿区的主要矿井灾害之一。为了更好地认识顶板水害和推广现有技术和探索新技术防控此类矿井灾害,在全面分析近年来我国煤层顶板水害事故规律与顶板充水含水层的赋存条件、突水模式、动力特征、力学行为等基础上,系统划分了顶板水害的类型、特征、主要类别的致灾机理及梳理了现有顶板水害的防治技术,并展望了未来顶板水害防治领域的发展方向。研究发现:①顶板水害主体架构包括巨厚基岩含水层涌(淋)水、薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌、离层空间蓄水储能突水、天窗补给型突水、围岩烧变增透致突等5种类别,集中分布于秦岭—淮河沿线以北地区,陕、蒙、宁是顶板水害主要聚集地。②采动诱发巨厚基岩含水层下覆岩原生裂隙互馈-贯通发育“Z”型离层空间,导致采场出现大面积涌(淋)水现象;基于复合关键层破断力学条件,阐明了薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌致灾的动力源;构建了离层失稳突水临界判别准则,将离层突水划分为静载扰动、“动+静”载复合扰动、复合煤层开采重复扰动3种模式;红土隔水层缺失及红土薄弱区采动劣化损伤是产生天窗越流补给的主要根源;围岩烧变增透,孔隙度增大,接受临近水源补水后形成新的含水结构体,在采动诱发下烧变岩水涌入采场发生水害事故。③梳理了当前煤层顶板水害“探-放-治”三位一体的解危防控技术体系,提出了井上下共轭联动、钻-采(掘)高位协同地质勘探系统,以防治水“三区”划分为导向的地质保障工作,“煤-水-生态”多目标齐抓共管的绿色开采和防治水理念,以及数智化、透明化矿山水文地质灾害信息维护系统等未来发展方向。

基于流-固-损伤全耦合模型的裂隙型岩溶突涌水数值模拟

岩溶地区隧道建设频遇突涌水灾害,裂隙型突涌水勘察与预测难度极大、致灾风险高。为揭示裂隙型岩溶突涌水机理与明确前兆信息,基于流-固-损伤耦合模型对裂隙型岩溶突涌水致灾机理与临界条件展开研究。通过公式推演与多场耦合数值分析得到以下结论:建立了完整的流-固-损伤耦合裂隙型岩溶突涌水致灾机理数学模型,并论证其可行性与合理性;分析了不同溶腔水压工况下,隧道拱顶围岩位移演化规律。结果表明,裂隙型岩溶突涌水与富水溶腔水压高度相关;分析了临界突水条件下围岩特性,提出了缓慢增长段-快速增长段-位移失控段的三阶段裂隙型岩溶突涌水围岩位移演化规律。

基于层间截流封堵技术的矿井滞后突水治理

结合临汾市某矿突水治理实例,在分析构造、底板扰动破坏、隐伏导水通道基础上,进一步研究了残余有效隔水层在底板水压、两侧煤柱以及采空区中部顶板垮落压实综合作用下二次破坏的形式,确定此次突水是在底板扰动破坏和底板隐伏导水构造基础上,残余有效隔水层受底板水压向上牵引应力和煤柱支撑影响发生二次破坏形成导水通道造成的。并据此提出层间截流封堵治理方案,以110 m水平进尺快速揭露导水通道,注浆15500 t,突水量降低94%,水位抬升14.725 m,成功堵水。可为类似矿井水害治理提供有益借鉴。

王家寨隧道第三系半成岩富水段涌水突泥机制及风险评估

为探究隧道穿越第三系半成岩富水段时引发的涌水突泥、冒顶等地质灾害机制,依托云南临清高速公路王家寨隧道,通过室内力学试验和模糊层次分析法,对第三系半成岩力学特性、作用机制及涌水突泥灾害风险进行分析。研究表明:1)王家寨隧道第三系半成岩遇水软化特性明显,随着含水率增加其黏聚力先增后减,内摩擦角不断减小,含水率为18%时黏聚力与内摩擦角分别为12.53 k Pa和7.35°,围岩逐渐失稳。2)软弱的第三系半成岩、高地下水量及隧道开挖扰动为王家寨隧道第三系半成岩富水段发生涌水突泥灾害的主要影响因素。3)王家寨隧道第三系半成岩段可按工程地质条件、水文地质条件划分为A、B、C、D 4段,各段涌水突泥灾害风险由大到小排序为B段=C段>A段>D段,其中评估的A段涌泥量与实际涌泥量较为吻合。

大变幅加卸载下特厚煤层底板断层突水机理模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、扰动范围广,强烈大变幅荷载易导致底板断层破裂加剧并诱发水害。数值模拟是揭示特厚煤层底板断层活化与突水机理的重要方法,准确反映大变幅加卸载下岩体破裂与裂隙水耦合特征是其合理性的关键。构建损伤变量与塑性应变、应力之间的相关关系,得到完整岩块的拉、加压卸载损伤演化方程;以平方拉剪应力与Benzeggagh-Kenane为初始、完全断裂准则,建立塑性位移与强度劣化关系,建立加卸载韧性断裂本构关系;基于实验数据建立贯通裂隙加卸载剪切本构关系。以基本方程与状态方程为基础,结合浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体水力学模拟理论。由此编制流体动力学-有限离散元CFD-FDEM耦合程序,模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层活化突水过程。结果表明:CFD-FDEM耦合程序可数值实现特厚煤层底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及断层带裂隙水运移过程。底板断层采动破坏包络线呈W形,最深位于断层及其上盘(48.6m),最浅位于断层下盘(23m)。特厚煤层采场底板断层及其上盘受到较大超前集中应力,而后在采空区内大幅卸载,导致该位置出现显著二次破坏,并形成主要导水通道。研究成果为特厚煤层工作面底板断层水害防治提供理论支撑。

综放开采下组煤首采面上覆老空水探查及突水危险性评价

为了探究左权五里堠煤业上组煤老空区富水性及其对下组煤首采工作面突水的危险性,以下组煤首采面为研究背景,系统分析了研究区上下2组煤层顶底板岩性组合及水文地质条件;根据物探探测结果,在下组煤首采面巷道先后施工了20个探放上组煤老空水钻孔,发现上组煤老空水存在局部水量大、水压高、富水性分布不均的特点。在此基础上,建立了上下组煤层开采顶底板的工程地质数值模型,采用数值模拟方法对上组煤和上下组煤开采完毕后的应力场及塑性区场变化特征进行了对比分析,得到上组煤层开采后底板破坏深度为11 m,下组煤开采后导水裂隙带高度为112 m,没有波及上组煤底板破坏深度范围,与首采面实测涌水量反映的规律是一致的。根据首采面及附近2个钻孔的资料,采用2种相关经验公式类比计算了下组煤开采导水裂隙带高度,优选了可靠性较高的经验公式。

马道头煤业煤层充水评价与水害防治技术研究

针对马道头煤业煤层充水对矿井安全生产的威胁日益严重的问题,对该矿水害机理进行研究,建立岩体非稳态判据模型;对导水裂缝带进行理论推导计算,根据611工作面实际参数,建立与实际工况相符合的数值模型,利用仿真软件进行数值模拟;对煤层充水进行评价,并提出了水害防治措施。根据研究数据进行水害防治结果表明,611工作面总涌水量由原来的573 m^(3)/h降至65 m^(3)/h,月产量达到0.5534 Mt的水平,实现了成本节约和利润提升。

Model test of the mechanism underpinning water-and-mud inrush disasters during tunnel excavation in sandstone and slate interbedded Presinian strata

Water-and-mud inrush disasters have become a major challenge in underground engineering for the construction of tunnels in sandstone and slate interbedded Presinian strata.Disaster prediction and prevention rely in part on realistic modeling and observation of the disaster process,as well as the identification and examination of the underlying mechanisms.Based on the geological conditions and the historical records of the Xinping Tunnel on the China–Laos Railway,an engineering geological model of the water-and-mud inrush was established.A physical model test that accurately reproduced water-and-mud inrush during tunnel excavation in sandstone and slate interbedded strata was also carried out.Then,testing was conducted that examined the stress and strain,seepage pressure,and high-leakage flow of the surrounding rock.The results indicated that the water-and-mud inrush proceeded through three stages:seepage stage,high-leakage flow stage,and attenuation stage.In essence,the disaster was a catastrophic process,during which the water-resistant stratum was reduced to a critical safety thickness,a water-inrush channel formed,and the water-resistant stratum gradually failed under the influence of excavation unloading and in situ stress–seepage coupling.Parameters such as the stress and strain,seepage pressure,and flow of the surrounding rock had evident stage-related features during water-and-mud inrush,and their variation indicated the formation,development,and evolution of the disaster.As the tunnel face advanced,the trend of the stress–strain curve of the surrounding rock shifted from sluggish to rapid in its speed of increase.The characteristics of strain energy density revealed the erosion and weakening effect of groundwater on the surrounding rock.The seepage pressure and the thickness of the water-resistant stratum had a positive linear relationship,and the flow and thickness a negative linear relationship.There was a pivotal point at which the seepage pressure changed from high to low and the flow shifted from low to high.The thickness of the water-resistant stratum corresponding to the pivotal point was deemed the critical safety thickness.

采动覆岩“突水离层带”岩体结构演化致灾机理及突水预报方法

离层水害是近年来我国东西部矿井较为常见且严重的水害类型,研究采动覆岩结构演化对揭示离层突水机理、灾害预测防治有着重要意义。为分析不同工程地质条件下离层突水演化机理,将可以产生采动覆岩离层涌水的离层水体及其上下位一定范围的岩层统称为“突水离层带”。建立“突水离层带”采动岩体结构力学模型,根据上位岩层和下位隔水层破断规律,分析5种突水类型(采动覆岩离层静水压突水、采动覆岩离层动力突水、多煤层叠加开采离层突水、传统顶板导水裂隙涌水和离层积水不突水)的形成机制和力学条件,研究回采期间导水裂隙带时空演化与离层突水的关系;基于工作面开采条件、覆岩条件、突水离层带发育位置和微震监测,分析了离层突水形成条件,揭示了离层突水演化机理,并对永陇矿区崔木煤矿和招贤煤矿工作面开展了实例分析,提出了工作面离层突水预报方法。研究得出:(1)随着工作面推进,充水离层上位岩层和下位隔水层破断规律的差异是导致出现5种突水类型的根本原因;(2)只有在采高M和充水离层与煤层间距H处于某种特定关系下,才会满足形成“突水离层带”的基本条件,发生离层突水;(3)陕西崔木煤矿21306工作面离层突水主要是由上位岩层破断导致,突水期间高能量矿震(>10^(4)J)发生次数增多,微震日总能量和平均每次能量显著升高;而陕西招贤煤矿1304工作面离层突水是由下位隔水层破断导致,突水期间<10^(3)J矿震每日次数显著增多,对应矿震每日总次数升高而平均每次能量值减小。

基于水力学与水化学耦合的矿井涌(突)水水源识别方法研究

为解决当前水源识别仅考虑矿井水化学特性及水位观测等少量因素,缺乏矿井突水力学支撑相关问题,以林西煤矿1021中回采工作面为例,提出了一种基于水力学与水化学耦合的矿井涌(突)水水源识别方法。该方法首先根据封闭不良钻孔、断层、老空区、底板等矿井突水力学模型,求解涌(突)水点不同水源或通道突水的临界防隔水煤岩柱厚度Lv;其次对比Lv和实际隔水煤岩柱厚度Le之间定量关系,判定不同水源突水的先验概率;然后以先验概率为纽带,利用贝叶斯判别分析,建立基于水力学与水化学耦合的矿井突水水源识别模型;最后利用该模型对1021中回采工作面涌水点水源进行验证识别。研究结果表明:由于第Ⅲ含水层、第Ⅳ含水层水化学特征相似,建立单一的水化学识别模型,会将涌(突)水点水源误判为第Ⅲ含水层水。而基于水力学与水化学耦合的水源识别模型可精确识别出该涌(突)水点水源属于第Ⅳ含水层水,判识结果与工程实际情况一致,有效提高了矿井涌(突)水水源识别精度。

坚硬顶板厚隔水层条件下底板突水致灾机理及全周期治理技术

峰峰矿区九龙矿4号煤层顶板为厚3.5 m的坚硬野青灰岩,煤层底板岩层组合为“厚隔水层夹薄层灰岩+奥陶系灰岩”,九龙矿开采4号野青煤以来,发生多起底板奥灰突水事故。针对煤层底板存在厚隔水层且传统井下底板加固甚至区域治理仍无法完全消除奥灰突水的现状,笔者基于零位破坏理论,建立了考虑顶板压力传递的煤层底板采动破坏力学模型,分析了顶板压力传递和承压导升作用下的底板突水致灾机理,提出底板水害“采前−采中−采后”全周期治理技术并通过井下底板验证孔−工作面涌水量−奥灰水位动态变化“三位一体”立体化监测对治理效果进行评价。研究结果表明:①坚硬顶板条件下,采空区悬露面积大,周期来压强烈,导致底板破坏深度增加,在煤层底板导水构造阶梯式导升作用下容易发生滞后突水;②通过采前区域治理对煤层底板进行全面加固消除致灾因素,采中对煤层底板微震事件多发、构造发育区域进行重点加固达到减水开采,采后补强加固实现保水开采,创建了工作面底板奥灰水害全周期治理模式;③治理后,工作面底板薄层灰岩与奥灰无水力联系,奥灰水位与工作面底板涌水量随工作面来压发生变化,但变化幅度较小,工作面涌水量仅为0.46~1.12 m^(3)/min,治理效果较好。研究结果对华北型煤田坚硬顶板厚隔水层条件下煤层开采底板奥灰水害防治具有一定借鉴意义。