Inquiry of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide Extraction Conditions from Grapefruit Skin

Water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from grapefruit with the method of water-dissolving and ethanol-precipitating. By single factor test and orthogonal experimental method, the extraction conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide were investigated, which contained liquid-solid ratio, temperature, time and pH. The results showed that pH was the most important factor of polysaccharide extraction, followed by temperature. The optimized extraction technology conditions were obtained. The liquid-solid ratio was 1:40, temperature was 90?C, time was 2.0 h, and pH was 2. The highest extraction rate of crude polysaccharide was 8.30%.

Anti-tumor Effect and Protective Effect on Chemotherapeutic Damage of Water Soluble Extracts from Hedyotis diffusa

Bai-Hua-She-She-Cao Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (Ru-biaceae) is a medicinal herbwidely distributed in northeast Asian countries. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effectof 'clearing away heat and toxic material, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis'.It is a well known Chinese folk-medicine used for the treatment of appendicitis, sore throat, mumps,acne, sebo-rheic dermatitis and various kinds of tumors, such as tumors of digestive tract,carcinoma of liver. It was reported that the MeOH extract of H. diffusa demonstrated a significantantitumor activity and ursolic acid succeeded in being isolated from the MeOH extract as an activecomponent . Shan BN, et al suggested that the direct aqueous extract of H. diffusa hadimmuno-modulating activity and antitumor activity in vitro through stimulating the immune system tokill or engulf tumor cells. But regarding anti-tumor activity in vivo of water soluble extracts fromH. diffusa, no detail was reported. Therefore, we prepared water soluble extracts (H_1 and H_2)from H. diffusa and evaluated their anti-tumor property in vivo experiments as well as protectiveeffect on chemo-therapeutic damage.

Extraction Efficiency of Soil Soluble Nitrogen under Different Conditions

[Objective] The extraction efficiency of soluble nitrogen in common moun- tain red soil under different conditions was analyzed to provide experimental refer- ences for the extraction of soil soluble nitrogen. [Method] The fresh soil and air-dried soil, which were the common mountain red soil under evergreen broad-leaved forest vegetation, were used as the experimental materials. The 2 mol/L KCI and 0.5 mol/L K2SO4 were used as the extractants to extract the soil soluble nitrogen with the extractant-to-soil volume ratio at 4：1, 6：1 and 10：1, respectively, to examine the extrac- tion efficiency of soluble nitrogen in the experimental soil with different extraction conditions. [Result] Compared with K2SO4, the NH4＋-N extracted by KCI was better in quantity and stability; while only at high extractant-to-soil volume ratio could K2SO4 fully extract the soil NH4＋-N. The 2 extractants showed small difference in extracting NO3--N, but at low extractant-to-soil volume ratio, the stability of NO3--N extracted by KCI was higher than that extracted by K2SO4. The properties of NO2- -N extracted by the 2 extractants were very similar. As for soil SON extraction, there was small dif- ference between the 2 extractants. However, the SON extracted by KCI was fewer in quantity than that by K2SO4, but had higher stability, and the extracted SON amount of the 2 extractants showed significant correlation. The extractant-to-soil ratio had little effect on MBN extraction using K2SO4, but the effect was significant when using KCI to extract MBN. The difference between the extraction efficiency of KCI and K^SO4 in extracting fresh soils was greater than that in extracting air-dried soil; therefore, the extractants should be carefully selected in soluble nitrogen extraction from fresh soil. [Conclusion] The results lay the experimental foundation for improving the extraction efficiency of soil soluble nitrogen and increasing the comparability of measurement results.

Biodegradability of soil water soluble organic carbon extracted from seven different soils

Water soluble organic carbon （WSOC） is considered the most mobile and reactive soil carbon source and its characterization is an important issue for soil ecology study. A biodegradability test was set up to study WSOC extracted from 7 soils differently managed. WSOC was extracted from soil with water （soil/water ratio of 1：2, W/V） for 30 min, and then tested for biodegradability by a liquid state respirometric test. Result obtained confirmed the finding that WSOC biodegradability depended on the both land use and management practice. These results suggested the biodegradability test as suitable method to characterize WSOC, and provided useful information to soil fertility.

Adsorption Behavior of a Water-soluble Porphyrin at the Glass-water Interface as Studied by Synchronous Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy (TIRF) and synchronous scanning technique were combined to study the adsorption behavior of the meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) at the glass-water interface without any surfactant. The pH dependence of synchronous fluorescence signal at the interface was analyzed. Both unprotonated (TPPS4-) and diprotonated (H2TPPS2-) forms of TPPS were observed at the interface. But the interface favored the adsorption of. The apparent estimated pKa2 value shifted from 5.00 in the bulk solution to 2.7 at the interface. STIRF provides a good technique to study multi-component systems at the interface.

Apparent Solubility of Natural Products Extracted with Near-Critical Carbon Dioxide

The apparent solubility controls the initial stage of supercritical fluid extraction of natural products, which is most important for the process economics. Based on the literature, data on CO2 apparent solubility of volatile substances from different matrices as leaves, flowers, rhizomes and seeds were collected and compared with their thermodynamic solubility. The adsorption isotherm derived by del Valle and Urrego as a modification of the isotherm proposed by Perrut et al. is universal enough to interpret these data as well as the apparent solubility of vegetable oils from seeds, for which it was originally proposed. When the apparent solubility of minor extract components in CO2 is compared with their thermodynamic solubility, their fraction in the extracted mixture should be taken into account.

Selection of Extraction Solvents for Bitumen from Indonesian Oil Sands through Solubility Parameters

Indonesian oil sands were systematically separated to investigate their basic composition.The extraction effects of the solvents with different Hilderbrand solubility parameters(HSPs)on the bitumen of Indonesian oil sands were compared.Furthermore,the Hansen solubility combination parameter(HSCP)and Teas triangle were used to explore rules in the separation of oil sands bitumen via solvent extraction.Finally,the saturates,aromatics,resins,and asphaltenes(SARA)fractions of the bitumen from Indonesian oil sands were analyzed.The results showed that the Indonesian oil sands were oil-wet with a bitumen content of 24.93%.The solvent extraction for bitumen could be accurately and conveniently selected based on the solubility parameter.When the HSPs of the extraction solvent were around 18–19 and the HSCPs were closer to a certain range(δ_(d)=17.5–18.0,δ_(p)=1–3.5,and δ_(h)=2–6),the extraction effect of bitumen from Indonesian oil sands improved,and the primary component affecting the extraction rate of bitumen were asphaltenes.

A Comparative Study of Soluble Protein Extractions of Populus deltoides × （ Trichocarpa × Deltoides） for 2-DE

Background： The disclosure of the poplar genome strengthens its position as well-established model organism. Populus has been subject of several proteome studies, but up to date no comparative study was performed on the extraction method of soluble proteins for this species. The extraction is the most critical step in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and each extraction method has its advantages, disadvantages and limitations. Therefore protein extraction methods should be optimized for each tissue before starting an experimental setup. In prospect of future DIGE （Differential Gel electrophoresis） experiments for the investigation of the effects of cadmium and inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria at the proteome level, the aim of this study was to optimize an extraction method for soluble proteins of poplar leaves and roots. Results： The acetone-phenol extraction method was found to be the most suited, rendering a high spot number and low background interference. During further optimization, several critical steps in the extraction method were revealed. Conclusion： Aiming to optimize the extraction of soluble leaf and root proteins of Populus deltoides × （trichocarpa× deltoides） compatible with DIGE analysis, a protocol rendering high reproducibility, low background interference and a high spot number was established, however no novel insights were acquired.

THE STUDY ON THE WATER SOLUBLE PEPTIDES IN PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM POLLEN EXTRACTION,PURIFICATION,SEQUENCE DETERMINATION AND SYNTHESIS

Four peptides PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3 and PSPP4 were purified from the water-extract of Papaver somniferum pollen.Their sequences,with 21,17,13 and 16 amino acid residues respectively,have been determined by Edman degradation-N-terminal dansylation.PSPP2, PSPP3 and PSPP4 were synthesized using solid phase method.The immunopromotive activities of PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3,PSPP4 and the initially separated sample PSPP have been also observed by the methods of counting erythrocyte rosette forming cells(ERFC) and T-lymphocyte transformation test in vitro.

Characterization of Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) Skin and the Extracted Acid-Soluble Collagen

The biochemical composition of the turbot skin was investigated. The moisture level of the skin was found to be 51.4%. Based on dry matter content, there were relatively high protein(82.1%) and lipid(13.1%) concentrations in the turbot skin. Mineral element analysis revealed that the turbot skin had high Ca content(2069.0 mg kg^-1), and the concentrations of toxic heavy metals Hg and Pb were less than 0.005 mg kg^-1, which indicates that the turbot skin is a safe resource for collagen production. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that acid-soluble collagen(ASC) extracted from the turbot skin was type-I collagen. The imino acid content of the ASC was 241.6 per 1000 amino acids, which suggests a relatively high denaturation temperature. The Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectra of ASC reflected a highly stable structure, and the measured denaturation temperature of ASC was 29.5℃, which is higher than those from many temperate fishes. ASC was the most soluble at pH 4.0, and when the pH values were below or above 4.0, the solubility decreased rapidly. The ASC exhibited a relatively high solubility when NaCl concentration was lower than 2%. These results show that turbo skin can be employed as a source for producing collagen with high quality.

Coconut Press Cake Alkaline Extract—Protein Solubility and Emulsification Properties

The solubility and the emulsification properties of a crude freeze dried alkaline protein extract (APE), 30% protein, obtained from coconut milk press cake by one step extraction at pH 11, were characterized at pH 2 to 11, and the cream and subnatant fractions of the emulsion studied by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The protein solubility followed U profile, showing a minimum at pH 3 to 4, close to but not identical to reported iso-electric points of 4 - 5 for many coconut protein fractions. The extract showed good capacity to form oil-in-water emulsion outside the low solubility pH range. The bands that appeared to play a role in the emulsification were found at 32 and 42 kDa in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, but the most predominant absorbed band was at 23 kDa.

花生粕发酵工艺条件优化及其提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

试验以花生粕为原料,利用乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌和酵母复合发酵技术进行固态发酵,探究不同含水量、接种量、发酵时间对发酵花生粕体外抗氧化活性的影响。利用3因素3水平的响应面试验设计对花生粕发酵条件进行优化,以发酵花生粕水溶性提取物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)清除率为评价指标,确定最适发酵条件。同时考察提取物对2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(ABTS^(+)·)、羟自由基(·OH)、DPPH自由基清除率和铁还原能力的影响,来评估其体外抗氧化活性。响应面优化结果为含水量52%、接种量5%、发酵时间85 h,在此条件下发酵的花生粕,其水溶性提取物对DPPH的清除率可达到60.58%,比未发酵花生粕的52.96%提高了14.39%(P<0.05)。体外抗氧化活性研究结果显示:当提取物质量浓度大于0.2 mg/mL时,发酵组对ABTS^(+)·、·OH清除能力以及铁还原能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),当提取物质量浓度大于0.8 mg/mL时,发酵组对DPPH自由基清除能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但均显著低于L-抗坏血酸(VC)组(P<0.05)。研究表明,发酵显著提高了花生粕的抗氧化活性,可为花生粕功能性物质的研发和高值化利用提供参考。

自动化磁珠法提取血清脂溶性维生素应用LC-MS/MS检测的性能评价

目的评估自动化磁珠法提取血清脂溶性维生素应用液相色谱串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)检测的性能。方法收集200例临床剩余血清样本,采用自动化磁珠法提取血清中脂溶性维生素A,D_(2),D_(3),E和K;同时联合LC-MS/MS检测脂溶性维生素A,D_(2),D_(3),E和K的线性、定量限、精密度、正确度、携带污染率等性能指标以及基质效应。并比较此方法与传统萃取法检测结果的一致性。结果自动化磁珠法提取脂溶性维生素A,D_(2),D_(3),E和K线性相关系数均>0.99;五种物质的定量限分别为5,0.25,0.25,125和0.025ng/ml;批内精密度和批间精密度分别为0.66%~4.83%,0.15%~3.70%;平均加标回收率为87.05%~111.11%;基质效应为95.43%~99.07%;高-低值样本循环进样结果均值与低-低值样本循环进样结果均值之差,均小于低-低值样本循环进样结果均值的3s;统计学结果显示自动化磁珠法和传统萃取法提取的脂溶性维生素结果相关性良好(r>0.99),两种方法的检测结果无显著偏倚。结论自动化磁珠法提取脂溶性维生素的检测性能良好,有望提高样品通量和分析效率。

响应面优化提取玄参碱溶性多糖及对高眼压小鼠视网膜的影响

采用单因素及响应面优化微波提取玄参碱溶性多糖(简称多糖)工艺,并对高眼压症小鼠进行21天灌胃不同剂量多糖后测定小鼠眼压变化和通过研究其视网膜结构变化、氧化反应和炎症反应初步探索其机制。结果表明多糖的最佳提取条件为:微波功率400 W,微波时间16 min,微波温度72℃,NaOH浓度5.5%,并在料液比1/25(g/mL),在此条件下多糖提取率为18.75 mg/g。多糖可以降低小鼠的眼压和有效保护视网膜结构,其机制是通过提高SOD、GSH-px抗氧化酶类活性来提高视网膜抗氧化能力和抑制TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6炎症因子的表达,是一种潜在的功能性食品添加剂。

大豆提取物-α-倒捻子素复合物的制备及其抗氧化活性

为提高难溶化合物α-倒捻子素溶解性,采用摇瓶-冷冻干燥法制备大豆提取物-α-倒捻子素复合物并对其进行结构表征和体外抗氧化活性评价。结果表明,在最佳工艺即大豆提取物质量浓度200 mg/mL、60℃、16 h、220 r/min下制得的复合物中α-倒捻子素溶解度为379.014μg/mL;复合物平均粒径为(1.21±0.015) nm,分布均一,且大豆提取物与α-倒捻子素之间可能通过氢键缔合;大豆提取物与α-倒捻子素具有协同抗氧化作用,大豆提取物-α-倒捻子素复合物对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除作用强于同质量浓度的α-倒捻子素。

灰树花水溶物对EV71病毒的抑制作用

【目的】探讨灰树花水溶物(GFWE)的化学成分及其对EV71病毒的抑制作用,为促进灰树花综合利用、提高其经济附加值,以及开发预防和治疗EV71病毒感染的功能性食品提供依据。【方法】采用色谱法测定了GFWE的主要化学成分组成、多糖组成和分子质量。基于体外细胞培养采用CCK-8法确定了GFWE的安全上样量;以EV71病毒感染Vero细胞为模型,探究GFWE对EV71病毒的抑制率及对Vero细胞形态的影响,并采用荧光定量PCR检测了EV71病毒衣壳蛋白(VP1)编码基因mRNA的表达水平,初步评价了GFWE对EV71病毒的抑制作用。【结果】GFWE主要由低分子质量多糖、氨基酸、肽及其衍生物组成。GFWE富含的13种氨基酸中包含7种必需氨基酸;其多糖由葡萄糖、半乳糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖和古罗糖醛酸4种单糖组成,物质的量比为0.907∶0.038∶0.029∶0.026,重均分子质量分别为15.67、10.10、6.60 ku和<1.00 ku。GFWE表现出较高的抗EV71病毒活性,100、200μg·mL^(-1) GFWE对EV71病毒的抑制率分别为91.32%、91.83%,25~400μg·mL^(-1) GFWE能显著降低EV71 VP1 mRNA的表达水平。【结论】GFWE主要由低分子质量多糖、氨基酸、肽及其衍生物组成,具有较高的抗EV71病毒活性,能够抑制感染EV71病毒的Vero细胞中VP1的合成。

离子色谱法测定电解电容器纸中水溶性氯化物的含量

采用抽提法对电解电容器纸进行前处理,再用离子色谱法对其中的水溶性氯化物进行测定。结果表明,氯离子的质量浓度在0.02~1.00μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,相关系数大于0.999;对样品前处理方法进行了优化,并对优化后的方法进行了方法学验证,方法检出限为0.06 mg/kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差为7.04%(n=6),加标回收率为97.62%~101.95%,相对标准偏差为2.33%。该方法检出限较低,前处理过程简便、环保,用于实际样品分析,测定结果满意,适用于电解电容器纸中水溶性氯化物含量的测定。

不同松花粉提取物对环磷酰胺诱导大鼠卵巢损伤的保护作用

通过制备松花粉水提物、水提大分子化合物(>5 kDa)、乙醇提物和乙醇提小分子化合物(<5 kDa),测定各组提取物中的总糖、粗多糖、总酚和总黄酮含量,并考察其对摄入环磷酰胺SD大鼠卵巢的保护作用。结果表明,相对于模型组,松花粉乙醇提物及乙醇提小分子化合物组有效提升了卵巢指数、成熟卵泡数量、卵巢抗氧化酶活力(总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活力分别提升了16.03%、25.81%,138.42%、237.09%,104.31%、109.90%和91.62%、120.63%)和抗细胞凋亡蛋白表达,抑制闭锁卵泡和卵巢脂质氧化(丙二醛分别降低了53.42%和48.43%)等,效果优于松花粉水提物及水提大分子化合物组,但松花粉水提物及水提大分子化合物可以通过降低促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α活性保护卵巢。本研究可为进一步探明松花粉的卵巢保护作用机制提供理论基础,为开发基于松花粉提取物的新产品提供技术指导。

不同分离方法分离烃源岩可溶有机质的对比实验

对加速溶剂萃取与索式提取两种烃源岩可溶有机质分离方法的分离总量、分离效率、可溶有机质的化学与分子组成进行了对比。结果表明:加速溶剂萃取分离出的可溶有机质总量略低于索式提取,但分离效率远高于索式提取;加速溶剂萃取所得的可溶有机质中饱和烃与芳香烃的相对百分含量高于索式提取,非烃与沥青质的相对百分含量低于索式提取;两种分离方法所得的可溶有机质中高碳数饱和烃与芳香烃化合物的分布形态、地球化学比值参数和绝对含量均具有很好的可比性,相反,二环倍半萜系列化合物显示较大差异,加速溶剂萃取所得可溶有机质的低碳数、低沸点的二环倍半萜化合物的相对百分含量高于索式提取。

沅江芦笋可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的优化

以沅江芦笋为原料,通过超声辅助酶法提取可溶性膳食纤维,探讨α-淀粉酶与糖化酶质量比、浸提时间、超声功率、超声温度以及料液比对可溶性膳食纤维提取得率的影响,并采用正交试验优化可溶性膳食纤维最佳提取工艺。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶200(g/mL),α-淀粉酶与糖化酶质量比5∶5,浸提时间4 h。在该工艺条件下沅江芦笋可溶性膳食纤维提取得率为16.77%。