A new 3-D hybrid framework {[(dafone)PbI2](dafone)2}n 1 (dafone = 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one) has been prepared and structurally determined. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 24.109...A new 3-D hybrid framework {[(dafone)PbI2](dafone)2}n 1 (dafone = 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one) has been prepared and structurally determined. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 24.109(8), b = 16.596(8), c = 7.983(3)A, β = 91.590(15)°, V = 3193(2)A^3, Z = 4, C33H18I2N6O3Pb, Mr = 1007.53, Dc = 2.096 g/cm^3, F(000) = 1880, μ(MoKα) = 7.262 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0352 and wR = 0.0951 for 3198 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ(I). In the [(dafone)PbI2]n chain, the Pb center adopts a distorted octahedral coordination geometry and shares an edge to give a one-dimensional polymer. The 3-D arrangement of 1 constructs from H-bonds among dafone molecules and π-π stacking interactions among dissociative dafone molecules. These weak interactions contribute to the stability of the title compound. DFT calculation was carried out to reveal its electronic structure.展开更多
The assembly reactions of o- (or m-, or p-) tetrafluorobenzenedicarboxylic acid (denoted as o-H2L, m-H2L and p-HzL, respectively), benzonitrile and Ag+ ion led to three compounds: [Ag2(PhCN)2(o-HL)2]n (1),...The assembly reactions of o- (or m-, or p-) tetrafluorobenzenedicarboxylic acid (denoted as o-H2L, m-H2L and p-HzL, respectively), benzonitrile and Ag+ ion led to three compounds: [Ag2(PhCN)2(o-HL)2]n (1), [Ag2(PhCN)2(m-HL)2]n (2) and [Ag2(PhCN)2(p-L)], (3). 1 and 2 feature a 1D coordination chain, while 3 bears a 2D net structure. A variety of weak interactions are observed in the compounds. Strong nwrinteractions connect the 1D chains into a 3D supramolecular network in 1. Hydrogen bonds connect the chains into layers in 2. Three types of interesting π-π interactions also assemble the 2D layers into a 3D overall structure in 3.展开更多
A new ion-pair complex, [BzMeQ1]2[Ni(nmt)2]1([BzMeQ1]^+ = 1-benzyl-4-ntethylquino- linium, mnta- -- maleonitriledithiolate) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction ...A new ion-pair complex, [BzMeQ1]2[Ni(nmt)2]1([BzMeQ1]^+ = 1-benzyl-4-ntethylquino- linium, mnta- -- maleonitriledithiolate) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction methods. Complex 1 is of triclinic, space group PI, with a = 9.079(2), b = 10.154(2), c = 11.243(2)A, α= 81.58(1), β= 69.63(1), γ = 68.02(1)°, V= 940.1(3)A3, Dc = 1.427 g/cm^3, Z = 1, F(000) = 418 and R = 0.0442. A 2D layer structure is formed via the cation-cation π…π and C-H…π interactions observed in the solid state of the complex.展开更多
The cell membrane is a vital barrier that protects the cell from external damage and is involved in many biochemical processes.Thus,it is of great significance to label the cell membrane to explore its function.Howeve...The cell membrane is a vital barrier that protects the cell from external damage and is involved in many biochemical processes.Thus,it is of great significance to label the cell membrane to explore its function.However,due to its complex and dynamic nature,precise and firm cell membrane labeling simultaneously is still a challenge.Herein,we report the fabrication of a peptide-conjugated aggregationinduced emission fluorogen(AIEgen),RTP,consisting of three main components:(1)An integrin-targeting peptide(RGD,R),which could bind specifically to integrinαvβ3 on cell membranes through ligand–receptor interaction.(2)An AIE-active tetraphenylethene derivative(T-MY,T)for fluorescent imaging.(3)Palmitic acid-modified peptide(Pal-RRRR,P),in which Pal isinserted into the lipid on the cellmembrane by hydrophobic interaction,and RRRR interacted with the negatively charged cell membrane components(proteins and lipids)through electrostatic forces.RTP could precisely label tumor cells with high integrinαvβ3 expression andfirmly trace the cellmembrane for up to 4 h;it also has a strong resistance to photobleaching.Moreover,RTP achieved in vivo tumor-specific imaging via cell membrane labeling.Thereby,utilizing multiple weak interactions between the fluorescent probe and the cell membrane provided a new strategy for precise and firm imaging of the cell membrane simultaneously.展开更多
The pictures from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) suggest that massive galaxies were already at the beginning of the expansion of the Universe because there was too short time to create them. It is consistent wi...The pictures from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) suggest that massive galaxies were already at the beginning of the expansion of the Universe because there was too short time to create them. It is consistent with the new cosmology presented within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). The phase transitions of the initial inflation field described in SST lead to the Protoworld—its core was built of dark matter (DM). We show that the DAMA/LIBRA annual-modulation amplitude forced by the change of the Earth’s velocity (i.e. baryonic-matter (BM) velocity) in relation to the spinning DM field in our Galaxy’s halo should be very low. We calculated that in the DM-BM weak interactions are created single and entangled spacetime condensates with a lowest mass/energy of 0.807 keV—as the Higgs boson they can decay to two photons, so we can indirectly detect DM. Our results are consistent with the averaged DAMA/LIBRA/COSINE-100 curve describing the dependence of the event rate on the photon energy in single-hit events. We calculated the mean dark-matter-halo (DMH) mass around quasars, we also described the origin of the plateaux in the rotation curves for the massive spiral galaxies, the role of DM-loops in magnetars, the origin of CMB, the AGN-jet and galactic-halo production, and properties of dark energy (DE).展开更多
Three Clifford algebras are sufficient to describe all interactions of modern physics: The Clifford algebra of the usual space is enough to describe all aspects of electromagnetism, including the quantum wave of the e...Three Clifford algebras are sufficient to describe all interactions of modern physics: The Clifford algebra of the usual space is enough to describe all aspects of electromagnetism, including the quantum wave of the electron. The Clifford algebra of space-time is enough for electro-weak interactions. To get the gauge group of the standard model, with electro-weak and strong interactions, a third algebra is sufficient, with only two more dimensions of space. The Clifford algebra of space allows us to include also gravitation. We discuss the advantages of our approach.展开更多
This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color, and on preon subparticles. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the S...This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color, and on preon subparticles. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W-and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction. Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-action based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 29 parameters of the Standard Model to a total of 7 parameters.展开更多
For the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism, weak and strong interactions, we use a unique and very simple framework, the Clifford algebra of space . We enlarge our previous wave equation to the general c...For the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism, weak and strong interactions, we use a unique and very simple framework, the Clifford algebra of space . We enlarge our previous wave equation to the general case, including all leptons, quarks and antiparticles of the first generation. The wave equation is a generalization of the Dirac equation with a compulsory non-linear mass term. This equation is form invariant under the group of the invertible elements in the space algebra. The form invariance is fully compatible with the gauge invariance of the standard model. The wave equations of the different particles come by Lagrange equations from a Lagrangian density and this Lagrangian density is the sum of the real parts of the wave equations. Both form invariance and gauge invariance are exact symmetries, not only partial or broken symmetries. Inertia is already present in the part of the gauge group and the inertial chiral potential vector simplifies weak interactions. Relativistic quantum physics is then a naturally yet unified theory, including all interactions.展开更多
The geometries of van der Waals complex CO 2...CO were optimized at DFT and second order Moller Plesset perturbation(MP2) levels with the large basis set, three stable structures were found. The most stable structu...The geometries of van der Waals complex CO 2...CO were optimized at DFT and second order Moller Plesset perturbation(MP2) levels with the large basis set, three stable structures were found. The most stable structure has a T shape geometry in which the CO lies along the C 2 axis of CO 2, with the two C atoms direct contact and R (C...C)=0 3227 nm. The corresponding energies of the most stable structure were calculated by means of MP2, MP4D, MP4DQ, MP4SDTQ, MP4SDQ, CCSD and CCSD(T) methods. The BSSE(basis set superposition error) was eliminated by the Boys Bernardi counterpoise correction(CP) method. According to thermodynamics data, van der Waals complex CO 2...CO can be found at a low temperature and/or a high pressure. There is a little charge transferred between the two interacted subunits. In the most stable structure, CO 2 is the acceptor and CO is the donor.展开更多
The mononuclear complex [Ag(C6H6NCl)2](ClO() has been prepared and structurally analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with unit cell paramete...The mononuclear complex [Ag(C6H6NCl)2](ClO() has been prepared and structurally analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with unit cell parameters: a=15.5314(2), b=8.0247(8), c=15.3701(2)?.β=118.832(2)°, V=1678.2(3)?3, Z=4, Mr=462.46, Dc=1.830Mg/m3, F(000)=912, μ(MoKα) = 1.694cm-1. The final R and wR are 0.0472 and 0.1272 for 1484 observed reflections with I≥3σ(I). The Ag atom is coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of 4-chloromethyl-pyridine in a linear coordination geometry. Each molecule is further linked by the weak interaction between the Cl and Ag atoms to form a one-dimensional chain structure with Ag-Cl distance of 3.240?.展开更多
In this paper we study the interaction of strong and weak singularities for hyperbolic system of conservation laws in multidimensional space. Under the assumption of transversal intersect of the shock front with the b...In this paper we study the interaction of strong and weak singularities for hyperbolic system of conservation laws in multidimensional space. Under the assumption of transversal intersect of the shock front with the bicharacteristics bearing weak singularities we proved a theorem on regularity propagation across the shock front.展开更多
Traditionally, in weak interaction, I<sub>3</sub>, Y and four flavour quantum numbers are not conserved but several empirical selection rules work well. Recently, it was found that, in weak interaction, th...Traditionally, in weak interaction, I<sub>3</sub>, Y and four flavour quantum numbers are not conserved but several empirical selection rules work well. Recently, it was found that, in weak interaction, there are three levels of conservation of additive quantum numbers, and fermion quantum number F is conserved in all kinds of interactions. It is known that weak interaction has three types: fermionic, pure hadronic and pure leptonic, corresponding to the first and the second level of conservation of additive quantum numbers respectively. It is demonstrated in this paper that the selection rules in all types of weak interaction can be interpreted by conservation of F, and the formula of relation between Q/e, F and F<sub>0</sub> is more general than Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula. Description of weak interaction becomes simpler, If only we take Q, F<sub>0</sub> and F, based on the conserved physical quantities.展开更多
A new term was added to the well-known semi-empirical mass formula to account for the changes due to gravitational attraction between nucleons in the liquid drop, as well as, accommodates for the necessary corrections...A new term was added to the well-known semi-empirical mass formula to account for the changes due to gravitational attraction between nucleons in the liquid drop, as well as, accommodates for the necessary corrections in the binding energy of a nucleus. The results of our calculations show a straight forward evidence that the gravitational attraction bears a reasonable contribution to the binding energy. On the other hand, employing the gravitational term in the semi empirical mass formula was led to the calculation of gravitational constant at subnuclear level.展开更多
A new compound, [Ni(Hdctrz)(H2O)4](1, H3dctrz = 1-H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid), has been successfully synthesized via slow evaporation. The structure of 1 was characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysi...A new compound, [Ni(Hdctrz)(H2O)4](1, H3dctrz = 1-H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid), has been successfully synthesized via slow evaporation. The structure of 1 was characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 6.871(1), b = 11.468(1), c = 12.178(1) A, b = 101.291(1)o, V = 941.01(16) A3, Z = 4, C4H9N3O8Ni, Mr = 285.85, Dc = 2.018 g·cm–3, m = 2.10 mm–1, F(000) = 584, GOOF = 1.025, the final R = 0.0515 and wR = 0.2125 for 1404 observed reflections(I 〉 2s(I)). The crystal structure is assembled by a slightly distorted {NiNO5} octahedral geometry and hydrogen bonds viz. N–H…O, O–H…O, C–O…π and π···π weak interactions. A rare π···π interaction from triazolate and carboxylate is affirmed through the molecular orbitals(MO) of three adjacent Ni CN molecules. The 3D Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed to gain additional insight into the interactions responsible for the packing of compound 1. Quantitative examination of 2D fingerprint plots revealed, amongst others, the dominating participation of O···H, N···H and π···π interactions in the molecular packing.展开更多
We continue the study of the Standard Model of Quantum Physics in the Clifford algebra of space. We get simplified mass terms for the fermion part of the wave. We insert the simplified equations in the frame of Genera...We continue the study of the Standard Model of Quantum Physics in the Clifford algebra of space. We get simplified mass terms for the fermion part of the wave. We insert the simplified equations in the frame of General Relativity. We construct the electromagnetic field of the photon, alone boson without proper mass. We explain how the Pauli principle comes from the equivalence principle of General Relativity. We transpose in the frame of the algebra of space the second quantification of the electromagnetic field. We discuss the changes introduced here.展开更多
The title complex [AgL(NO3)]2 1, where L = 2-acetamido-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, was prepared from the reaction of 2-acetamido-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole with AgNO3 at room temperature and its structure has been d...The title complex [AgL(NO3)]2 1, where L = 2-acetamido-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, was prepared from the reaction of 2-acetamido-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole with AgNO3 at room temperature and its structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P2t/c with a = 12.5454(8), b = 11.9672(12), c = 6.8925(6) A, β = 98.468(2)°. V= 1023.51(15) A^3, Mr= 3127.08, Dc = 2.123 g/cm^3, Z= 4, μ(MoKoσ) = 2.174 mm^-1, F(000) = 640, R = 0.0259 and wR = 0.0580 for 1787 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ(I). Complex 1 self-assembls into a quasi-three-dimensional network consisting of adjacent dimers through intermolecular Ag...O weak interactions.展开更多
Two new cadmium(II)-thiocyanato coordination polymers with 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine(4,4'-dm-2,2'-bpy) and 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine(4,4'-dmo-2,2'-bpy) as chelating ligands were synthesized and ...Two new cadmium(II)-thiocyanato coordination polymers with 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine(4,4'-dm-2,2'-bpy) and 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine(4,4'-dmo-2,2'-bpy) as chelating ligands were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Thermal properties were also studied as well. These complexes have formed as [Cd(4,4'-dm-2,2'-bpy)(NCS)2]n(1) and [Cd(4,4'-dmo-2,2'-bpy)(NCS)2]n(2). The coordination numbers of CdII in 1 and 2 are six(Cd N4S2). Direction of bridging of thiocyanato anions in 1 and 2 created one- and two-dimensional coordination polymers, respectively. The supramolecular features in these complexes were guided and controlled by weak directional intermolecular interactions.展开更多
Two new Cu(Ⅱ) complexes have been synthesized with two different bidentate N2O2 donor Schiffbase ligands HL1 (2-((E)-(4-chlorophenylimino)methyl)-6-bromo-4-chlorophenol) and HL2 (2-((E)-(2-chlorophenyl...Two new Cu(Ⅱ) complexes have been synthesized with two different bidentate N2O2 donor Schiffbase ligands HL1 (2-((E)-(4-chlorophenylimino)methyl)-6-bromo-4-chlorophenol) and HL2 (2-((E)-(2-chlorophenylimino)methyl)-6-bromo-4-chlorophenol), respectively. Both complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Structural studies reveal that in both complexes the metal centers are four-coordinated with N202 donor set of Schiff base ligands. Complex 1 belongs to the tetragonal system, space group P4(3)2(1)2 with a = 10.2379(2), b = 10.2379(2), c = 24.9623(90) A, V = 2616.41(12) A^3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.908 g/cm^3,μ(MoKa) = 4.3327 mm^-1, F(000) = 1468, S = 0.999, the final R = 0.0345 and wR = 0.0835 for 3506 unique reflections (Rint= 0.0428) with 3249 observed ones (I 〉 2σ(I)). Complex 2 is of monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 11.064(3), b = 9.437(2), c = 13.277(4) A, fl = 108.997(3)°, V = 1310.8(6) A^3, Z = 2, Dc= 1.904 g/cm^3,μ(MoKa) = 4.319 mm^-1, F(000) = 734, S = 0.997, the final R = 0.0282 and wR = 0.0619 for 3491 unique reflections (Rint = 0.0428) with 2777 observed ones (I 〉 20(I)). The units of the complex are linked via weak interactions, such as C-H…Br hydrogen bonds together with Cl…C1 and Cu…Cl interactions, leading to the formation of one-dimensional chain and two-dimensional network and stabilizing the crystal structure.展开更多
The title compound N,N′-4-aminomethyl-pyromellitic diimide (4-pmpmd) crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 4.785(1), b = 6.200(1), c = 29.907(2) A, β = 93.583(11)°, V= 885.5(2) A^3,...The title compound N,N′-4-aminomethyl-pyromellitic diimide (4-pmpmd) crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 4.785(1), b = 6.200(1), c = 29.907(2) A, β = 93.583(11)°, V= 885.5(2) A^3, Dc = 1.494 g/cm^3, Z= 2, C22H14N4O4, Mr = 398.37,/t(MoKα) = 0.106 mm^-1 and F(000) = 412, and its structure was refined to R = 0.0469 and wR = 0.1017 for 1194 observed reflections (F0 〉 4σ(F0)). The X-ray diffraction shows the existence of the staggered strong intermolecular C-H…O (DA) hydrogen bonds between adjacent molecules, the intermo- lecular C-H…π hydrogen bonds and the weak π…π stacking interactions, leading to the formation of multi-dimensional supramolecular network based on the Z-mode conformation of the title compound.展开更多
The aim of this research is a better understanding of the quantization in physics. The true origin of the quantization is the existence of the quantized kinetic momentum of electrons, neutrinos, protons and neutrons w...The aim of this research is a better understanding of the quantization in physics. The true origin of the quantization is the existence of the quantized kinetic momentum of electrons, neutrinos, protons and neutrons with the <img src="Edit_6224bcbf-d22a-433a-9554-e7b4c49743ed.bmp" alt="" /> value. It is a consequence of the extended relativistic invariance of the wave of fundamental particles with spin 1/2. This logical link is due to properties of the quantum waves of fermions, which are functions of space-time with value into the <img src="Edit_21be84cf-f75c-41c3-ba66-4067f1da843a.bmp" alt="" /> and End(<em>Cl</em><sub>3</sub>) Lie groups. Space-time is a manifold forming the auto-adjoint part of <img src="Edit_b4b9925e-1f73-4305-b3ba-060a6186ffb0.bmp" alt="" />. The Lagrangian densities are the real parts of the waves. The equivalence between the invariant form and the Dirac form of the wave equation takes the form of Lagrange's equations. The momentum-energy tensor linked by Noether's theorem to the invariance under space-time translations has components which are directly linked to the electromagnetic tensor. The invariance under <img src="Edit_b4b9925e-1f73-4305-b3ba-060a6186ffb0.bmp" alt="" style="white-space:normal;" /> of the kinetic momentum tensor gives eight vectors. One of these vectors has a time component with value <img src="Edit_6224bcbf-d22a-433a-9554-e7b4c49743ed.bmp" alt="" style="white-space:normal;" />. Resulting aspects of the standard model of quantum physics and of the relativistic theory of gravitation are discussed.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (E0710008)Innovation Fund for Young Scientist of Fujian Province (2007F3049)Fund of Education Committee of Fujian Province (JA07018)
文摘A new 3-D hybrid framework {[(dafone)PbI2](dafone)2}n 1 (dafone = 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one) has been prepared and structurally determined. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 24.109(8), b = 16.596(8), c = 7.983(3)A, β = 91.590(15)°, V = 3193(2)A^3, Z = 4, C33H18I2N6O3Pb, Mr = 1007.53, Dc = 2.096 g/cm^3, F(000) = 1880, μ(MoKα) = 7.262 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0352 and wR = 0.0951 for 3198 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ(I). In the [(dafone)PbI2]n chain, the Pb center adopts a distorted octahedral coordination geometry and shares an edge to give a one-dimensional polymer. The 3-D arrangement of 1 constructs from H-bonds among dafone molecules and π-π stacking interactions among dissociative dafone molecules. These weak interactions contribute to the stability of the title compound. DFT calculation was carried out to reveal its electronic structure.
基金Supported by the NNSFC (21071025,91122031, 21107008)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (20100041120021)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT12YQ04)
文摘The assembly reactions of o- (or m-, or p-) tetrafluorobenzenedicarboxylic acid (denoted as o-H2L, m-H2L and p-HzL, respectively), benzonitrile and Ag+ ion led to three compounds: [Ag2(PhCN)2(o-HL)2]n (1), [Ag2(PhCN)2(m-HL)2]n (2) and [Ag2(PhCN)2(p-L)], (3). 1 and 2 feature a 1D coordination chain, while 3 bears a 2D net structure. A variety of weak interactions are observed in the compounds. Strong nwrinteractions connect the 1D chains into a 3D supramolecular network in 1. Hydrogen bonds connect the chains into layers in 2. Three types of interesting π-π interactions also assemble the 2D layers into a 3D overall structure in 3.
基金the President's Science Foundation of South China Agricultural University (No. 2005K092)
文摘A new ion-pair complex, [BzMeQ1]2[Ni(nmt)2]1([BzMeQ1]^+ = 1-benzyl-4-ntethylquino- linium, mnta- -- maleonitriledithiolate) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction methods. Complex 1 is of triclinic, space group PI, with a = 9.079(2), b = 10.154(2), c = 11.243(2)A, α= 81.58(1), β= 69.63(1), γ = 68.02(1)°, V= 940.1(3)A3, Dc = 1.427 g/cm^3, Z = 1, F(000) = 418 and R = 0.0442. A 2D layer structure is formed via the cation-cation π…π and C-H…π interactions observed in the solid state of the complex.
基金support by the National Key R&D Program of China(no.2020YFA0211200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.22090050,21974128,21874121,and 52003257)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.2019CFA043 and 2020CFA037).
文摘The cell membrane is a vital barrier that protects the cell from external damage and is involved in many biochemical processes.Thus,it is of great significance to label the cell membrane to explore its function.However,due to its complex and dynamic nature,precise and firm cell membrane labeling simultaneously is still a challenge.Herein,we report the fabrication of a peptide-conjugated aggregationinduced emission fluorogen(AIEgen),RTP,consisting of three main components:(1)An integrin-targeting peptide(RGD,R),which could bind specifically to integrinαvβ3 on cell membranes through ligand–receptor interaction.(2)An AIE-active tetraphenylethene derivative(T-MY,T)for fluorescent imaging.(3)Palmitic acid-modified peptide(Pal-RRRR,P),in which Pal isinserted into the lipid on the cellmembrane by hydrophobic interaction,and RRRR interacted with the negatively charged cell membrane components(proteins and lipids)through electrostatic forces.RTP could precisely label tumor cells with high integrinαvβ3 expression andfirmly trace the cellmembrane for up to 4 h;it also has a strong resistance to photobleaching.Moreover,RTP achieved in vivo tumor-specific imaging via cell membrane labeling.Thereby,utilizing multiple weak interactions between the fluorescent probe and the cell membrane provided a new strategy for precise and firm imaging of the cell membrane simultaneously.
文摘The pictures from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) suggest that massive galaxies were already at the beginning of the expansion of the Universe because there was too short time to create them. It is consistent with the new cosmology presented within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). The phase transitions of the initial inflation field described in SST lead to the Protoworld—its core was built of dark matter (DM). We show that the DAMA/LIBRA annual-modulation amplitude forced by the change of the Earth’s velocity (i.e. baryonic-matter (BM) velocity) in relation to the spinning DM field in our Galaxy’s halo should be very low. We calculated that in the DM-BM weak interactions are created single and entangled spacetime condensates with a lowest mass/energy of 0.807 keV—as the Higgs boson they can decay to two photons, so we can indirectly detect DM. Our results are consistent with the averaged DAMA/LIBRA/COSINE-100 curve describing the dependence of the event rate on the photon energy in single-hit events. We calculated the mean dark-matter-halo (DMH) mass around quasars, we also described the origin of the plateaux in the rotation curves for the massive spiral galaxies, the role of DM-loops in magnetars, the origin of CMB, the AGN-jet and galactic-halo production, and properties of dark energy (DE).
文摘Three Clifford algebras are sufficient to describe all interactions of modern physics: The Clifford algebra of the usual space is enough to describe all aspects of electromagnetism, including the quantum wave of the electron. The Clifford algebra of space-time is enough for electro-weak interactions. To get the gauge group of the standard model, with electro-weak and strong interactions, a third algebra is sufficient, with only two more dimensions of space. The Clifford algebra of space allows us to include also gravitation. We discuss the advantages of our approach.
文摘This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color, and on preon subparticles. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W-and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction. Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-action based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 29 parameters of the Standard Model to a total of 7 parameters.
文摘For the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism, weak and strong interactions, we use a unique and very simple framework, the Clifford algebra of space . We enlarge our previous wave equation to the general case, including all leptons, quarks and antiparticles of the first generation. The wave equation is a generalization of the Dirac equation with a compulsory non-linear mass term. This equation is form invariant under the group of the invertible elements in the space algebra. The form invariance is fully compatible with the gauge invariance of the standard model. The wave equations of the different particles come by Lagrange equations from a Lagrangian density and this Lagrangian density is the sum of the real parts of the wave equations. Both form invariance and gauge invariance are exact symmetries, not only partial or broken symmetries. Inertia is already present in the part of the gauge group and the inertial chiral potential vector simplifies weak interactions. Relativistic quantum physics is then a naturally yet unified theory, including all interactions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2 99730 2 2 ) the Foundation for Key Teachers inuniversity of State Ministry of Education of China and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province.
文摘The geometries of van der Waals complex CO 2...CO were optimized at DFT and second order Moller Plesset perturbation(MP2) levels with the large basis set, three stable structures were found. The most stable structure has a T shape geometry in which the CO lies along the C 2 axis of CO 2, with the two C atoms direct contact and R (C...C)=0 3227 nm. The corresponding energies of the most stable structure were calculated by means of MP2, MP4D, MP4DQ, MP4SDTQ, MP4SDQ, CCSD and CCSD(T) methods. The BSSE(basis set superposition error) was eliminated by the Boys Bernardi counterpoise correction(CP) method. According to thermodynamics data, van der Waals complex CO 2...CO can be found at a low temperature and/or a high pressure. There is a little charge transferred between the two interacted subunits. In the most stable structure, CO 2 is the acceptor and CO is the donor.
文摘The mononuclear complex [Ag(C6H6NCl)2](ClO() has been prepared and structurally analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with unit cell parameters: a=15.5314(2), b=8.0247(8), c=15.3701(2)?.β=118.832(2)°, V=1678.2(3)?3, Z=4, Mr=462.46, Dc=1.830Mg/m3, F(000)=912, μ(MoKα) = 1.694cm-1. The final R and wR are 0.0472 and 0.1272 for 1484 observed reflections with I≥3σ(I). The Ag atom is coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of 4-chloromethyl-pyridine in a linear coordination geometry. Each molecule is further linked by the weak interaction between the Cl and Ag atoms to form a one-dimensional chain structure with Ag-Cl distance of 3.240?.
文摘In this paper we study the interaction of strong and weak singularities for hyperbolic system of conservation laws in multidimensional space. Under the assumption of transversal intersect of the shock front with the bicharacteristics bearing weak singularities we proved a theorem on regularity propagation across the shock front.
文摘Traditionally, in weak interaction, I<sub>3</sub>, Y and four flavour quantum numbers are not conserved but several empirical selection rules work well. Recently, it was found that, in weak interaction, there are three levels of conservation of additive quantum numbers, and fermion quantum number F is conserved in all kinds of interactions. It is known that weak interaction has three types: fermionic, pure hadronic and pure leptonic, corresponding to the first and the second level of conservation of additive quantum numbers respectively. It is demonstrated in this paper that the selection rules in all types of weak interaction can be interpreted by conservation of F, and the formula of relation between Q/e, F and F<sub>0</sub> is more general than Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula. Description of weak interaction becomes simpler, If only we take Q, F<sub>0</sub> and F, based on the conserved physical quantities.
文摘A new term was added to the well-known semi-empirical mass formula to account for the changes due to gravitational attraction between nucleons in the liquid drop, as well as, accommodates for the necessary corrections in the binding energy of a nucleus. The results of our calculations show a straight forward evidence that the gravitational attraction bears a reasonable contribution to the binding energy. On the other hand, employing the gravitational term in the semi empirical mass formula was led to the calculation of gravitational constant at subnuclear level.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21571118)Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2013-026)
文摘A new compound, [Ni(Hdctrz)(H2O)4](1, H3dctrz = 1-H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid), has been successfully synthesized via slow evaporation. The structure of 1 was characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 6.871(1), b = 11.468(1), c = 12.178(1) A, b = 101.291(1)o, V = 941.01(16) A3, Z = 4, C4H9N3O8Ni, Mr = 285.85, Dc = 2.018 g·cm–3, m = 2.10 mm–1, F(000) = 584, GOOF = 1.025, the final R = 0.0515 and wR = 0.2125 for 1404 observed reflections(I 〉 2s(I)). The crystal structure is assembled by a slightly distorted {NiNO5} octahedral geometry and hydrogen bonds viz. N–H…O, O–H…O, C–O…π and π···π weak interactions. A rare π···π interaction from triazolate and carboxylate is affirmed through the molecular orbitals(MO) of three adjacent Ni CN molecules. The 3D Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed to gain additional insight into the interactions responsible for the packing of compound 1. Quantitative examination of 2D fingerprint plots revealed, amongst others, the dominating participation of O···H, N···H and π···π interactions in the molecular packing.
文摘We continue the study of the Standard Model of Quantum Physics in the Clifford algebra of space. We get simplified mass terms for the fermion part of the wave. We insert the simplified equations in the frame of General Relativity. We construct the electromagnetic field of the photon, alone boson without proper mass. We explain how the Pauli principle comes from the equivalence principle of General Relativity. We transpose in the frame of the algebra of space the second quantification of the electromagnetic field. We discuss the changes introduced here.
文摘The title complex [AgL(NO3)]2 1, where L = 2-acetamido-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, was prepared from the reaction of 2-acetamido-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole with AgNO3 at room temperature and its structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P2t/c with a = 12.5454(8), b = 11.9672(12), c = 6.8925(6) A, β = 98.468(2)°. V= 1023.51(15) A^3, Mr= 3127.08, Dc = 2.123 g/cm^3, Z= 4, μ(MoKoσ) = 2.174 mm^-1, F(000) = 640, R = 0.0259 and wR = 0.0580 for 1787 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ(I). Complex 1 self-assembls into a quasi-three-dimensional network consisting of adjacent dimers through intermolecular Ag...O weak interactions.
基金supported by Islamic Azad University Maku Branch
文摘Two new cadmium(II)-thiocyanato coordination polymers with 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine(4,4'-dm-2,2'-bpy) and 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine(4,4'-dmo-2,2'-bpy) as chelating ligands were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Thermal properties were also studied as well. These complexes have formed as [Cd(4,4'-dm-2,2'-bpy)(NCS)2]n(1) and [Cd(4,4'-dmo-2,2'-bpy)(NCS)2]n(2). The coordination numbers of CdII in 1 and 2 are six(Cd N4S2). Direction of bridging of thiocyanato anions in 1 and 2 created one- and two-dimensional coordination polymers, respectively. The supramolecular features in these complexes were guided and controlled by weak directional intermolecular interactions.
基金Project supported by the research grant of Phytochemistry Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province (No. 12JS007)
文摘Two new Cu(Ⅱ) complexes have been synthesized with two different bidentate N2O2 donor Schiffbase ligands HL1 (2-((E)-(4-chlorophenylimino)methyl)-6-bromo-4-chlorophenol) and HL2 (2-((E)-(2-chlorophenylimino)methyl)-6-bromo-4-chlorophenol), respectively. Both complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Structural studies reveal that in both complexes the metal centers are four-coordinated with N202 donor set of Schiff base ligands. Complex 1 belongs to the tetragonal system, space group P4(3)2(1)2 with a = 10.2379(2), b = 10.2379(2), c = 24.9623(90) A, V = 2616.41(12) A^3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.908 g/cm^3,μ(MoKa) = 4.3327 mm^-1, F(000) = 1468, S = 0.999, the final R = 0.0345 and wR = 0.0835 for 3506 unique reflections (Rint= 0.0428) with 3249 observed ones (I 〉 2σ(I)). Complex 2 is of monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 11.064(3), b = 9.437(2), c = 13.277(4) A, fl = 108.997(3)°, V = 1310.8(6) A^3, Z = 2, Dc= 1.904 g/cm^3,μ(MoKa) = 4.319 mm^-1, F(000) = 734, S = 0.997, the final R = 0.0282 and wR = 0.0619 for 3491 unique reflections (Rint = 0.0428) with 2777 observed ones (I 〉 20(I)). The units of the complex are linked via weak interactions, such as C-H…Br hydrogen bonds together with Cl…C1 and Cu…Cl interactions, leading to the formation of one-dimensional chain and two-dimensional network and stabilizing the crystal structure.
基金This work is financially supported by NNSF of China (No. 20303027)
文摘The title compound N,N′-4-aminomethyl-pyromellitic diimide (4-pmpmd) crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 4.785(1), b = 6.200(1), c = 29.907(2) A, β = 93.583(11)°, V= 885.5(2) A^3, Dc = 1.494 g/cm^3, Z= 2, C22H14N4O4, Mr = 398.37,/t(MoKα) = 0.106 mm^-1 and F(000) = 412, and its structure was refined to R = 0.0469 and wR = 0.1017 for 1194 observed reflections (F0 〉 4σ(F0)). The X-ray diffraction shows the existence of the staggered strong intermolecular C-H…O (DA) hydrogen bonds between adjacent molecules, the intermo- lecular C-H…π hydrogen bonds and the weak π…π stacking interactions, leading to the formation of multi-dimensional supramolecular network based on the Z-mode conformation of the title compound.
文摘The aim of this research is a better understanding of the quantization in physics. The true origin of the quantization is the existence of the quantized kinetic momentum of electrons, neutrinos, protons and neutrons with the <img src="Edit_6224bcbf-d22a-433a-9554-e7b4c49743ed.bmp" alt="" /> value. It is a consequence of the extended relativistic invariance of the wave of fundamental particles with spin 1/2. This logical link is due to properties of the quantum waves of fermions, which are functions of space-time with value into the <img src="Edit_21be84cf-f75c-41c3-ba66-4067f1da843a.bmp" alt="" /> and End(<em>Cl</em><sub>3</sub>) Lie groups. Space-time is a manifold forming the auto-adjoint part of <img src="Edit_b4b9925e-1f73-4305-b3ba-060a6186ffb0.bmp" alt="" />. The Lagrangian densities are the real parts of the waves. The equivalence between the invariant form and the Dirac form of the wave equation takes the form of Lagrange's equations. The momentum-energy tensor linked by Noether's theorem to the invariance under space-time translations has components which are directly linked to the electromagnetic tensor. The invariance under <img src="Edit_b4b9925e-1f73-4305-b3ba-060a6186ffb0.bmp" alt="" style="white-space:normal;" /> of the kinetic momentum tensor gives eight vectors. One of these vectors has a time component with value <img src="Edit_6224bcbf-d22a-433a-9554-e7b4c49743ed.bmp" alt="" style="white-space:normal;" />. Resulting aspects of the standard model of quantum physics and of the relativistic theory of gravitation are discussed.